Tugas Akhir
PERENCANAAN STRUKTUR GEDUNG POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN SEMARANG JALAN TIRTO AGUNG PEDALANGAN-SEMARANG
Diajukan Sebagai Syarat Menyelesaikan Pendidikan Tingkat Sarjana Strata 1 (S-1) Pada Program Studi Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata
Disusun Oleh : Daryanto
Fahrul Hermawan
11.12.0022
11.12.0029
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK SIPIL FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK SOEGIJAPRANATA SEMARANG 2015
i
Lembar Pengesahan Tugas Akhir PERENCANAAN STRUKTUR GEDUNG POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN SEMARANG JALAN TIRTO AGUNG PEDALANGAN-SEMARANG
Disusun Oleh : Daryanto
Fahrul Hermawan
11.12.0022
11.12.0029
Telah diperiksa dan disetujui, Semarang,……………………………….
Dosen Pembimbing I
Dosen Pembimbing II
Ir. David Widianto, MT.
Ir. Budi Setiyadi, MT. Disahkan,
Dekan Fakultas Teknik
Dr. Ir. Djoko Suwarno, M. Si
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Lembar Pengesahan Tugas Akhir PERENCANAAN STRUKTUR GEDUNG POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN SEMARANG JALAN TIRTO AGUNG PEDALANGAN-SEMARANG
Disusun Oleh : Daryanto
Fahrul Hermawan
11.12.0022
11.12.0029
Telah diperiksa dan disetujui, Semarang,……………………………….
Dosen Penguji II
Dosen Penguji III
Ir. Yohanes Y. M, MT.
Daniel Hartanto ST, MT. Dosen Penguji I
Ir. David Widianto, MT.
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LAMPIRAN KEPUTUSAN REKTOR UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK SOEGIJAPRANATA Nomor : 0047/SK.rek/X/2013 Tanggal : 07 Oktober 2013 Tentang : PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI TUGAS AKHIR DAN TESIS
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TUGAS AKHIR Dengan ini kami menyatakan bahwa dalam
laporan tugas akhir yang berjudul
“Perencanaan Struktur Gedung Politeknik Kesehatan Semarang Jalan Tirto Agung Pedalangan-Semarang” ini tidak terdapat karya yang pernah diajukan untuk laporan tugas akhir, dan sepanjang pengetahuan saya juga tidak terdapat karya atau pendapat yang pernah ditulis atau diterbitkan oleh orang lain kecuali yang tertulis diacu dalam naskah ini dan disebutkan dalam daftar pustaka. Apabila dikemudian hari ternyata terbukti bahwa laporan tugas akhir ini sebagian atau seluruhnya hasil plagiasi, maka kami rela untuk dibatalkan, dengan segera akibat hukumnya sesuai peraturan yang berlaku pada Univesitas Katolik Soegijapranata dan/atau peraturan perundang – undangan yang berlaku.
Semarang, ………………………. Mahasiswa I
Mahasiswa II
Daryanto
Fahrul Hermawan
(NIM: 11.12.0022)
(NIM: 11.12.0029)
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KARTU ASISTENSI
v
KARTU ASISTENSI
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur kami ucapkan atas kehadirat Tuhan yang Maha Esa, karena berkat-NYA kami dapat menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir dengan Judul Perencanaan Struktur Gedung Politeknik Kesehatan Semarang. Tugas Akhir ini dibuat sebagai salah satu syarat dalam menyelesaikan progam studi Teknik Sipil. Selain itu, tugas akhir ini dibuat sebagai bentuk kewajiban kami dalam memenuhi syarat kelulusan dan mendapatkan gelar sarjana. Kami juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada pihak– pihak yang telah membantu kami dalam proses penyusunan Tugas Akhir ini. 1. Ir. David Widianto, MT. Selaku dosen pembimbing I yang telah membantu kami dalam penyusunan tugas akhir ini dari awal hingga akhir. Memberikan masukkan-masukkan baik dalam segi akademik maupun non akademik berupa masukan moral sebagai seorang mahasiswa. Serta sebagai dosen penguji kami yang member perbaikan bila jawaban kami kurang tepat, sehingga kami menjadi tahu jawaban yang baik dan benar. 2. Ir. Budi Setiyadi, MT. Selaku dosen pembimbing II yang telah membantu kami dalam melengkapi kekurangan-kekurang selama penyusunan tugas akhir dari awal hingga akhir. Memberikan nasehat-nasehat selama masa bimbingan serta meberikan ilmu lapangan yang kami tidak dapatkan di lingkungan kampus. 3. Daniel Hartanto, ST., MT. dan Ir. Yohanes Yuli Mulyanto, MT. Selaku dosen penguji yang memberikan masukkan-masukkan serta koreksikoreksi pada laporan kami, sehingga kekurang yang terdapat dalam laporan kami dapat diperbaiki guna memberikan laporan yang lebih baik lagi. Selain memberikan masukkan dalam
laporan, beliau-beliau juga memberikan
masukan kepada kami, bilamana pemahaman kami tentang dasar-dasar teori
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maupun
pengetahuan
kami
yang
dalam
penyampaiannya
masih
kurang.didalam proses sidang. 4. Teman-teman Selaku rekan satu angkatan yang memberikan bantuan dalam hal refensi bilamana kami mengalami kesulitan dalam mencari bahan untuk penyusunan laporan tugas akhir ini. Serta dukungan ucapan semangat yang sering diucapkan selama kami menyusun laporan tugas akhir ini. 5. Keluarga Terutama kedua orang tua kami yang selalu mendoakan yang terbaik kepada kami, agar kami dapat menyelesaikan laporan tugas akhir ini dengan baik dan tepat waktu.
Hormat Kami,
Penyusun
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DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL ········································································ LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ································································ LAMPIRAN KEPUTUSAN REKTOR ················································· KARTU ASISTENSI ······································································· KATA PENGANTAR ······································································ DAFTAR ISI ················································································· DAFTAR TABEL ··········································································· DAFTAR GAMBAR ········································································ DAFTAR NOTASI ·········································································· BAB I PENDAHULUAN ·································································· 1.1 Latar Belakang Perencanaan ·············································· 1.2 Data Teknis Proyek ·························································· 1.2.1 Lokasi Proyek ························································· 1.2.2 Fungsi Bangunan ····················································· 1.3 Tujuan Perencanaan ························································ 1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ························································· 1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ························································ 1.4 Pembatasan Masalah ························································ 1.5 Sistematika Penyusunan ····················································
i ii iv v vii ix xii xiii xiv 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 5 5
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ·························································· 2.1 Landasan Teori ······························································· 2.1.1 Peraturan-peraturan ·················································· 2.1.2 Beban yang Bekerja pada Struktur ································· 2.2 Kerangka Teori ······························································· 2.2.1 Perhitungan Pondasi·················································· 2.2.2 Perhitungan Pilecap ·················································· 2.2.3 Perhitungan Tie Beam················································ 2.2.4 Perhitungan Kolom ··················································· 2.2.5 Perhitungan Balok ···················································· 2.2.6 Perhitungan Tangga ·················································· 2.2.7 Perhitungan Pelat Lantai············································· 2.2.8 Perhitungan Shear Wall·············································· 2.2.9 Perhitungan Atap Baja ··············································· 2.3 Modifikasi Perencanaan Gedung ········································· 2.4 Asumsi-Asumsi ·······························································
8 8 9 23 28 28 28 29 30 33 36 37 40 42 45 46
BAB III METODE PERENCANAAN ·················································· 3.1 Tinjauan Umum ······························································ 3.2 Flowchart Perencanaan Struktur ·········································
48 48 50
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BAB IV PERHITUNGAN STRUKTUR ··············································· 4.1 Perhitungan Atap ···························································· 4.1.1 Perhitungan Profil Gording ········································· 4.1.2 Perhitungan Trekstang (BJTP 240 Ø12) ·························· 4.1.3 Perencanaan Pofil Kuda-Kuda Baja ······························· 4.1.4 Perencanaan Sambungan Baut ······································ 4.2 Perhitungan Pelat Lantai ··················································· 4.2.1 Perhitungan Pelat Lantai S1········································· 4.2.2 Perhitungan Pelat Lantai S2········································· 4.3 Perhitungan Tangga ························································· 4.3.1 Perencanaan Dimensi Tangga ······································ 4.3.2 Pembebanan Pelat Tangga dan Bordes ···························· 4.3.3 Penentuan Parameter ················································· 4.3.4 Penulangan Pelat Tangga dan Bordes ····························· 4.4 Perhitungan Lift ······························································ 4.4.1 Data Teknis Lift ······················································· 4.4.2 Perhitungan Balok Pengatrol dan Balok Perletakan Mesin ···· 4.4.3 Pembebanan pada Balok············································· 4.5 Perhitungan Gaya Gempa·················································· 4.5.1 Perhitungan Gaya Geser Dasar Horizontal Total Akibat Gempa ·································································· 4.5.2 Distribusi Gaya Geser Horizontal Total Akibat Gempa ········ 4.6 Perhitungan Balok ··························································· 4.6.1 Desain Penampang Balok ··········································· 4.6.2 Desain Tulangan Tarik dan Tekan Balok ························· 4.6.3 Desain Tulangan Geser Balok ······································ 4.6.4 Desain Tulangan Torsi Balok ······································· 4.7 Perhitungan Kolom ·························································· 4.7.1 Desain Penampang Kolom ·········································· 4.7.2 Desain Tulangan Lentur Kolom ···································· 4.7.3 Desain Tulangan Geser Kolom ····································· 4.7.4 Cek Keruntuhan Kolom ············································· 4.8 Perhitungan Dinding Geser (Shear Wall) ······························· 4.8.1 Perhitungan Tebal Beton Dinding Geser ·························· 4.9 Perhitungan Pilecap ························································· 4.9.1 Perhitungan Dimensi Pilecap ······································· 4.9.2 Perhitungan Tulangan Pilecap ······································ 4.10Perhitungan Tie Beam ······················································ 4.10.1 Perhitungan Tulangan Lentur Tie Beam··························· 4.10.2 Perhitungan Tulangan Geser Tie Beam···························· 4.11Perhitungan Pondasi Sumuran ···········································
59 59 59 62 64 66 68 69 73 78 78 79 81 82 89 89 91 92 94
BAB V RENCANA KERJA DAN SYARAT-SYARAT (RKS) ····················
133
95 104 107 107 107 112 113 116 117 117 118 119 121 121 123 123 126 127 127 128 130
x
BAB VI RENCANA ANGGARAN BIAYA (RAB) ·································· 6.1 Analisis Biaya Konstruksi ·················································· BAB VII PENUTUP ········································································ 7.1 Kesimpulan ···································································· 7.2 Saran ············································································
190 190 236 236 237
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ·······································································
238
LAMPIRAN 01-Spesifikasi Lift ·························································· LAMPIRAN 02-Data Tanah ······························································ LAMPIRAN 03-Tabel Perhitungan Pelat Lantai ···································· LAMPIRAN 04-Tabel Perhitungan Balok ············································· LAMPIRAN 05-Tabel Perhitungan Kolom············································ LAMPIRAN 06-Tabel Perhitungan Pilecap ··········································· LAMPIRAN 07-Tabel Perhitungan Tie Beam ········································ LAMPIRAN 08-Tabel Perhitungan Pondasi Sumuran ····························· LAMPIRAN 09-Lampiran Hasil Test Anti Plagiasi ·································
L-01 L-02 L-03 L-04 L-05 L-06 L-07 L-08 L-09
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DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 2.1 Dimensi Tulangan ······························································· Tabel 2.2 Tebal Selimut Minimum ························································ Tabel 2.3 Nilai Faktor Keutamaan ························································· Tabel 2.4 Nilai Faktor Reduksi Gempa ··················································· Tabel 2.5 Nilai Faktor R, Cd, Ω ··························································· Tabel 2.6 Jenis-jenis Tanah·································································· Tabel 2.7 Percepatan Puncak Batuan Dasar dan Puncak Muka Tanah················ Tabel 2.8 Reson Spektrum Gempa Rencana ·············································· Tabel 2.9 Nilai Koefisien Ψ ································································· Tabel 2.10 Nilai Koefisienζ································································ Tabel 2.11 Berat Jenis Bahan Bangunan ·················································· Tabel 2.12 Beban Komponen Gedung ····················································· Tabel 2.13 Beban Hidup pada Lantai Gedung ············································ Tabel 2.14 Rasio Tulangan untuk Beton Bertulang ······································ dan Pelat Lantai ··········································· Tabel 2.15 Nilai Tabel 2.16 Presentase Tulangan Maksimum Pelat Lantai ······················· Tabel 2.17 Tegangan Geser Ijin Fv ························································· Tabel 2.18 Tegangan Tarik Ijin F Untuk Gabungan Tarik dan Geser ················· Tabel 4.1 Kombinasi Beban Atap ·························································· Tabel 4.2 Dimensi Tangga··································································· Tabel 4.3 Pembebanan Tangga ····························································· Tabel 4.4 Berat Total Struktur ······························································ Tabel 4.5 Perhitungan NSPT pada Boring Log I ········································· Tabel 4.6 Perhitungan NSPT pada Boring Log II ········································ Tabel 4.7 Distribusi Gaya Geser Horizontal Total Akibat Gempa Arah X dan Y··· Tabel 4.8 Distribusi Gaya Geser Horizontal Total Akibat Gempa Tiap Kolom Arah X dan Y······································································ Tabel 4.9 Waktu Geser Struktur Arah X ·················································· Tabel 4.10 Waktu Geser Struktur Arah Y ················································· Tabel 6.1 Analisa Harga Satuan ···························································· Tabel 6.2 Perhitungan Volume······························································ Tabel 6.3 Rekapitulasi Harga ·······························································
10 11 13 14 16 19 20 21 21 22 24 25 26 39 39 39 45 45 61 79 81 101 102 102 104 105 105 106 191 194 233
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1.1 Peta Google Map Lokasi Gedung Politeknik Kesehatan Semarang ···· Gambar 2.1 Ketentuan Penulangan Sengkang ············································ Gambar 2.2 Diagram Interalasi Kolom dengan Tulangan pada Dua Sisi ············· Gambar 2.3 Gambar Tabel Momen di Dalam Pelat Persegi ···························· Gambar 3.1 Flowchart Perencanaan Pembangunan Gedung ··························· Gambar 3.2 Flowchart Perhitungan Atap Baja ··········································· Gambar 3.3 Flowchart Perhitungan Balok Portal Atap ································· Gambar 3.4 Flowchart Perhitungan Kolom ··············································· Gambar 3.5 Flowchart Perhitungan Balok ··············································· Gambar 3.6 Flowchart Perhitungan Shear Wall ········································· Gambar 3.7 Flowchart Perhitungan Pelat Lantai ········································ Gambar 3.8 Flowchart Perhitungan Tangga ············································· Gambar 3.9 Flowchart Perhitungan Pondasi ············································· Gambar 4.1 Arah Pembebanan Atap ······················································· Gambar 4.2 Posisi Trekstang ································································ Gambar 4.3 Kuda-kuda Baja ································································ Gambar 4.4 Pembebanan Kuda-kuda ······················································ Gambar 4.5 Sambungan Baut ······························································· Gambar 4.6 Detail Kuda-kuda Baja ························································ Gambar 4.7 Pelat Lantai S1 ································································· Gambar 4.8 Pelat Lantai S2 ································································· Gambar 4.9 Detail Pelat Lantai ····························································· Gambar 4.10 Pemodelan Struktur Tangga ················································ Gambar 4.11 Momen Tangga Arah-X ····················································· Gambar 4.12 Momen Tangga Arah-Y ····················································· Gambar 4.13 Momen Bordes Arah-X······················································ Gambar 4.14 Momen Bordes Arah-Y······················································ Gambar 4.15 Detail Tangga Struktur ······················································ Gambar 4.16 Detail Lift ······································································ Gambar 4.17 Tabel Dimensi Lift ··························································· Gambar 4.18 Balok Pengatrol ······························································· Gambar 4.19 Pembebanan Balok Pengatrol ·············································· Gambar 4.20 Pembebanan Balok Perletakan (R1) ······································· Gambar 4.21 Pembebanan Balok Perletakan (R2) ······································· Gambar 4.22 Respon Spektrum Gempa Rencana Wilayah Gempa 2 ················· Gambar 4.23 Detail Balok ··································································· Gambar 4.24 Detail Kolom ·································································· Gambar 4.25 Pembebanan Shear Wall····················································· Gambar 4.26 Detail Shear Wall ····························································· Gambar 4.27 Detail Tie Beam ······························································· Gambar 4.28 Denah Pondasi ································································
3 12 32 38 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 61 64 64 65 67 68 69 73 78 82 83 83 83 84 88 90 91 92 92 93 93 103 116 118 121 122 129 132 xiii
DAFTAR NOTASI
Perhitungan Pondasi = Daya Dukung Ujung = Tegangan Referensi = 2000 lb/ft2 = 100 kPa = Nilai SPT antara Dasar Pondasi dan Panjang Dua Kali Lebar Penampang = Reduksi Daya Dukung Ujung = Lebar Referensi = 1,0 ft = 0,3 m = 12 in = 300 mm B = Diameter Dasar Pondasi f = Daya Dukung Gesekan Selimut = Tegangan Efektif Vertikal = Kedalaman dari Permukaan Tanah sampai Tengah Lapisan β = Beta = Daya Dukung Selimut P P = Daya Dukung Ijin Pondasi γ = Berat Jenis Air = Berat Jenis Tanah Perhitungan Pilecap ′ = lebar penampang kritis, mm. = lebar pilecap, mm. = lebar kolom, mm ! ′ = berat pilecap pada penampang kritis, kg/m. "# = momen terfaktor pada penampang, kNm. $% = luas tulangan, mm2. = kuat tekan beton, MPa. &' ′ &( = kuat leleh baja, MPa. ) = jarak dari serat tekan terluar ke titik berat tulangan longitudinal, mm. * = tinggi blok tegangan persegi ekuivalen, mm. +, = panjang kolom, mm. *! = lebar kolom, mm. ) = tinggi efektif pondasi, mm. += keliling kritis pondasi telapak, mm. ∝% = konstanta perhitungan pondasi telapak. Perhitungan Tie Beam $% = luas tulangan minimum, mm2. ∆1 = perbedaan penurunan antar pondasi, mm. 2 = momen inersia penampang, mm4. 3% = bentang tie beam, mm. 4 = modulus elastisitas beton, MPa.
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+ ) 5 6 6# 6' 6%
#
$7 $ 8 &' ′ &(
= lebar balok, mm. = jarak dari serat tekan terluar ke titik berat tulangan longitudinal, mm. = faktor reduksi kekuatan geser, 0,75. = tegangan gesr nominal, N. = gaya geser terfaktor, N. = kuat geser nominal yang disumbangkan oleh beton, N. = kuat geser nominal yang disumbangkan oleh tulangan, N. = gaya tarik terfaktor, N. = luas penampang beton, mm2. = luas tulangan geser, mm2. = jarak tulangan geser, mm. = kuat tekan beton, MPa. = kuat leleh baja, MPa.
Perhitungan Kolom 9# = beban aksial terfaktor, k. "# = momen terfaktor pada penampang, ft-k. &' ′ = kuat tekan beton, psi. &( = kuat leleh baja, psi. $% = luas tulangan kolom, in2. $7 = luas bruto penampang, in2. $ = luas tulangan geser, in2. = luas total tulangan longitudinal, in2. $%: = kuat beban aksial nominal pada eksentrisitas yang diberikan, k. 9 ℎ = tebal total komponen struktur, in. = rasio tulangan kolom. + = lebar muka tekan komponen struktur, in. +< = lebar badan, in. ) = jarak dari serat tekan terluar ke pusat tulangan tekan, in. 6' = kuat geser nominal yang disumbangkan oleh beton, lb. = beban aksial terfaktor, k. # 6% = kuat geser nominal yang disumbangkan oleh baja, lb. Perhitungan Balok =# = beban aksial terfaktor, k/ft. "# = momen terfaktor pada penampang, ft-k. = rasio tulangan balok non-prategamg. !% = rasio tulangan maksimum balok. > = faktor coating. xv
&' ′ &(
$%? $%@ * + A ) ∈′C " "? "
&C ′ 6' 6# 6% 8 $ +<
@
= rasio tulangan yang memberikan regangan seimbang. = rasio minimum tulangan balok. = kuat tekan beton, psi. = kuat leleh baja, psi. = panjang bentang, ft. = luas tulangan tarik, in2. = luas tulangan tekan, in2. = tinggi blok tegangan persegi ekuivalen, in. = lebar muka tekan komponen struktur, in. = jarak dari serat tekan terluar ke garis netral, in. = jarak dari serat tekan terluar ke pusat tulangan tarik, in. = regangan pada tulangan tekan. = kuat momen nominal, ft-k. = nilai yang lebih kecil dari momen ujung terfaktor akibat beban yang tidak menimbulkan goyangan ke samping, ft-k. = nilai yang lebih besar dari momen ujung terfaktor akibat beban yang tidak menimbulkan goyangan ke samping, ft-k. = tegangan dalam tulangan pada kondisi beban bekerja, ksi. = kuat geser nominal yang disumbangkan oleh beton, lb. = kuat geser terfaktor, lb. = kuat geser nominal yang disumbangkan oleh baja, lb. = jarak as ke as tulangan, in. = luas tulangan geser, in2. = lebar badan balok, in.
Perhitungan Pelat Lantai = panjang pelat lantai arah-y, mm. ( = panjang pelat lantai arah-x, mm. ) = tebal efektif pelat lantai, mm. = bentamg pelat lantai, mm. ℎ = tebal minimum pelat lantai, mm =# = beban aksial terfaktor, kg/m. =D = beban mati, kg/m. =E = beban hidup, kg/m. ∅D = diameter tulangan pelat lantai, mm. "# = momen terfaktor pada penampang, kg-m. + = lebar pelat (dianalisis tiap jarak 1 m), m. = rasio tulangan pelat lantai. = rasio minimum tulangan pelat lantai. = rasio maksimum tulangan pelat lantai. $1 = luas tulangan minimum pelat lantai, mm2. xvi
Perhitungan Shear Wall 6# = kuat geser terfaktor, k. "# = momen terfaktor pada penampang, in-k. 6 = beban aksial noimnal, k. 6' = kuat geser yang disumbangkan oleh beton, k. = kuat geser yang disumbangkan oleh baja, k. 6% ℎ = tebal total komponen struktur, in. ) = jarak dari serat tekan terluar ke pusat tulangan tekan, in. ℎ< = tinggi vertikal dinding, ft. = panjang horizontal dinding, ft. < = beban aksial terfaktor, k. # $7 = luas bruto penampang, in2. +< = lebar badan, in. ′ = kuat tekan beton, psi. &' = kuat leleh yang disyaratkan untuk tulangan, psi. &( 81 = spasi tulangan vertikal dalam dinding, in. 82 =spasi tulangan horizontal dalam dinding, in.
Perhitungan Atap Baja = beban aksial terfaktor, kg/m # = momen aksial terfaktor, kg-m. "# = beban arah-x, kg/m. = beban arah-y, kg/m. ( = bentang arah-x, m 3 3( = bentang arah-y, m " = momen arah-x, kg-m. "( = momen arah-y, kg-m. G = modulus plastis. &( = tegangan leleh baja, MPa. = kuat lentur nominal balok, N-mm. " " = momen nominal arah-x " ( = momen nominal arah-y H: = beban angin tekan, kg/m. 4 = modulus elastisitas baja. 2 = momen inersia, mm4. + = lebar elemen penampang, mm. IJ = tebal flange profil, mm I< = tebal web profil, mm ) = tinggi penampang, mm. ℎ = tinggibersih badan baja profil, mm = kelangsingan pwnampang balok (flange). KJ
xvii
K< &( & "
" ∅ " L M: 8 :
N′O NO &′: $ P Q
= kelangsingan penampang balok (web). = tegangan leleh baja, MPa. = tegangan sisa, MPa. = momen lentur yang menyebabkan seluruh penampang mengalami tegangan leleh, N-mm. = momen batas tekuk, N-mm = faktor reduksi kekuatan. = momen pada sambungan, ton-m. = geser pada sambungan, ton. = gaya tarik, kg. = jarak antar baut, mm = sigma tegangan tarik = tegangan geser, kg/cm2. = tegangan geser ijin , kg/cm2. = tegangan ijin untuk tarik dan geser, kg. = luas baut, mm2. = gaya tarik awal, kg. = jumlah baut.
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