PARADIGMA KEPRIBADIAN By : Farida Harahap, M.Si Kartika N.F, M.Si
Manusia : Unik dan Kompleks Unik terdapat perbedaan individual antar manusia dan dengan makhluk-makhluk yang lain. Kompleks melibatkan berbagai aspek yaitu kognitif, afektif, psikomotor, dan sosial saling berinteraksi dan bersifat dinamis.
PARADIGMA TEORI KEPRIBADIAN 1. Paradigma Biologis 2. Paradigma Psikodinamik
3. Paradigma Behavioristik 4. Paradigma Kognitif 5. Paradigma Phenomenologis (Eksistential/Humanistik) 6. Paradigma Trait
7. Paradigma Sosiokognitif 8. Paradigma Timur
Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality: The First Force Historically Sigmund Freud
Plato
Psychoanalytic Psychology
Reason, Spirit, Desire
Psychosexual Stages of Development; Id. Ego, Superego; Sexual and Aggressive Drives
Alfred Adler Otto Rank
Will = Power Imbued Ego; Struggle for Independence: Adapted, Neurotic Productive
Anna Freud H. Hartmann Ego Autonomy, Adaptation to Environment Self-Representation, Defense Mechanisms
Ego Psychology
Current Psychoanalytic Psychology
Marx
Individual Psychology One Social Drive: Striving for Perfection, Superiority, and Control; Inferiority Complex
Carl Jung
Collective Unconscious; Persona, Shadow, Self, Introvert, Extrovert
Analytic Psychology
Humanism
Karen Horney Anxiety: 10 Neurotic Needs; 3 Coping Strategies: Moving Toward, Away, Against
Erik Erikson PsychosocialDevelopmental tasks or Crises and Related Virtue Strengths or Personality Disorders
Erich Fromm Social Unconscious; Freedom; Humanistic Communitarian Socialism
Ego Psychology Click Here Click Here
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Developmental Psychology
Humanistic Psychology
Transpersonalism
Social Psychology Original design by George Boeree at http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/orientations.html. Model is used with the author’s written permission. Redesigned/supplemented by Gordon Vessels.
Behavioral Theory & Trait Approaches: The Second Force Historically: Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
William McDougall
Moderate Radical Behaviorism B.F. Skinner Shaping: either intentional or unintentional
Behaviorism
Albert Bandura ─ Interaction among Environment, Behavior & Psych Processes; Observational Learning; Self-Efficacy: Past Performance, Vicarious Reinforcement, Identification, Persuasion, Arousal Clark Hull ─ Drive Reduction Theory Kenneth Spence ─ Latent Learning; Motivation = Drives and Incentive Motivation Julian Rotter ─ Expectancies; Internal vs External Locus of Control; a Social Learning Theory
Cognitive Behaviorism E.C. Tolman
Factor Analysis, Raymond Cattell ─ 16 PF, HSPQ, CPQ (Psychometric) Temperament Hans Eysenck ─ Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism Allport ─ Adaptive Traits or Dispositions (Humanistic) Personality Traits Gordon Costa and McCrae ─ The Big Five traits with genetic roots Original design by George Boeree at http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/orientations.html. Model is used with the author’s written permission. Redesigned/supplemented by Gordon Vessels. Created by C. George Boeree Modified by Gordon Vessels http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/orientations.html
Humanistic Personality Theory: The Third Force Historically: Phenomenology: Study of experience just as it occurs
Existentialism: Martin Heidegger
Gestalt Psychology
William James
Kurt Goldstein – gestalt neuropsychologist; organism analyzed in terms of the totality of its behavior and interaction with its milieu.
Humanistic Psychology (Self Models) Existential Psychology ─ A Philosophy-Based Humanism: Karl Jaspers – theme of freedom; transcendence by leaps of faith beyond the boundaries of science; psychiatrist turned philosopher
Ludwig Binswanger Viktor Frankle – will to meaning; conscience as unconscious spirituality Rollo May – will, love, anxiety, motivation as the “daimonic” or a unique set of motivations for each
Gordon Allport – proprium functioning: seven functions of the self; adaptive traits or dispositions; seven traits of mental health
Gardner Murphy Carl Rogers – actualizing tendency; positive regard and self-regard; real self and ideal self
Abraham Maslow – hierarchy of deficiency and growth or being needs that emerge naturally and are met interactively
Transpersonal Psychology: Ken Wilber
Original design by George Boeree at http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/orientations.html. Model is used with the author’s written permission. Redesigned/supplemented by Gordon Vessels.
Paradigma Biologis • Mereduksi kepribadian ke aspek biologis • Fokus pada anatomi dan fisiologis • Fokus pada tingkat di mana kepribadian diwariskan • Fokus pada teori evolusi
Paradigma Psikodinamika • Teori Dinamika psikologis • Ketidaksadaran, represi dan mekanisme pertahanan diri • Freud, Psikoanalisis (Jung), Psikologi Individual (Adler), Perkembangan psikososial (Erik Erickson), Karen Horney
Paradigma Behaviorisme • Lingkungan penentu kepribadian • Psikologi : ilmu yg mempelajari perilaku • Tokoh : Pavlov, Skinner, Watson,
Paradigma Kognitif • Individu mampu berpikir, dan apa yg terjadi tidak menjadi masalah karena tergantung interpretasi (pikiran) apa yg terjadi pd kita dan menentukan apa yang dirasakan (perasaan) • Tokoh :
- George Kelly - Rational Emotive therapy (Albert Ellis) - Cognitive therapy (Aaron Beck)
Paradigm Fenomenologis (Eksistential dan Humanistik) • •
Pendekatan fenomenologis Ada dua model : 1. Humanistik : kebaikan, potensi manusia utk tumbuh Tokoh : Rogers, Maslow 2. Eksistential : kebebasan, ketakberartian, isolasi, dan kematian Tokoh : Viktor Frankl, Erich Fromm, Rollo May, Fritz Perls
– Tokoh Humanistik : Rogers, Maslow – Teori Aktualisasi Diri, Person Centered Therapy
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow
•Tokoh Eksistential : Viktor Frankl, Erich Fromm, Rollo May, Fritz Perls •Teknik Gestalt
Viktor Frankl
Erich Fromm
Rollo May
Fritz Perls
Paradigma Trait dan Faktor • Fokus pd perbedaan individual baik pada konsep dan pengukurannya • Mencoba menentukan karakteristik trait pada individual • Tokoh : Eysenk, Cattel, Allport
Paradigma Sosiokognitif • Menekankan peran lingkungan sosial • Tokoh : – Bandura (teori belajar sosial) – Julian Rotter (sosial kognitif)
Paradigma Budaya Timur • Harmoni individu dalam hubungan dengan masyarakat, alam dan Tuhan • Lebih ke dalam: menerima dan menahan diri. Nilai-nilai yang muncul: Kebaikan hati, tidak suka turut campur, melupakan diri, turut merasakan, menarik diri, moderat, sabar, pasrah, damai batin • Konfusius, Taoisme, Budhaisme, Islam, Sufisme,
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