Konsep & Perkembangan Jaringan Komputer DR. Mohammad Iqbal Kuliah Umum Jaringan Komputer Universitas Gunadarma 27 Desember 2011
Outline Konsep Dasar Jaringan Tren dan Perkembangan Jaringan Apa dan bagaimana selanjutnya ?
Zaman Batu sampai Zaman Jaringan Komputer
Penemuan Batu – besi -, …, - otomotif – listrik – telepon - pesawat jet -… Jaringan Komputer telah mengubah fundamental gaya hidup manusia.
Tidak perlu keluar rumah, untuk : 1. Ke kantor 2. belanja 3. Entertainment 4. Pendidikan
Virtual reality akan memuaskan kebutuhan kita untuk : Games Turisme Sosialisasi
Mengapa Studi Jaringan Komputer itu penting?
Hampir semua area komputansi adalah networkbased. Contoh : Distributed computing Distributed databases Distributed storage Robotics Distributed Games Bidang yang perkembangannya sangat cepat Kesempatan karir yang luas : Google, Facebook, eBay, Microsoft, Cisco, HP, Intel, dll.
Konsep Dasar Jaringan
Klasifikasi Perangkat Koneksi ke Jaringan Komputer • End-user devices • Network devices
1.
End-user devices perangkat yang memberikan service langsung di sisi user : Komputer, printer, scanner, dll. Network devices perangkat yang mengkoneksikan end-user devices satu sama lain untuk memungkinkan berkomunikasi.
2.
A-Network Device
Network interface card
Sistem Pengkabelan Sistem tanpa kabel
Networking Device
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Repeater A repeater is a network device used to regenerate a signal. Repeaters regenerate analog or digital signals distorted by transmission loss due to attenuation. A repeater does not perform intelligent routing.
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Hub Hubs concentrate connections. In other words, they take a group of hosts and allow the network to see them as a single unit. This is done passively, without any other effect on the data transmission. Active hubs not only concentrate hosts, but they also regenerate signals. 9
Bridge Bridges convert network transmission data formats as well as perform basic data transmission management. Bridges, as the name implies, provide connections between LANs. Not only do bridges connect LANs, but they also perform a check on the data to determine whether it should cross the bridge or not. This makes each part of the network more efficient.
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Workgroup Switch Workgroup switches add more intelligence to data transfer management. Switches can determine whether data should remain on a LAN or not, and they can transfer the data to the connection that needs that data.
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Router Routers have all capabilities of the previous devices. Routers can regenerate signals, concentrate multiple connections, convert data transmission formats, and manage data transfers.They can also connect to a WAN, which allows them to connect LANs that are separated by great distances.
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“The Cloud” The cloud is used in diagrams to represent where the connection to the internet is. It also represents all of the devices on the internet.
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B-Topologi Jaringan Network topology defines the structure of the network. 1.The physical topology, which is the actual layout of the wire or media. 2.The logical topology, which defines how the media is accessed by the hosts for sending data.
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1- Physical Topologies
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2 - Logical Tipologies - Sebaran Area Data Network (LAN, MAN, WAN,)
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LAN (Local-area network )
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Wireless LAN Organizations and Standards In cabled networks, IEEE is the prime issuer of standards for wireless networks. The standards have been created within the framework of the regulations created by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). A key technology contained within the 802.11 standard is Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS).
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Cellular Topology for Wireless
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WAN (Wide-area networks)
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SAN (Storage Area Network) A SAN is a dedicated, high-performance network used to move data between servers and storage resources. Because it is a separate, dedicated network, it avoids any traffic conflict between clients and servers. 21
Virtual Private Network A VPN is a private network that is constructed within a public network infrastructure such as the global Internet. Using VPN, a telecommuter can access the network of the company headquarters through the Internet by building a secure tunnel between the telecommuter’s PC and a VPN router in the headquarters.
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C - Bandwidth
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D - OSI (Open System Interconnection) Reference Model To address the problem of networks increasing in size and in number, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) researched many network schemes and recognized that there was a need to create a network model that would help network builders implement networks that could communicate and work together and therefore, released the OSI reference model in 1984.
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The OSI Reference Model 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
The OSI Model will be used throughout your entire networking career!
Harus Ingat!! 25
Layer 7 - The Application Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation
This layer deal with networking applications.
4 Transport
Examples: • Email • Web browsers
3 Network
PDU - User Data
5 Session
2 Data Link 1 Physical
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Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network
This layer is responsible for presenting the data in the required format which may include: • Encryption • Compression PDU - Formatted Data
2 Data Link 1 Physical
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Layer 5 - The Session Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session
This layer establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating hosts.
3 Network
Example: • Client Software ( Used for logging in)
2 Data Link
PDU - Formatted Data
4 Transport
1 Physical
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Layer 4 - The Transport Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
This layer breaks up the data from the sending host and then reassembles it in the receiver. It also is used to insure reliable data transport across the network. PDU - Segments 29
Layer 3 - The Network Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
Sometimes referred to as the “Cisco Layer”. Makes “Best Path Determination” decisions based on logical addresses (usually IP addresses). PDU - Packets
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Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session
This layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical link.
3 Network
Makes decisions based on physical addresses (usually MAC addresses).
2 Data Link
PDU - Frames
4 Transport
1 Physical
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Layer 1 - The Physical Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session
This is the physical media through which the data, represented as electronic signals, is sent from the source host to the destination host.
3 Network
Examples: • CAT5 (what we have) • Coaxial (like cable TV) • Fiber optic
2 Data Link
PDU - Bits
4 Transport
1 Physical
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Tren dan Perkembangan Jaringan Komputer 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Network Security Mobile Networking Wireless Networking Energy Efficient Networking Multimedia Networking Datacenter Networking Next Generation Internet
Topik ini berdasarkan aktivitas riset di industri seperti Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), dan Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IEEE)
1 – Network Security
No authentication:
DNS attack, contoh: seluruh YouTube traffic diarahkan ke “black hole” di Pakistan. [Domain Name System (DNS) is used to convert names like www.youtube.com to Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses, e.g., 128.23.45.56]
Phishing: memasukkan informasi personal di fake websites Spam Cyber warfare
Phishing
Email dari bank dan layanan financial diarahkan ke fake websites,seperti http://www.bankofamerica.com sesungguhnya dikirim ke http://hackers.com Layanan “free public wireless” dapat pula mengoleksi passwords user yang akses.
Spam 200 milliar messages/hari, 88-90% adalah email. 81% spam tentang farmasi Membebani bisnis sekitar $100 miliar pada tahun 2007 Dikirimkan via Botnets dari komputer yang terinfeksi.
Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_spam
Cyber Warfare
Negara-negara melakukan penetrasi komputer satu sama lain. Merupakan domain kelima dari modern warfare (setelah darat, laut, udara dan ruang angkasa)
2009, US set up pusat komando cyber command UK, China, Russia, Israel, North Korea memiliki pusat komando yg mirip US. Pentagon menghabiskan $100 juta di 6bulan pertama 2009 untuk memperbaiki kehancuran dari cyber attacks.
Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_war
Contoh : Nov 2010, hackers yang mengaku sebagai “Indian Cyber Army” attacked Websites Pakistan. Des 2010, “Pakistan Cyber Army” menyerang Indian Central Bureau of Intelligence. Nov 2011, Iran menangkap 6 pesawat pengintai US
2 – Mobile Networking
Smart Phones (Blackberry, iPhone, Android Phones), Net book, Laptop Æ Mobile komputer Mobility: tetap di dalam koneksi networking session dimanapun berada. Istilah kita : Online terus… Mobile ≠ Wireless. Wired mobility : Mulai download di kantor/kampus dan diteruskan saat di rumah Network telpon selular didesain untuk mobility tapi Internet protocol belum.
Slot data ≠ slot voice
3 - Wireless Networking
Wireless (WiFi) dapat tersebar dimanapun berada. Lebih banyak Cell phones dari POTS. Proyeksi Rasionya akan menjadi 4-to1 pada 2012. Sistem pengkabelan lebih mahal dari tanpa kabel Æ Wireless Access Pengembangan Teknologi WIFI Saat ini :
4G: 1Gbps Metropolitan Area Networks (LTE-Advanced, WiMAX V2) Vehicular Networking (802.11p) Ad-hoc Wireless Networks TV Band (700 MHz) networking Audio/Video over Wi-Fi (802.11aa)
4 - Energy Efficient Networking
Internet didesain dgn asumsi semua host up setiap waktu tanpa henti. Kita tidak bisa mematikan router kita. Industri komputer menghasilkan green house gases sebanyak industri penerbangan Satu komputer server sederhana = satu mobil SUV dengan konsumsi 15 mil/gallon (6km/liter) Kita membutuhkan desain protokol yang mengizinkan nodes untuk dapat berhenti jika tidak bekerja. Energy Efficient Ethernet:
Mematikan sebagian besar sirkuit sampai bit data selanjutnya tiba Delay-Tolerant Networking: Router dapat menyimpan data jika next hop ditemukan sedang mati
5 - Multimedia Networking
Trend:
Audio/Video over networks Entertainment on cellular phones Home Entertainment Movies on Demand YouTube, dailymotion - VoD, live
Isu:
Timing and synchronization Peer to peer streaming Stream reservation Media caching
6 - Datacenter Networking 1.
Cloud Computing:
2.
Isu:
3.
Application via Internet (Google Docs) Computing via Internet (Amazon EC3) Storage and backup via Internet Inter-Cloud Provider Networking: High-speed links on demand Policy, Security, QoS issues (Multiorganizational ownership)
Data Center Networking: Optimalisasi Ethernet untuk data centers
Congestion control pada MultiGigabit Speeds Micro-seconds transaction delays
7 – Internet Next Generation
Internet 1.0: Before Commercialization
Internet 2.0: After Commercialization
20 tahun pertama (1969-1989) No Security, Optimal routing, infrastruktur kepemilikan tunggal
1989-2009 Security, Policy based routing: ISP, infrastruktur kepemilikan banyak pihak, tidak ada pengetahuan tipologi & sumber daya internal tiap jaringan yang terhubung
Internet 3.0:
20 tahun selanjutnya Kepemilikan berdasarkan users, content (object oriented), dan host, kekuatan berbagi content dan Service Negotiation Mobility user dan distributed data (data mining system)
Trend Next generation Internet
Hampir semua top 50 Internet sites adalah berbasiskan services [Alexa] Akses ke Smart Phones: BB, iPhone, Nokia, Android Apps New globally distributed services, Games, application ; Apple store, android market, BB Application… Clouds next generation, …
Jaringan Komputer dibutuhkan untuk mendukung secara efisien terhadap Instalasi dan pengantaran/distribusi SERVICE Ref: Top 500 sites on the web, http://www.alexa.com/topsites
7 Fitur Kunci Internet Service
1. Replication: Multiple datacenter tampil (seakan-akan) dalam satu database besar 2. Fault Tolerance: Connect ke B jika A sedang down
7 Fitur Kunci Internet Service 3. Load Balancing: 50% untuk A, 50% untuk B 4. Traffic Engineering: 80% pada Path A, 20% pada Path B 5. Server Mobility: Memindahkan service antar clouds, Dynamic Setup Æ Networking sebagai Service 6. User Mobility: Gaming/Video/audio… tidak berhenti saat user berpindah tempat. 7. Security: Menjaga aspek-aspek Provenance, Authentication, Privacy, ...
Apa dan Bagaimana Kesempatan kita? E-commerce : tidak hanya pada website, tapi juga jejaring sosial Content provider Application service provider : create, customize, maintenance Internet service provider : wireless, ADSL,… Security service provider : pengawasan…
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