FDDI
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
FDDI
1. FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (FDDI) merupakan LAN token ring
CDDI
kapasitas penyaluran data 100 Mbps jangkauan 200 km
FAST ETHERNET
mampu melayani 1000 stasiun memakai
serat
optik
multimode
dengan
emitting diode (LED) [FORD01] [TANE97] GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
light-
FDDI
1.1 Mode Serat Optik
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
1.2 Standar FDDI
FDDI
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
The Medium Access Control (MAC) : MAC meliputi pengaturan frame format, token handling, addressing, algorithms for calculating cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value, and errorrecovery mechanisms. The Physical Layer Protocol (PHY) : data encoding/decoding procedures, requirements, and framing
clocking
The Physical-Medium Dependent (PMD) : the characteristics of the transmission medium, including fiber-optic links, power levels, biterror rates, optical components, and connectors. The Station Management (SMT) : FDDI station configuration, ring configuration, and ring control features, including station insertion and removal, initialization, fault isolation and recovery, scheduling, and statistics collection [FORD01].
FDDI
1.3 FDDI vs. IEEE dan OSI MODEL FDDI
CDDI
mirip
dengan
standar
IEEE
802.3
Ethernet dan IEEE 802.5 Token Ring serta OSI model, yakni pada layer fisik dan data
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
link. Perbedaannya memperbolehkan
FIBRE CHANNEL
stasiun
Token
Ring
membuat
token
tidak baru
sebelum token datang kembali, sedangkan FDDI mengijinkan setelah
HPPI
kalau
stasiun
stasiun
membuat
tersebut
transmisinya. [TANE97]
token
baru
menyelesaikan
FDDI
1.4 FDDI Station-Attachment Types FDDI memiliki tiga pilihan koneksi :
CDDI
a.single-attachment station (SAS): attaches
FAST ETHERNET
to
only
one
ring
(the
primary)
through a concentrator. One of the primary advantages of connecting devices with SAS
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
attachments is that the devices will not have any effect on the FDDI ring if they are
disconnected
Concentrators
will
or be
powered
discussed
detail in the following discussion.
in
off. more
FDDI
b.dual-attachment station (DAS): each FDDI DAS has two ports, designated A
CDDI
and B. These ports connect the DAS to the dual
FAST ETHERNET
FDDI
ring.
Therefore,
each
port
provides a connection for both the primary and the secondary ring. As you will see in
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
the
next
section,
devices
using
DAS
connections will affect the ring if they are disconnected or powered off.
FDDI
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
c.Concentrator an FDDI concentrator (also called a dualattachment concentrator [DAC]) is the building block of an FDDI network. It attaches directly to both the primary and secondary rings and ensures that the failure or power-down of any SAS does not bring down the ring. This is particularly useful when PCs, or similar devices that are frequently powered on and off, connect to the ring.
FDDI
1.5 FDDI fault tolerance a. Dual Ring
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
If a station on the dual ring fails or is powered down, or if the cable is damaged, the dual ring is automatically wrapped (doubled back onto itself) into a single ring.
FDDI
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
When a cable failure occurs, devices on either side of the cable fault wrap. Network operation continues for all stations. It should be noted that FDDI truly provides fault-tolerance against a single failure only. When two or more failures occur, the FDDI ring segments into two or more independent rings that are unable to communicate with each other.
FDDI
Optical Bypass Switch
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
An optical bypass switch provides continuous dual-ring operation if a device on the dual ring fails. This is used both to prevent ring segmentation and to eliminate failed stations from the ring. The optical bypass switch performs this function through the use of optical mirrors that pass light from the ring directly to the DAS device during normal operation. In the event of a failure of the DAS device, such as a power-off, the optical bypass switch will pass the light through itself by using internal mirrors and thereby maintain the ring's integrity. The benefit of this capability is that the ring will not enter a wrapped condition in the event of a device failure.
FDDI
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
b.Dual Homing Critical devices, such as routers or mainframe hosts, can use a fault-tolerant technique called dual homing to provide additional redundancy and to help guarantee operation. In dual-homing situations, the critical device is attached to two concentrators. Figure shows a dualhomed configuration for devices such as file servers and routers.
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
One pair of concentrator links is declared the active link; the other pair is declared passive. The passive link stays in back-up mode until the primary link (or the concentrator to which it is attached) is determined to have failed. When this occurs, the passive link automatically activates.
FDDI
CDDI
1.6 FDDI Frame Format The FDDI frame format is similar to the format of a Token Ring frame. This is one of the areas where FDDI borrows heavily from earlier LAN technologies, such as Token Ring. FDDI frames can be as large as 4,500 bytes.
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
FDDI Frame Fields Preamble---A unique sequence that prepares each station for an upcoming frame. Start Delimiter---Indicates the beginning of a frame by employing a signaling pattern that differentiates it from the rest of the frame. Frame Control---Indicates the size of the address fields and whether the frame contains asynchronous or synchronous data, among other control information. Destination Address---Contains a unicast (singular), multicast (group), or broadcast (every station) address. As with Ethernet and Token Ring addresses, FDDI destination addresses are 6 bytes long.
FDDI
1.6 FDDI Frame Format Source Address---Identifies the single station that sent the
CDDI
frame. As with Ethernet and Token Ring addresses, FDDI source addresses are 6 bytes long. Data---Contains either information destined for an upper-
FAST ETHERNET
layer protocol or control information. Frame Check Sequence (FCS)---Filed by the source station with a calculated cyclic redundancy check value dependent on frame
GIGABIT ETHERNET
contents
(as
with
Token
Ring
and
Ethernet).
The
destination address recalculates the value to determine whether the frame was damaged in transit. If so, the frame
100VGANYLAN
is discarded. End Delimiter---Contains
unique
symbols,
which
cannot
be
data symbols, that indicate the end of the frame. HPPI
Frame
Status---Allows
whether FIBRE CHANNEL
an
error
the
source
occurred
and
station whether
to the
recognized and copied by a receiving station.
determine frame
was
FDDI
Pengkodean FDDI ©©©
tidak CDDI
lagi
menggunakan
Manchester
Encoding
tetapi
menggunakan 4B/5B/NRZI, yakni 4 bit data dikodekan dengan 5 bit kode pensinyalan yang kemudian ditandai
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
dengan Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI).[STAL00] Pengkodean ini dimaksudkan agar tercapai sinkronisasi dan diperolehnya Pergeseran
100VGANYLAN
pola timing
pengkodean transmitter
yang dan
unik
[TANE97].
receiver
yang
menyebabkan keduanya tidak sinkron lagi dapat terjadi karena sinyal berpropagasi dengan transisi (+Volt ke 0 Volt )
HPPI
yang terbatas, misal selalu +Volt dalam waktu yang panjang. Oleh sebab itu diperlukan lebih banyak transisi sinyal
FIBRE CHANNEL
(melalui pengkodean) untuk menjaga agar transmitter dan receiver tidak kehilangan momen sinkronnya.
FDDI
2. COPPER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (CDDI) Copper
CDDI
Distributed
Data
Interface
(CDDI)
is
the
implementation of FDDI protocols over twisted-pair copper wire. Like FDDI, CDDI provides data rates of 100 Mbps and
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
uses a dual-ring architecture to provide redundancy. CDDI supports distances of about 100 meters from desktop to concentrator. CDDI is defined by the ANSI X3T9.5 Committee. The CDDI
100VGANYLAN
standard is officially named the Twisted-Pair Physical Medium Dependent (TP-PMD) standard. It is also referred to
HPPI
as the Twisted-Pair Distributed Data Interface (TP-DDI), consistent with the term Fiber-Distributed Data Interface
FIBRE CHANNEL
(FDDI). CDDI is consistent with the physical and mediaaccess control layers defined by the ANSI standard.
FDDI
2. COPPER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (CDDI) The ANSI standard recognizes only two types of cables for CDDI: shielded twisted pair (STP) and unshielded twisted
CDDI
pair (UTP). STP cabling has a 150-ohm impedance and adheres to EIA/TIA 568 (IBM Type 1) specifications. UTP is
FAST ETHERNET
data-grade
cabling
(Category
5)
consisting
of
four
unshielded pairs using tight-pair twists and specially developed insulating polymers in plastic jackets adhering to
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
EIA/TIA 568B specifications.
FDDI
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
PengkodeanCDDI ©©©
Digunakan MLT-3, yakni • bila bit 0 : tidak ada perubahan pensinyalan, • bila bit 1 : ada perubahan transisi : • bila pensinyalan terakhir adalah nonzero +V atau nonzero –V, maka berikutnya adalah 0 Volt; • bila pensinyalan terakhir adalah 0 Volt, maka berikutnya adalah • nonzero +V bila nonzero bit sebelumnya adalah –V, • nonzero –V bila nonzero bit sebelumnya adalah +V [STAL00]. Efek MLT-3 adalah terkonsentrasikannya sebagian besar energi sinyal pada frekuensi < 30 MHz sehingga mengurangi emisi radiasi yang berikutnya dapat memperkecil interferensi.
FDDI
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
3. FAST ETHERNET LAN berkapasitas 10 Mbps banyak memerlukan perangkat pendukung seperti repeater, bridge, router untuk memperoleh transfer rate yang tinggi. Komite IEEE 802.3 menyempurnakannya dengan meningkatkan kapasitas dengan cara mempertahankan format paket, antarmuka, deteksi kesalahan, dan prosedur yang lama tetapi dengan mengurangi waktu bit dari 100 ns menjadi 10 ns. Standarnya disebut IEEE 802.3c yang tidak memperbolehkan pemakaian hub, tap vampire, maupun BNC [TANE97].
FDDI
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
Kabel yang digunakan fast ethernet UTP sebanyak 4 buah kapasitas 25MHz(kategori 3) dengan mekanisme seperti gambar yang kemudian disebut 100BaseT4, UTP sebanyak 2 buah kapasitas 125 MHz (kategori 5) dengan mekanisme fullduplex yang kemudian disebut 100BaseTX, dan menggunakan pengkodean 4B/5B, Fiber optic sebanyak 2 strand dengan mekanisme fullduplex yang kemudian disebut 100BaseFX
FDDI
100BaseT Physical Layer
©©©
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
Characteristics of 100BaseT Media Types Characteristics
100BaseTX
100BaseFX
100BaseT4
Cable
Category 5 UTP, or Type 1 and 2 STP
62.5/125 micron multimode fiber
Category 3, 4, or 5 UTP
Number of pairs or strands
2 pairs
2 strands
4 pairs
Connector
ISO 8877 (RJ-45) connector
Duplex SCmediainterface connector (MIC) ST
ISO 8877 (RJ-45) connector
Maximum segment length
100 meters
400 meters
100 meters
Maximum network diameter
200 meters
400 meters
200 meters
FDDI
4. GIGABIT ETHERNET Gigabit
CDDI
IEEE
Ethernet 802.3
is
an
Ethernet
extension standard.
of
the
Gigabit
Ethernet builds on the Ethernet protocol FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
but
increases
over
Fast
This MAC and PHY standard promises to be a player
in
high-speed
LAN
backbones and server connectivity. Because Gigabit
HPPI
tenfold
Ethernet, to 1000 Mbps, or 1 Gbps.
dominant 100VGANYLAN
speed
Ethernet
significantly
leverages
on Ethernet, network managers will be able to leverage their existing knowledge base
FIBRE CHANNEL
to
manage
networks.
and
maintain
Gigabit
Ethernet
FDDI
GIGABIT ETHERNET PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE To
CDDI
accelerate
speeds
from
100-Mbps
Fast
Ethernet to 1 Gbps, several changes need to be made to the physical interface.
FAST ETHERNET
It has been decided that Gigabit Ethernet will look identical to Ethernet from the
GIGABIT ETHERNET
data
link
involved 100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
in
layer
upward.
accelerating
The to
1
challenges Gbps
have
been resolved by merging two technologies: IEEE 802.3 Ethernet and ANSI X3T11 Fibre Channel.
FDDI
GIGABIT ETHERNET PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE Figure shows how key components from each
CDDI
technology have been leveraged to form Gigabit Ethernet.
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
FDDI
GIGABIT ETHERNET PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE ©©©
Leveraging CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
means
that
advantage
these the of
two
technologies
standard
the
can
existing
take high-
speed physical interface technology of Fibre Channel while maintaining the
IEEE
802.3
Ethernet
frame
format, backward compatibility for installed media, and use of full-or
HPPI
half-duplex (via CSMA/CD).
FIBRE CHANNEL Acknowledgement to Cisco Documentation developers, Merilee Ford et.al.
FDDI
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
5. 100VG-AnyLAN is an IEEE specification for 100-Mbps Token Ring and Ethernet implementations over 4-pair UTP. The MAC layer is not compatible with the IEEE 802.3 MAC layer. 100VG-AnyLAN was developed by HewlettPackard (HP) to support newer timesensitive applications, such as multimedia. A version of HP's implementation is standardized in the IEEE 802.12 specification. The access method is based on station demand and was designed as an upgrade path from Ethernet and 16-Mbps Token Ring. Kabel yang Digunakan : •4-pair Category 3 UTP •2-pair Category 4 or 5 UTP •STP •Fiber optic
FDDI
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
5. 100VG-AnyLAN The IEEE 802.12 100VG-AnyLAN standard specifies the link-distance limitations, hub-configuration limitations, and maximum network-distance limitations. Link distances from node to hub are 100 meters (Category 3 UTP) or 150 meters (Category 5 UTP).
FDDI
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
Konfigurasi Hub 100VG-Any LAN hubs are arranged in a hierarchical fashion. Each hub has at least one uplink port, and every other port can be a downlink port. Hubs can be cascaded three-deep if uplinked to other hubs, and cascaded hubs can be 100 meters apart (Category 3 UTP) or 150 meters apart (Category 5 UTP).
FDDI
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
Jarak Maksimum Antarstasiun End-to-end network-distance limitations are 600 meters (Category 3 UTP) or 900 meters (Category 5 UTP). If hubs are located in the same wiring closet, end-to-end distances shrink to 200 meters (Category 3 UTP) and 300 meters (Category 5 UTP).
FDDI
Mekanisme Transmisi 100VG-AnyLAN uses a demand-priority access
CDDI
method that eliminates collisions and can be more heavily loaded than 100BaseT. The demand-priority
FAST ETHERNET
access
method
is
more
deterministic than CSMA/CD because the hub controls access to the network.
GIGABIT ETHERNET
The
100VG-AnyLAN
standard
calls
for
a
level-one hub, or repeater, that acts as 100VGANYLAN
the root. This root repeater controls the operation of the priority domain. Hubs can
HPPI
be cascaded three-deep in a star topology. Interconnected hubs act as a single large
FIBRE CHANNEL
repeater, with the root repeater polling each port in port order.
FDDI
CDDI
Mekanisme Transmisi
©©© In general, under 100VG-AnyLAN demand-priority operation, a node wanting to transmit signals its
request
network FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
to
is
acknowledges
the idle,
the
hub
(or
the
request
and
switch). hub
If
the
immediately
the
node
begins
transmitting a packet to the hub. If more than one request is received at the same time, the hub uses a round-robin technique to acknowledge each request in turn. High-priority
100VGANYLAN
requests,
such
videoconferencing HPPI
as applications,
time-sensitive are
serviced
ahead of normal-priority requests. To ensure fairness to all stations, a hub does not grant priority access to a port more than
FIBRE CHANNEL
twice in a row.
FDDI
6. HIGH PERFORMANCE PARALLEL INTERFACE (HIPPI)
Jaringan CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
ini
kebutuhan jumlah
di
adanya
data
dalam
Lab
perancangan
senjata nuklir Los Alamos AS. Guna
mengamati
diperlukan
gerak
frame
jatuhnya
berukuran
bom
1024
x
1024 pixel (pixel = 24 bit) dengan penayangan
30
frame
/
detik, sehingga diperlukan transfer rate sekitar 750 Mbps.
FIBRE CHANNEL
karena
transmisi
besar
kecepatan HPPI
muncul
FDDI
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
6. HIGH PERFORMANCE PARALLEL INTERFACE (HIPPI)
Pada awalnya HIPPI dirancang sebagai saluran data point to point dengan bentuk master – slave yang menggunakan kabel dedicated tanpa switching. Kapasitas yang disediakan 800 Mbps dan 1600 Mbps.
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
Pada kapasitas 800 Mbps digunakan 50 kabel twisted pair untuk menyalurkan 50 bit (32 bit data + 18 bit kontrol). Setiap 40 nanodetik sebuah word dipindahkan ke saluran secara simplex dengan panjang tak lebih dari 25 m.
FDDI
CDDI
6. HIGH PERFORMANCE PARALLEL INTERFACE (HIPPI) Dalam perkembangannya guna menghubungkan beberapa superkomputer (sebagai host) dan peripheral
FAST ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
dibentuk
jaringan
Setelah melalui masa yang berat akhirnya ANSI
X3T9.3
menghasilkan
HIPPI
yang
mencakup
data
link
layer,
standar
phisical
layer
dan
sedangkan
layer
di
atasnya tergantung pada pengguna. Protokol
HPPI
maka
dengan crossbar switch berukuran 4x 4. komite
GIGABIT ETHERNET
lain,
meminta
dasarnya crossbar
adalah switch
:
host
untuk
harus
membentuk
koneksi, kemudian host mengirim pesan bagi FIBRE CHANNEL
pembebasan
koneksi
dilakukan komunikasi.
tersebut
agar
dapat
FDDI
6. HIGH PERFORMANCE PARALLEL INTERFACE (HIPPI) ©©©
CDDI
Frame HIPPI berukuran 256 word yang berisi 1016
FAST ETHERNET
byte
header
dan
kapasitas
payload
hingga 232 – 2 byte data. Deteksi kesalahan menggunakan VRC dan LRC
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
[TANE97].
FDDI
7. FIBRE CHANNEL Perkembangan
CDDI
informasi
yang
multimedia FAST ETHERNET
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
berbasis
lainnya
ini
termasuk mainframe
100VGANYLAN
guna
pelayanan
grafis,
membutuhkan
video, saluran
yang berkecepatan semakin tinggi. Saluran
GIGABIT ETHERNET
aplikasi
menangani
HIPPI, IBM,
SCSI, serta
baik
saluran
dan
multiplexor
koneksi
termasuk IEEE 802, IP, dan ATM.
data
jaringan
FDDI
7. FIBRE CHANNEL Standar yang digunakan ANI X3T11. Struktur
CDDI
protokol pada saluran serat terlihat pada tabel berikut ini.
FAST ETHERNET
LAYER GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
Data link Layer Phisic al Layer
FC-4
SALURAN DATA HIPPI
802
IP
ATM
FC-3
Layanan Umum (aturan multicast)
FC-2
Protokol Pembuat Frame
FC-1
8/10 encode/decode
FC-0
100 Mbps
Sumber : Tanenbaum, 1997
FIBRE CHANNEL
SCSI IBM
JARINGAN
200 400 800 Mbps Mbps Mbps
Future
FDDI
7. FIBRE CHANNEL Struktur dasarnya adalah sistem ujung yang
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
disebut
stasiun
terbentuk
oleh
dan
jaringan
elemen-elemen
switch
yang yang
disebut fabric. Setiap stasiun mencakup satu terminal atau
GIGABIT ETHERNET
lebih elemen
100VGANYLAN
HPPI
FIBRE CHANNEL
yang
disebut
N-port,
sedangkan
fabric-switch
mencakup
terminal-
terminal multipel yang disebut F-port.
FDDI
7. FIBRE CHANNEL Sistem
CDDI
FAST ETHERNET
penambahan
atau
FIBRE CHANNEL
dalam
pengurangan
stasiun.
Karena
jaringan
switching,
penambahan
N-port,
sangat
rate
data,
maka
dan
jarak
jangkauan lebih mudah dilakukan. Demikian pula penambahan media transmisi baru dilakukan
dengan
menambah
F-port
dan
switch baru ke fabric. [STAL00]. KAPASITAS 800 Mbps
400 Mbps
200 Mbps
100 Mbps
10 km
10 km
10 km
-
0,5 km
1 km
2 km
-
175 m
1 km
1 km
-
Kabel koaksial video
50 m
71 m
100 m
100 m
Kabel koaksial mini
14 m
19 m
28 m
42 m
Shielded Twisted Pair
28 m
46 m
57 m
80 m
Serat mode tunggal Serat multimode 50 µm
HPPI
fleksibel
pada
TIPE MEDIA 100VGANYLAN
ini
didasarkan
dapat GIGABIT ETHERNET
seperti
Serat multimode 62,5 µm
Sumber : Stallings, 2000
***
