ILLNESSES AND DISEASES HEALTH CARE Medical care of any type in our country is free of charge, although there are now many private doctors. We do not pay for prescriptions or for some medicines. But for other medicines, especially for those from abroad, we must pay. For a long time the state has been looking after each of its citizens - even before birth - under the scheme called Mother and Child Care. There are medical checkups before the child is born and maternity ward services. As to financial help after giving birth, mothers get benefits for three years after the birth of a child. For the first 26 weeks she gets 90 per cent of her pay and for the rest of her maternity leave she gets fewer benefits. Then comes medical and social care during the pre-school and school age, up to old age. The term "free medical care" includes any type of medical treatment - from seeing your doctor because of a common cold to the most complicated operation. The Health insurance system is undergoing some changes at present. Employers pay health insurance for their employees but everybody can pay extra money for his/her health insurance. Private people must buy their health insurance themselves. If we fall ill or if we have an accident, we go to the Health Centre, Policlinic, Hospital or to some Private Doctor. Many factories and offices have their own doctors. To improve the situation and promote the competition we can choose our doctors now. There are various types of medical treatment for our different types of troubles. Doctors may ask you to strip to the waist before he/she examines your chest and throat. They check our blood pressure, feel the pulse or put our blood or urine through lab-tests to take for example a blood-count. Sometimes they may X-ray our lungs or bones. We must go through many types of vaccination during our lives. Dentists may check our teeth and sometimes pull out one of them or drill and fill them. For older people they sometimes fit bridges on their teeth or make dentures. Doctors usually prescribe some medicines to us - pills, antibiotics, gargling, eye-wash, sleeping pills, ointments or they tell us to go on a diet. After operations, scars remain on our bodies. There are various types of physicians who treat various diseases and disorders. They are e.g. GP (general practitioners), dentists, surgeons, interns, oculists, paediatricians, gynaecologists, psychiatrists, dermatologists, ear and throat specialists, orthopaedic specialists etc. Each person should undergo a regular check-up at least once a year. However we usually go to see our doctor when we do not feel well or have a temperature. We can suffer from various illnesses beginning with common children diseases such as: measles, chicken pox, mumps, scarlet-fever, otitis. Usually we suffer from common infections such as cold, flu, angina, indigestion, diarrhoea or constipation. In such cases we stay in bed, drink herbal teas, take pills, drops or vitamins and after a week or two we feel well again. However the situation may sometimes be more serious and needs special treatment in the hospital, e. g. heart attack, appendicitis, breaking an arm or leg, animal or snake bite, severe bleeding, poisoning, unconsciousness or in the case of some real dangerous disease such as tuberculosis, anaemia, pneumonia, leukaemia, diabetes, hepatitis etc. The doctors' care must be very attentive because human life is in danger. It is the same situation with all possible operations and surgeon interferences. It is enough to say that there are still diseases which cannot be cured such as cancer or AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). There are also many other problems which do not help avoid or prevent health problems (e.g. extreme poverty of many people all around the world, large sums of money put toward armament instead of health insurance, the human environment is spoilt, we do not live in balance with nature). It is true that prevention is better than a cure. In other words, the best way to cure yourself of a disease is not to catch it. We should try to live a healthy way of life, which means we should have a good proportion of work to leisure time, between our sleep and up time, to keep our mental state in order. We should practise sports, at least swim or go for walks, we should eat healthy food with lots of vitamins, we should not smoke, drink too much alcohol, become drug addicts or change our intimate friends too often. Generally speaking we should lead such a way of life to keep our mind and body in a perfect state and balance.
The World Health Organization, which is a specialized agency of the UN dealing with health and living conditions, and came into existence on 7th April 1948 (the annual World Health Day), has defined health as a state of physical and social prosperity and not only the absence of disease. In Britain, the National Health Service (NHS) provides free health care to all people in the country. Everybody is free to choose a general practitioner (GP) in his own home area and be registered on his list. In towns it is usual for three or four GPs to join together in partnership and thus share the cost of expensive medical technology. If you need special treatment, the doctor will send you to see a specialist at the local hospital. In an emergency, you can call an ambulance by dialling 999 from any telephone. In England, the companies also pay insurance for their employees and the government for other people. In the United States, there are two different types of health insurance. Most people have private health insurance. If you have a fractured arm, a heart attack, or even a blister, it is possible to choose your doctor and have treatment. You pay the doctor, and then send the bill for the treatment to your insurance company. They will then send you the money. The problem is that private health insurance is expensive, especially for treatment that needs specialists, such as treatment for heart attacks. If one is poor, the government will pay the doctor for treatment. Many people, however, are not poor, but do not have the money to pay for private health insurance because it is very expensive. If they fall ill, they must pay for it themselves. This is a big problem now in the USA, because a hospital must take care of people, if they fall very ill, even if they do not have the money, and this is difficult for many hospitals.
VOCABULARY ILLNESES nemoc choroba, nemoc porucha, potíže mysl a tělo nehoda, neštěstí prevence prohlídka zdravý způsob života
illness (ilnis) disease (di,zi:z) disorder (dis'o:dc) mind and body (maind Fnd bodi) accident ('Fksidcnt) prevention (pri'venšcn) check-up (čekap) healthy way of life (hel2i wei cv laif)
AIDS, syndrom imunitní nedostatečnosti angína bezvědomí cukrovka dětská obrna ekzém chřipka chudokrevnost
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrom tonsillitis (tonsi'laitis) unconsciousness (an'konšcsnis) diabetes (,daic'bi:ti:z) polio (pculicu) tetter (tetc) flu, influenza (flu:, ,influ'enzc) anaemia (c'ni:mic)
infekce ischias jizva kýla ledvinové kameny leukémie mrtvice nespavost nevolnost operace otrava krve otřes mozku plané neštovice ploténky pohlavní nemoci potrat prostata průjem příušnice rakovina senná rýma spála spalničky srdeční mrtvice srdeční záchvat tuberkulóza tyfus úžeh vřed vyrážka vysoký krevní tlak zácpa zápal mozkových blan zánět průdušek
infection (in'fekšcn) sciatica (sai’Ftikc) scar (ska:) hernia (hc:nic) kidney stones (kidni stcunz) leukaemia (lu:'ki:mic) stroke (strouk), apoplexy ('Fpcpleksi) insomnia (in’somnic) indigestion (indi’džesčcn) operation (,opc'reišcn) blood poisoning (blad poizcniõ;) concussion (kcn'kašn) chicken-pox (čikin-poks) slipped discs (slipt disks) V.D.; Venereal diseases (vi,nicricl) abortion (c’bo:šn) prostate (prcsteit) diarrhoea (daic'ric) mumps (mamps) cancer (kFnsc) hay fever (hei fi:vc) scarlet fever (ska:lct fi:vc) measles (mi:zlz) heart failure (ha:t feiljc) heart attack (ha:t c’tFk) TB, tuberculosis (tju,bc:kju’lcusis) typhoid (taifoid) sunstroke (sanstrcuk) ulcer (alsc) rash (rFš) high blood-presure (hai blad prešc) constipation (,konsti'peišn) encephalitis (ensefc'laitis) bronchitis (bron'kaitis)
zánět středniho ucha zánět jater zápal plic zápal slepého střeva záškrt zhoubný nádor zlomenina žloutenka žlučníkový záchvat žlučové kameny
inflammation of the middle ear, otitis (,inflc'meišn), (ou'taitis) hepatitis (hepctaitis) pneumonia (nju'mcunjc) appendicitis (cpendi'saitis) diphtheria (dif2icric) malignant tumor (mc'ligncnt tju:mc) fracture (frFkčc) jaundice (džo:ndis) bilious attack (biljcs c'tFk) gall stones (go:l stcunz)
TYPES OF PHYSICIANS medical treatment, cure ('medikl 'tri:tmcnt) dentist (dentist) dermatologist (,dc:ma'tolcdžist) ear and throat specialist (icr Fnd 2rout ... ) general practitioner (džencrcl prFk'tišcnc), G.P. gynaecologist (,gaini'kolcdžist) oculist (okjulist) orthopaedist (o:*cu'pi:dist) internist (in'tc:nist) paediatrician (,pi:dic'trišcn) psychiatrist (sai'kaictrist) surgeon (sc:džcn)
léčba zubař, zubní lékař dermatolog, kožní lékař ušní a krční lékař praktický lékař, obvodní lékař (G.P.) gynekolog oftalmolog, oční lékař ortopéd internista, lékař pro choroby vnitřní pediatr, dětsky lékař psychiatr chirurg
SOCIAL CARE benefit ('benifit) - injury benefit (indžcri) - maternity benefit (mc'tc:niti) - sickness benefit (siknis) - unemployment benefit ('anim'ploimcnt) - widow benefit (widou) family allowances ('fFmili 'claucnsiz) maternity leave (mc'tc:niti li:v) insurance (in'šucrns) - buy insurance (bai in'šucrns) invalidity pension (,invclidcti penšcn) retirement pension (ri’taicmcnt penšcn)
dávka, podpora - úrazové pojištění, dávky - mateřský příspěvek - nemocenské dávky - podpora v nezaměstnanosti - vdovský důchod rodinné přídavky mateřská dovolená pojištění platit si pojištění invalidní důchod starobní důchod
VERBS check (ček) deal (di:l) drill (dril) examine (ig'zFmin) feel the pulse (fi:l *c pals) fill (fil) keep (ki:p) prevent (pri'vent) put through lab-tests pull out (pul aut) strip (strip) suffer from (safc frcm) undergo (andc'gcu) x-ray (eksrei)
kontrolovat, prohlížet zabývat se něčím vrtat zub (i vrtačka, vrták) vyšetřit, prohlédnout pacienta nahmatat, změřit tep zaplombovat zub udržovat chránit, předcházet dát na rozbor vytáhnout zub svléknout se, svléknout trpět čím podstoupit, podrobit se rentgenovat (taky paprsek)
PICTURE DICTIONARY HUMAN BODY 1 * 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
head face moustache beard back arm hand leg foot, feet
** 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
neck throat shoulder chest, breast stomach bottom knee
*** 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
armpit elbow waist hip thigh calf genitals
HAND 24 25 26 27 28
finger thumb wrist fingernail, nail palm
FOOT 29 30 31 32 33 34
toe toenail, nail ankle heel sole instep
HUMAN BODY 2 * 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
hair eye nose ear mouth tooth, teeth lip tongue chin
** 10 11
cheek forehead
*** 12 13 14 15
eyebrow eyelashes temple jaw
INSIDES 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
brain heart lung liver kidney vein muscle stomach windpipe intestines bladder artery appendix
SKELETON 29 30 31 32 33 34
rib skull collarbone shoulder blade breastbone spine
MEDICAL SERVICE HOSPITAL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
nurse, male nurse doctor, general practitioner, G.P. patient bed, hospital bed ambulance bell-push X-ray get well card stethoscope operating table surgeon wheelchair crutch sling bandage plaster, adhesive bandage plaster, plaster of paris bandage
MEDICAL EQUIPMENT 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
thermometer pills, tablets capsule medicine ointment instrument trolley syringe dropper spatula scalpel tweezers scope blood pressure gauge
DENTIST 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
dentist dentist’s nurse dentist’s chair drill operating lamp cotton wool roll mirror
PHRASES AT THE DOCTOR’S Jak se dnes cítíš? - Necítím se moc dobře. - Nejsem ve své kůži. - Necítím se dobře. - Cítím se špatně. - Cítím se pod psa. - Cítím se dobře. - Nic mi není. Co je s tebou? Co se ti stalo? Není ti dobře? Co tě trápí? Nevypadáš dobře. Jsi trochu bledý. - Bolí mě hlava. - Bolí mě břicho. - Bolí mě v krku. - Bolí mě ucho. - Bolí mě zub. - Bolí mě v zádech.
- Bolí mě u srdce. - Bolí mě žlučník. - Mám potíže s … - Mám bolavou nohu. - Mám rýmu. - Mám silnou rýmu. - Kašlu. - Mám rýmu. - Je mi mdlo. - Točí se mi hlava. - Chce se mi zvracet. - Bodla mě vosa. - Mám zvýšenou teplotu. - Mám horečku. - Silně se potím. - Upadl jsem. - Odřel jsem se. - Zlomil jsem si nohu. - Vymknul jsem si kotník. - Uhodil jsem se do nohy. - Popálil jsem si ruku. - Spadlo mi něco do oka. - Spálil jsem se na slunci. - Špatně spím. - Nemohu usnout. - Nemám chuť k jídlu. - Mám průjem. - Mám zácpu. - Nemohu se nadechnout. - Hrozně krvácím. - Nemám chuť k jídlu
How are you feeling today? - I am not feeling too well. - I am not of sorts. - I feel off colours. i FEEL UNWELL. - I am feeling ill. - I feel under the weather. - I feel fine. - I am all right. What’s the matter with you? What happened to you? Are you not feeling well? What is troubling you? You don’t look well. You are a bit pale. - I have a headache. - I have a stomachache. - I have a sore throat. - I have an earache. - I have a toothache. - I have a backache. I have a pain in my back. My back aches / hurts. - I have a pain in my heart. - I have pain in my gall-bladder. - I have trouble with my … - I have a sore leg. - I have a cold. - I have a bad cold. - I have a cough. - I have got a runny nose. - I feel faint. - I feel dizzy. My head is spinning. - I feel sick. - I feel like vomiting. - I was stung by a wasp. - I have a raised temperature. - I have a fever. - I perspire a lot. - I fell down. I have fallen over. - I have bruised myself. - I have broken my leg. - I’ve sprained my ankle. - I hit my leg. - I have burned my hand. - Something has fallen into my eye. - I have got sunburn. - I am sleeping badly. - I cannot get to sleep. - I have no appetite. - I have diarrhoea. - I have constipation. - I can’t catch my breath. - I am bleeding awfully. - I have lost my appetite.
- Mám vysoký tlak. - Je na to lék? Zavolejte lékaře. Zavolejte mi, prosím, lékaře. Kdy ordinuje lékař? Musím se objednat? Můžete mě objednat na zítra ráno? Jsem objednán u... Posaďte se v čekárně. Další! Musím jít na (preventivní) prohlídku. Musím si změřit teplotu. Kde vás bolí? Musíte ležet deset dní. Musíte držet přísnou dietu. Předepíšu vám nějaké tablety. Změřím vám teplotu. Uděláme krevní test. Za týden přijďte na kontrolu.
- I suffer from high blood pressure. - Is there a cure for it? Call for a doctor. Call me a doctor, please. When is the doctor in attendance? Do I have to make an appointment? Can I make an appointment for tomorrow morning? I have got an appointment with... Take a seat in the waiting room, please. Next, please! I must go for a (general) check-up. I must take my temperature. Where do you feel the pain? You have to stay in bed for ten days. You will have to keep a strict diet. I will prescribe you some tablets. I’ll take your temperature. We’ll do a blood test. Come for a check-up in a week.
AT THE CHEMIST’S lékařský předpis
medical prescription (medikl pris'kripšn)
Kde prodáváte léky na předpis? - bez receptu?
Where do you sell drugs on prescription? - without prescription?
Prosil bych něco proti bolestem.
I would like something for pains. I would like some pain-killers.
Dejte mi …. - něco na nespavost. - prášky pro spaní. - něco na bolení zubů. - nějaké pilulky na … - nějaké tablety na … - nějaké mazání. - něco na menstruační bolesti. - kapky do nosu. - oční kapky. - borovou vodu. - široký obvaz. - leukoplast. - dámské vložky. - tampóny. - vatu. - jednu destilovanou vodu. - bylinkový čaj. - heřmánkový čaj. - lípový čaj. - mátový čaj. - ovocný čaj. - kloktadlo. - nějakou mast na …. - něco na pocení. Jak mám ty léky užívat? - Berte tři tablety denně na lačný žaludek. - Berte dvě tablety třikrát denně před jídlem. - Polkněte je celé.
Can you give me ……. ? - something for insomnia. - sleeping pills. ('sli:piõ pils) - something for toothache. - some pills for … (pils) - some tablets for … ('tFblits) - some lotion. ('loušn) - something for menstrual pains. - nasal drops. - eye drops. - boric acid. (borik Fsid) - wide compress. (waid 'kompres) - elastoplast (i'lFstoplFst) - sanitary towels. ('sFnitri tauclz) - tampons. (tFmpcnz) - cotton-wool. ('kotn 'wul) - one bottle of distilled water. - herbal tea. ('hc:bcl ti:) - camomile tea. ('kFmcmail ti:) - lime tea. (laim ti:) - peppermint tea. ('pepcmint ti:) - fruit tea. (fru:t ti:) - gargling. (’ga:gliõ) - some ointment for … (ointment) - something to increase perspiration. How should I use the drugs? - Take three tablets a day on an empty stomach. - Take two tablets three times a day before meals. - Swallow the tablets whole.
- Cucejte je. - Tato vodička je jen pro vnější použití. - Pět kapek na cukr po jídle. - Deset kapek do lžíce s vodou.
- Suck them. - This lotion is for external use only. - Five drops on sugar after meal. - Ten drops into a spoon of water.
HEALTHY WAY OF LIFE I’m so healthy... I’m very fit. I exercise a lot. I’ve got healthy eating habits. I eat a balanced diet. I avoid red meat. I haven’t got a sweet tooth. I get plenty of fresh air. I never have to go to the doctor’s. I’m so unhealthy... I can’t stand exercise. I am a little overweight. I need to change my lifestyle. I’ve got a few bad habits. I don’t watch what I eat. I eat too many snacks. I use too much salt / sugar. I smoke 20 cigarettes a day. I need to give up smoking. Diets and me I am on a diet. I need to go on a diet. I need to lose weight. I need to put on weight.
Jsem velmi fit. Hodně cvičím. Zdravě jím. Jím vyváženou stravu. Vyhýbám se červenému masu. Nejsem na sladké. Jsem hodně na čestvém vzduchu. Nikdy nemusím chodit k lékaři. Nesnáším cvičení. Mám trošku nadváhu. Musím změnit životní styl. Mám několik zlozvyků. Nehlídám, co jím. Příliš často mlsám. Moc solím / sladím. Kouřím 20 cigaret denně. Musím přestat kouřit. Držím (redukční) dietu. Musím začít držet dietu. Musím zhubnout. Potřebuji přibrat na váze.
HOW TO ADDRESS DOCTORS • • • •
Lékaře / Lékařku oslovujeme v angličtině většinou pouze “Doctor!”. Můžeme užít i příjmení: “Doctor Thomas!”. Výrazy Mr a Mrs (srovn. české “pane doktore”) se v osloveních neužívají. Slovo doctor jako titul se vždy píše s velkým písmenem: Dear Doctor Thomas...
