English – Indonesia
Written By : Christoper Dewangga Pramudita University Applied of Sciences Bremen, Germany Januari, 2010
TOO & SO • •
S1 + tobe/aux verb + V + and + S2 + tobe/aux verb + TOO S1 + tobe/aux verb + V + and + SO + tobe/aux verb + S2
NEITHER & EITHER •
S1 + tobe/aux verb + NOT + V + and + S2 + tobe/aux verb + NOT + EITHER ( keys : OR )
•
S1 + tobe/aux verb + NOT + V + and + NEITHER + tobe/aux verb + S2 ( keys : NOR )
For examples : 1. We weren’t nervous during the exam and he wasn’t either 2. We weren’t nervous during the exam and neither was he
QUESTION TAG = Digunakan untuk menanyakan / yang diyakinkan • •
S1 + tobe/aux verb + NOT + V1 + O , tobe/aux verb + S1 S1 + tobe/aux verb + V1 + O , tobe/aux verb + NOT + S1
For examples : 1. She can’t swimming , can she ? ( dia tidak bisa berenang , iya kan ? ) 2. You are student , aren’t you ? ( kamu adalah seorang pelajar , iya kan ? )
PREPOSITION • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Along = maju terus On = diatas ( menyentuh ) Beside / by = disamping Next to = disebelah Under = dibawah Behind = dibelakang Above = diatas ( tidak menyentuh ) In / within = didalam Out = diluar The opposite of / across / beyond = diseberang In front of = didepan Between = diantara On to = atas
HOW • • • • •
How long = berapa panjang ? How far = berapa jarak ? How high = berapa tinggi ? How heavy = berapa berat ? How many times = berapa kali ?
COMPARISON • Untuk kata : 1-2 sylable COMPARATIVE : For example : An ocean is larger than a lake
adj – ER + THAN ( lebih dari )
( Keys : IS and THAN ) SUPERLATIVE : For example : An ocean is the largest a lake
THE + adj – EST
( paling )
( Keys : IS THE and OF THEM , IS THE and IN ) • Untuk kata : 2-lebih sylable COMPARATIVE : MORE – adj + THAN For example : A captain is more important than a sergeant
( lebih dari )
SUPERLATIVE : For example : This cake is the most expensive in the city
( paling )
•
Untuk comparison :
THE MOST – adj
AS. . . . . .AS
/
THE SAME . . . . . . .AS
For examples : She is not as old as him OR she is not as old as he is You don’t work as hard as me OR you don’t work as hard as I do Rome isn’t as old as Athens OR Athens is older than rome The weather today is the same a yesterday My hair is the same colour as yours
Catatan tambahan buat COMPARISON : Some more examples of NOT AS . . . . AS : The city centre wasn’t as crowded this morning as it usually is ( it is usually more crowded ) Jenny didn’t do as well in the exam as she had hoped ( she had hoped to do better ) The weather is better today, isn’t it ? yes it is not as cold. ( yesterday was colder ) I don’t know as many people as you do ( you know more people ) You can also say NOT SO . . . . AS : It’s not warm but it isn’t so cold as yesterday. ( . . . . it isn’t as cold as . . . . .) LESS . . . . ( THAN ) is similar to NOT AS . . . AS : I spent less money than you ( I didn’t spend as much money ) The city centre was less crowded than usual ( it wasn’t as crowded . . . )
You can use AS . . . . AS in positive sentences and in questions : I’am sorry I’m late. I got here as fast as I could There’s plenty of food. You can have as much as you like Let’s walk. It’s just as quick as taking the bus Can you send me the money as soon as possible, please ? Also, TWICE AS . . . . AS, THREE TIMES AS. . . .. AS. Petrol is twice as expensive as if was a few years ago Their house is about three times as big as ours
SUBJECT
I YOU WE THEY HE SHE IT
OBJECT
ME YOU US THEM HIM HER IT
POSS NOUN ( milik+benda ) MY YOUR OUR THEIR HIS HER IT
For examples : 1. I have a book It is my book That is mine ( tanpa diawali kata benda ) I do it myself 2. Angga has a big motorcycle It is his motorcycle It is his 3. You have a black cat It is your black cat It is yours Explanation about SUBJECT : • I = saya • You = kamu • We = kami ( johan, angga, and I ) • They = mereka ( angga, shinta, and ida ) • He = dia laki-laki • She = dia perempuan • It = pengganti kata benda
POSS PRONOUN ( milik tanpa benda ) MINE YOURS OURS THEIRS HIS HERS ITS
REFLEX PRO MYSELF YOURSELF OURSELVES THEMSELVES HISSELF HERSELF ITSELF
OTHER = yang lain / lainnya dan biasanya diikui oleh kata benda jamak ( biasanya ) •
OTHER + K.BENDA
For example : I don’t like this food, give me other chicken ( chicken = k.benda ) The other one = bendanya 2 ( pilih salah satu )
ANOTHER = yang lain / satu lagi dan biasanya diikuti oleh kata benda tunggal ( biasanya ) •
ANOTHER + K.BENDA
For example : I don’t like this food. Give me another one. ( one = k.ket ) Tambahan : Referensi = other = jamak
PENUNJUK • • • •
THIS = ini / bendanya dekat ( menggunakan IS ) THESE = ini / bendanya dekat tetapi ada banyak ( menggunakan ARE ) THAT = itu / bendanya jauh ( menggunakan IS ) THOSE = itu / bendanya jauh tetapi ada banyak ( menggunakan ARE )
TENSES 1. Present Simple Tense = digunakan untuk hal yang bersifat umum dan kebiasaan sehari-hari. (+) (- ) (?)
S + V1 (s/es) + O S + Do/Does + NOT + V1 + O Do/Does + S + V1 + O + ?
Do = digunakan untuk ( I, you, we, they ) Does = digunakan untuk ( he, she, it ) We use the present simple to talk about : Personal information = ( I live in Bogor ) General Statement Of Truth = ( The sun rises in the east ) Permanent Situation = ( Water boils at 100 Celcius Degree ) Routines and Habits = ( I usually visit my father once year ) Fixed Times and Schedules = ( The film Starts at nine ) Details Of Fixed Future Plans = ( We leave Jakarta at 01.00 PM on Sunday ) Direction On Instructions = ( You take the P2 to Jakarta ) Keys : • Kata keterangan waktunya berupa : Every, On Saturdays, Always, Usually, Often, Never, Generally, Once / Twice, Seldom, Rarely, Occasionaly, At midnight. •
Untuk kata kerja yang berakhiran huruf : O, S, SH, SS, X, CH, Y, Z ( harus ditambah kata + ES )
For examples : ( + ) I play football (-) I don’t play football ( ? ) Do I play football ? (+) (-) (?)
Christian has a headache Christian doesn’t have a headache Doesn’t he have a headache ?
(+) (-) (?)
I have a problem I don’t have a problem Do you have a problem ?
(+) (-) (?)
He studies english He doesn’t study English Does he study English ?
2. Present Continous Tense = digunakan untuk menyatakan kalimat yang sedang terjadi sekarang. (+) (- ) (?)
S + tobe + Ving + O S + tobe + NOT + Ving + O tobe + S + Ving + O + ?
Is = digunakan untuk ( he, she, it ) Are = digunakan untuk ( you, we, they ) Am = digunakan untuk ( I ) Keys : • Kata keterangan waktunya berupa : Now, at the moment, today, this week, Hear !, Look !, At present, This morning. For examples : ( + ) They are watching football (-) They aren’t watching football ( ? ) Are they watching football ?
3. Past Tense = digunakan untuk menyatakan kalimat yang sudah terjadi dimasa lampau (+) (-) (?)
S + V2 + O S + Did + NOT + V1 + O Did + S + V1 + O + ?
Keys : • Kata keterangan waktunya berupa : Last, Yesterday, Last week, This morning, . . . . Ago, When . . . . , In. . . . . ( 1990 ), Just now. •
Verb2 bisa dari Irregular verb ataupun dari Regular verb ( -ed )
For examples : ( + ) She bought newspaper (-) She didin’t buy a newspaper ( ? ) Didn’t she buy a newspaper ? (+) (-) (?)
We wrote letters We didn’t write letters Did we write letters ?
4. Past Continous Tense = digunakan untuk menyatakan kalimat yang sudah sedang berlangsung di masa lampau. (+) (-) (?)
S + Was/Were + Ving + O S + Was/Were + NOT + Ving + O Was/Were + S + Ving + O + ?
Were = digunakan untuk ( I, you, we, they ) Was = digunakan untuk ( He, she, it, I ) Was/Were = digunakan untuk ( I ) Keys : • Kata keterangan waktunya berupa : Yesterday, While, When, As.
5. Present Future Simple = digunakan untuk menyatakan kalimat yang belum terjadi atau masih angan-angan di masa yang akan datang, seperti cita cita. (+) (-) (?)
S + Will/Shall + V1 + O S + Will/Shall + NOT + V1 + O Will/Shall + S + V1 + O + ?
Will = digunakan untuk ( They, you, he, she, it, I, we ) Shall = digunakan untuk ( I, we ) Keys : • Kata keterangan waktunya berupa : Tomorrow, next, Saturday, This afternoon, Tonight, The day after tomorrow, Next, Later. • •
Shalln’t = Shall not Won’t = Will not
6. Present Perfect Simple = digunakan untuk menyatakan kalimat yang dulu berlangsung hingga sekarang masih terjadi. (+) (-) (?)
S + Have/Has + V3 + O S + Have/Has + NOT/Never + V3 + O Have/Has + S + V3 + O + ?
Have = digunakan untuk ( I, you, we, they ) Has = digunakan untuk ( He, she, it ) Keys : • Kata keterangan waktunya berupa : Since, For, Just, Already
7. Present Perfect Continous = digunakan untuk menyatakan kalimat yang dulu berlangsung hingga sekarang dan sedang terjadi ( masih ) (+) (-) (?)
S + Have/Has + Been + Ving + O S + Have/Has + NOT/Never + Been + Ving + O Have/Has + S + Been + Ving + O + ?
Have = digunakan untuk ( I, you, we, they ) Has = digunakan untuk ( He, she, it ) Keys : • Kata keterangan waktunya berupa : Since, For, •
Tidak boleh ada keterangan waktu : Today, tomorrow, yesterday, now
8. Past Future Simple = bentuk lampau dari will dan shall (+) (-) (?)
S + Would/Should + V1 + O S + Would/Should + NOT + V1 + O Would/Should + S + V1 + O + ?
9. Past Perfect Tense = berarti telah (+) (-) (?)
S + Had + V3 ( ed/d ) + O S + Had + NOT + V3 ( ed/d ) + O Had + S + V3 ( ed/d )
For examples : We had arrived before our teacher came After he had written, he slept Keys : Keterangan waktunya biasanya berupa : Before, After, Already, When 10. Future Going To (+) (-) (?)
S + tobe + Going to + V1 + O S + tobe + NOT + Going to + V1 + O tobe + S + Going to + V1 + O + ?
For examples : They are going to go to school everyday
11. Past Future Going To (+) (-) (?)
S + Was/Were + Going to + V1 + O S + Was/Were + NOT + Going to + V1 + O Was/Were + S + Going to + V1 + O + ?
for examples : They were going to go to school yesterday
12. Present Future Continious (+) (-) (?)
S + Will/Shall + Be + Ving + O S + Will/Shall + NOT + Be + Ving + O Will/Shall + S + Be + Ving + O + ?
For examples : She will be going out when ( at the time like this ) you come to her house tomorrow ( tonight, this morning )
Catatan Tambahan buat FUTURE SIMPLE : S + Will + V1 S + tobe + Going to + V1 S + tobe + Ving
=> => =>
40% 60% 90%
( Simple Future ) ( Future Going to ) ( Present Continious )
TIME Keys : • • • • • • •
Past = lewat To = kurang O’clock = tepat A half = 30 menit atau ½ menit A quarter = 15 menit atau ¼ menit Jam = +1 Menit = 60 – menit
For examples : • 01.30 = it is a half past one OR it is a half to two. • 01.45 = a quarter to two • 12.20 = twenty past one • 10.50 = ten to eleven • 09.25 = twenty five past nine • 08.40 = twenty to nine • 11.51 = nine to twelve • 07.55 = five to eight • 04.10 = ten past four • 06.05 = five past six
COMMAND = expresi imperative ( bentuk perintah ) Keys : Menggunakan kata sifat ( tanpa pokok kalimat ) “ BE “ tidak berubah dan ditempatkan sebelum kata sifat itu, Yang artinya . . . . . . .-LAH For examples : Be diligent = rajinlah Be patient = bersabarlah Be careful = berhati-hatilah Membuat kalimat melarang kita menggunakan kata kerja tanpa pokok kalimat dan menempatkan “ Don’t “ sebelum kata kerja itu, yang artinya ” JANGAN ” ( LAH ). For examples : Don’t cry = janganlah menangis Don’t worry = janganlah khawatir
REQUEST = expresi dimana seseorang melakukan suatu permohonan atau permintaan yang bentuk umumnya seperti kalimat perintah ( command ) 1) SHALL I & SHALL WE = untuk menawarkan suatu pendapat. For example : Shall we go for a walk ?
2) MAY I & CAN I = untuk mengidentifikasikan permisi kepada seseorang akan suatu hal yang dilakukan. For examples : May I help you ? Can I help you ? Membuat kalimat permintaan secara sopan. Will you . . . . . . ( dari kata ) Would you . . . . . Can you . . . . . . . ( dari kata ) Could you . . . . . . Would you mind + Ving ( untuk membuat kalimat permintaan secara sopan ) For examples : Will you do me a favour, please ? Can you pass me the salt, please ? Could you put away the rubbish, please ? Would you join the pipe, please ? Would you mind telling the true, please ? 3) Would You Like = digunakan untuk menawarkan atau memberi petunjuk tentang sesuatu dengan sopan. For example : Would you like some coffee ?
MODALS A.
Should
= akan ( lampaunya dari SHALL ) Keys :
Mengungkapkan keharmonisan dan ketidakharmonisan Sopan Kegiatan / kegiatan sekarang Artinya sama dengan OUGHT TO
For examples : I think you should I don’t think you should B.
Shall
= akan Keys : a. Menyatakan persetujuan / menawarkan bantuan untuk melakukan sesuatu bagi orang lain. b. Menyatakan ancaman c. Menyatakan janji d. Untuk orang pertama tunggal dan jamak ( I & WE ) e. Shall = Had Better f. Shan’t = Shall not C. May, Might = boleh Keys : Menyatakan meminta / memberi izin Menyatakan kemungkinan ( untuk keadaan sekarang / yang akan datang ) Untuk meminta / memberi izin, tetapi untuk waktu yang lampau May = Might
D. Can = dapat Keys : Mengekspresikan kemampuan ( untuk saat ini atau yang akan datang ) Dipakai untuk memberi izin Dipakai untuk menunjukkan kemungkinan For examples : Can i stay up till the end of the programe ? He can take the care E. Was, Were able to = seharusnya Keys : Keberhasilan pada suatu saat saja dipakai diwaktu yang lampau F. Could = dapat Keys : Lampaunya Can Menunjukan kemampuan ( yang bersifat permanen ) dimasa lampau. Menyampaikan permintaan yang halus. For example : Could i pay by cheque ?
G. Will = akan Keys :
Will = Be Going To Digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang akan datang yang sebelumnya Will = belum direncanakan Be Going To = sudah di rencanakan Untuk menyatakan persetujuan Untuk menyatakan keinginan Apabila dalam kalimat tanya sering digunakan untuk meminta izin dengan sopan ( request ) H. Would
= akan Keys : Menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah merupakan kebiasaan diwaktu lampau Meminta seseorang melakukan sesuatu biasanya pada kalimat pertanyaan For examples : Would you like coffee ? Will you have a drink ? I. Must, Have to, Ought to = sebaiknya atau seharusnya Keys : Digunakan untuk menyatakan keharusan Kepastian yang tidak dapat ditinggalkan / diabaikan Dengan menggunakan keterangan waktu sekarang, yang akan datang, dan juga lampau. Menyatakan kesimpulan For examples : You must use secateurs to cut some roses ?
Catatan Tambahan : Would you mind + Ving ( Tidak Keberatankah Kamu ) Would you like + To inf Would you + Please + V1 + O ( REQUEST ) Would you mind + To + V1 + O + Please ( REQUEST ) For examples : Would you mind if ismoke here ? ( aku meminta izin untuk merokok disini ) => izin Would you mind washing my clothes ? Would you like to wash my clothes ? ( aku menyuruh kamu mencuci baju – baju ku. ) => menyuruh
CONDITIONAL SENTECES = kalimat pengandaian, dan kalimat pengandaian terdiri dari 2 bagian yaitu Main Clause ( induk kalimat ) If Clause ( anak kalimat ) IF => berisi syarat atau kondisi yang harus dipenuhi agar keadaan seperti yang terdapat dalam main clause induk kalimat bisa terwujud. Ada 3 bentuk Conditional Sentences, yaitu : TYPE 1 Conditional ( possible condition ) = sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi pada waktu mendatang atau sekarang IF-clause ( Present Tense ) / ( S + V1 ) + Subject + Will, Shall, Can, May + V1 For examples : If rina invites me, I will come to her party. ( kalau rina mengundang saya, saya akan datang kepestanya ) You will pass you examination if you work hard ( kamu akan lulus ujian kalau kamu bekerja keras ) If you read this book, you will understand my lesson
TYPE 2 Conditional ( present unreal conditional ) = menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan situasi apa yang terjadi sekarang. IF-clause ( Past Tense ) / ( S + V2 ) + Subject + Would, Should, Could + V1 Keys : • • • •
Arti kata yang digunakan = Seandainya, Menurutku ” BE ” selalu dalam bentuk ” WERE ” untuk subject apa saja. Bermakna sekarang Aturan tidak boleh memakai “ WAS “
For examples : I didn’t have to finish my assignment tonight, i would come to rina’s party ( seandainya saja saya tidak harus menyelesaikan tugas saya malam ini, tentu saya akan kepesta rina ) If you read this book, you would understand my lesson you don’t read this book If I were a king. . . . . . If john were a millionaire. . . . . . If they were rich . . . . .
TYPE 3 Conditional Sentence ( past unreal conditional ) = mengekspresikan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan keadaan dulu ( diwaktu yang lampau ). IF-clause ( Past Perfect ) / ( S + Had + V3 ) + Subject + Would, Should, Could + HAVE + V3 Keys : • Arti kata yang digunakan = Seandainya • Sesuai dengan pembentukan kalimat dalam Perfect Tense ” Would Have ” selalu diikuti oleh Verb 3 ( Past Participle ) • Bermakna lampau ( past ) For examples : If you head left earlier, you would have caught the train. ( seandainya kamu tadi pergi lebih awal, kamu pasti bisa naik kereta api tersebut ) If you had read this book, you would have understood my lesson you didn’t read this book if anita had invited me, I would have come her party ( seandainya anita mengundang saya, saya akan datang kepestanya )
FAMILY TREE = Silsilah Keluarga Datuk Laki-laki = Great Grandfather Datuk Perempuan = Great Grandmother Nenek – Kakek = Grandparents Nenek Moyang = Great Grandparents Kakek = Grandfather Nenek = Grandmother Ayah = Father Ibu = Mother Paman = Uncle Bibi = Aunt Keponakan laki – laki = Nephew Keponakan perempuan = Niece Saudara perempuan = Sister Saudara laki – laki = Brother Sepupu = Cousin Anak perempuan =Daughter Anak laki – laki = Son Orang tua = Parents Ayah mertua = father in law Ibu mertua = Mother in law Menantu laki – laki = Son in law Menantu Perempuan = Daughter in law Ipar Laki – laki = Brother in law Ipar Perempuan = Sister in law Janda = Widow Duda = Widower Anak bayi = Baby Ibu Tiri = Step mother Bapak Tiri = Step Father Saudara Perempuan Tiri = Step Sister Saudara laki- laki Tiri = Step Brother Pengantin laki – laki = Brigroom Pengantin perempuan = Bride
TINGKATAN TOO ( terlalu ) > VERY ( sangat ) > RATHER ( agak ) > QUITE ( cukup ) > A BIT (sedikit ) > NOT AT ALL ( tidak sama sekali )
EXCLAMATIONS = kata seru atau seruan dan kita menggunakan exclamation untuk mengekspresikan perasaan kita atau emosi kita tentang sesuatu A. Exclamation bermakna Something Good : Good ! Great ! Wonderful ! Fantastic! B. Exclamation bermakana Something Bad : Oh Dear ! Oh No ! How Awful ! ( bagaimana mengerikannya / dahsyat ) How terrible ! C. Exclamation bermakna A Surprise : Well ! What a Surprise ! My Goodness ! Good Heavens !
COMPASS = arah mata angin Macam – macam arah mata angin : North = Utara South = Selatan East = Timur West = Barat South East = Tenggara
South West = Barat Daya North West = Barat Laut North East = Timur Laut THE = hanya Satu dan tidak ada lagi yang lain For examples : The Lord, The Earth, The Man, The God
A / AN = hanya satu tapi masih ada lagi yang lain For examples : A Girl, A Student, A book
ON ( line ) = biasanya untuk menulis nama bulan, nama hari, nama jalan For examples : On Monday, On Friday
AT ( specific ) = biasanya untuk menulis nama alamat lengkap, nama bangunan, nomor, waktu, dan jika berada di luar kita bisa menggunakan AT. For examples : At Six o’clock At Mc Donald ( kita berada di luar ) IN ( area ) = biasanya untuk menulis nama kota, nama bangunan, Negara, Desa, dan jika berada di dalam kita bisa menggunakan IN.
For examples: In Surabaya At Mc Donald ( kita berada di dalam )
ON – OFF Macam – macam On – Off dalam elektronik : Turn On = Dinyalakan dengan cara diputar Turn Off = Dimatikan dengan cara diputar Switch On = Dinyalakan dengan cara di tekan Switch Off = Dimatikan dengan cara di tekan Turn Down = Dikecilkan ( SUARA ) Turn UP = Dikeraskan ( SUARA ) Power = Tombol untuk menyalakan TV Play = Tombol untuk menyalakan Radio Record = Tombol untuk merekam
IMBUHAN TIDAK = untuk menyatakan TIDAK/ NO kita dapat menambahkan kata depan dengan imbuhan : Dis-…….. Un-......... In-.......... Im-......... En-........ An-........
IMBUHAN – TH = biasanya terdapat pada angka dan menyatakan atau berarti YANG KE - . . . .
NO 1 2 3 4 5
COUNTABLE A FEW A LOT OF SOME ANY MANY
UNCOUNTABLE A LITTLE A LOT OF SOME ANY MUCH
CONCLUSION Ada tapi SEDIKIT ( + ) Ada BANYAK (+) Ada / Sedang (+) ( - ) dan ( ? ) ( - ) dan ( ? )
COUNTABLE ( dapat dihitung ) For examples ( COUNTABLE ) : Apple, orange, manggoes, banana, car, umbrella, and other. There are a few flowers Keys ( COUNTABLE ) : Memiliki ciri -ES, -S, ARE, WERE.
UNCOUNTABLE ( tidak dapat dihitung ) For examples ( UNCOUNTABLE ) : Water, coffee, sugar, milk, oil, and other. There is a little beer Keys ( UNCOUNTABLE ) : Memiliki ciri IS, WAS.
HABIT = kebiasaan ALWAYS ( selalu ) USUALLY ( biasanya )
100% > 80% - 90% >
OFTEN ( sering ) SOMETIMES ( terkadang ) RARELY ( jarang ) NEVER ( tidak pernah )
60% - 80% > 30% - 60% > 0% - 30% > 0%
QUESTION = pertanyaan How to make questions ( pertanyaan yang memerlukan penjelasan ) : 5W 1H + tobe ( is, am, are, was, were ) + S + O / N / ADV / CONDITION / COLOUR / OCCUPATION / ETC + ? For examples : Why are you late ? 5W 1H + DO / DOES + S + V1 + OBJECT / COMPLEMENT + ? For examples : Why do you come late ?
5W 1H + DID + S + V1 + O + ADVERB OF TIME / PAST TIME + ? For examples : Why did you wake up late ? I woke up late because I slept late last night.
5W 1H + MODAL ( will, shall, can, may, must, would, should, could, might ) + S + V1 + ADVERB OF PLACE OR TIME + ? For examples : What will you do tomorrow ?
5W 1H + HAVE / HAS / HAD + S + V3 + SINCE / FOR + ?
For examples : What has he eaten since 5 years ?
How to make questions ( pertanyaan yang bisa di jawab dengan YES / NO ) : DO / DOES / DID + S + V1 + O / C + ? Tobe ( is, am, are, was, were ) + S + O / N / ADJ / ADV / ETC + ? MODALS ( will, shall, must, can, may, etc ) + V1 + O / C + ? HAVE / HAS / HAD + S + V3 + SINCE / FOR . . . + ?
HAVE = memiliki banyak arti bila di masukan didalam kalimat A. Have ( telah ) S + HAVE / HAS / HAD + V3 + O For examples : ( + ) I have gone there (-) I have not gone there yet ( ? ) have you gone there ? ( ? ) have you not gone there yet ? ( formal ) ( ? ) haven’t you gone there yet ? B. Have ( mempunyai ) Aturan BRITISH : I have a book I haven’t a book Have you a book Aturan USA : I have a book I don’t have a book
Do you have a book ?
C. Have To = Must ( keharusan ) For examples : She has to help me She does not have to help me Does she have to help me ? D. Have = Take ( makan / minum ) For examples : I have breakfast I don’t have breakfast Do you have breakfast E. Have = Ask ( meminta / menyuruh ) dan have sebagai causative. For examples : She has the servant clean the floor ( She ask the servant to clean the floor ) She has the floor cleaned ( she doesn’t have the servant clean the floor ) ( does she have the servant clean the floor ? )
REPORTED SPEECH ( indirect speech ) Terbagi 3, yaitu : Dalam STATEMENT => That Dalam QUESTION => Yes / No question => if / Whether => 5W 1H question Dalam COMAND STATEMENT => Positif : TO. . . . => Negatif : NOT TO . . . . . For examples Reported Speech Dalam Statement. Biasa biasanya ditandai dengan “ THAT “ : “ She is sick “ Rita said that she was sick. “ I must call the teacher “ Dani told me that he had to call the teacher. For examples Reported Speech Dalam Question YES / NO Question Biasanya ditandai dengan kata IF / WHETHER ( apakah ) : “ Is she sick ? “ Rudi asked me if / whether she was sick. “ Are you watching TV ? “ Rudi asked me if I was watching TV “ Do you speak English ? “ Toni asked rudi whether he spoke English For examples Reported Speech Dalam 5W 1H Question adalah : “ What do you say ? “ The teacher asked me what I said “ Where did he go ? “
Mother asked me where he had gone “ Where did you go ? “ Mother asked me where I had gone “ I was sick yesterday “ He said that he had been sick the day before. “ I see the match “ Reno told me that he saw the match. “ I saw the match “ Reno told me that he had seen the match. For examples Reported Speech Dalam COMMAND STATEMENT ( kalimat perintah ) POSITIF ( + ) : Tambahkan “ TO “ didepan verb yang ke dua : “ Stand Up “ The teacher asked us To Stand Up . NEGATIVE ( - ) : Tambahkan “ NOT “ didepan “ TO “ => “ NOT TO “ : “ Don’t smoke here ! “ He asked me Not To smoke there “ Did you eat the food ? “ I had eaten the food “ Do you eat the food ? “ I ate the food “ Did you came to the party ? “ He asked me if I had come to the party “ Do you do the test ? “ I did the test “ Is your report already finished ? “ Sari : Not yet. It is being printed.
TAMBAHAN : Dalam Indirect Speech akan mengalami perubahan tenses bila verb dalam induk kalimat dalam SIMPLE PAST: Said / Told . . . . . . Simple Present V1 ( menjadi ) Simple Past V2 For example : “ I am tired “ Rita said that she was tired. Simple Past V2 ( menjadi ) Past Perfect V3 For example : “ I was tired “ Rita said that she Had been tired Dalam Indirect Speech kalimat Tanya Question akan terjadi : => Pertanyaan ( menjadi ) Pernyataan For example : “ What do you speak ? “ He asked me What I spoke
PERKECUALIAN ( exceptions ): Dalam Indirect Speech TIDAK akan mengalami perubahan tense bila : 1) Kata kerja Induk Kalimat dalam SIMPLE PRESENT For example : ” I speak english every day ” Tono tells me that he speaks English everyday 2) Bila menyatakan suatu kalimat KEBENARAN UMUM ( general truth ) For examples : “ Boiling water is very hot “ Tanya said that boiling water is very hot “2+2=4“ ( two plus two equals four ) The teacher said that two plus equals four. “ A ball is round “ The man told us that a ball is round.
