Department of Zoology, National Museum, Václavské náměstí 68, CZ Praha 1, Czech Republic;

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Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita) in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia: a review of historical records Ibis skalní (Geronticus eremita) v České republice, v Polsku a na Slovensku: revize historických dokladů Jiří Mlíkovský Department of Zoology, National Museum, Václavské náměstí 68, CZ-115 79 Praha 1, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] Mlíkovský J. 2007: Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita) in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia: a review of historical records. Sylvia 43: 179–185. The Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita) once bred in mountains throughout the Mediterranean, but it is now restricted to southwestern and southeastern corners of its former breeding range. In the past, the species occurred north to the Danube; the northernmost confirmed breeding records came from Thuringia, Germany. Here I review historical evidence of the occurrence of the Northern Bald Ibis in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. I found that the reports either had no evident relation to local faunas, or that the authors had other bird species in mind. Recent suggestion by Hudeček & Hanák (2004a,b) that Northern Bald Ibises were recorded in the Czech Republic in the late 18th and perhaps even in the early 19th centuries was rejected. Ibis skalní (Geronticus eremita) je druh původně obývající pohoří celého Mediteránu, který dnes v přírodě přežívá pouze v jihozápadním a jihovýchodním cípu svého historického areálu. Ve střední Evropě obýval ibis skalní území na sever až k Dunaji, severněji je jeho hnízdění do­ loženo pouze z Duryňska. Poslední doklady o výskytu tohoto druhu ve střední Evropě pocháze­ jí z 1. poloviny 17. století. Někteří autoři se domnívali, že historicky je z této doby doložen výskyt ibisa skalního i z České republiky a z Polska, revize těchto historických údajů však ukázala, že žádný z nich nelze za doklad považovat. Argumentace Hudečka & Hanáka (2004a,b), že ibis skalní byl zastižen v Čechách a na Moravě koncem 18. a snad i začátkem 19. století, je zcela nevěrohodná. Keywords: Northern Bald Ibis, Geronticus eremita, Central Europe, occurrence

Introduction The Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus ere­ mita (Linnaeus, 1758) is a  species of Mediterranean mountains. It was distributed in the whole Mediterranean region until recently (Schenker 1977, Kumerloeve 1984, Mlíkovský 2002), but

has lost much of its range during the past 400 years and currently survives only in two separated populations in southwestern and southeastern corners of its former range, outside of Europe (Pegoraro 1996, Bowden et al. 2003, Serra et al. 2004). Reviews of its past ­distribution (Schenker 1977, Kumerloeve

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1984, Mlíkovský 2002) showed that Northern Bald Ibis was widely distribut­ ed in the Mediterranean area, north to the Danube. More to the north, the species was known to have inhabited only parts of Thuringia, Germany, until the 1st half of the 17th century (Mey 1997, 1998, Kinzelbach & Hölzinger 2000). Recently, Hudeček & Hanák (2004b) suggested that Northern Bald Ibises were recorded in the mountains of northern Bohemia and Moravia in the late 18th and perhaps also in the early 19th centuries. I reviewed the evidence pertaining to the possible historical occurrence of the Northern Bald Ibis in countries lying north of the Danube and east of Thuringia, incl. the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia, with the aim to clarify range borders of the past distribution of the Northern Bald Ibis in this region. Transcription of Latin texts followed Ryba (s.d.). Review of records Adam 1598 Daniel Adam z Weleslavína (1546–1599), a  Czech scholar and publisher, listed in his Nomenclator quadrilinguis (Adam 1598: col. 198) a  bird named ‘Horní krkawec’, which was equated with Latin ‘Corvus montanus’, Greek ‘Κοράξ’, and German ‘Steinrapp, Scheller’. Adam’s Nomenclator was an adaptation of Helfricus Emmelius’s Nomenclator (Emmelius 1592), to which Czech words were added (Hladká & Martincová 2007, see also Vajdlová 2004). German names indicate that Emmelius (1592) obtained this information directly or indirectly from Gesner (1555: 337). ‘Horní krkawec’ is a verbatim translation of Latin ‘Corvus montanus’, and it is thus possible that the name was invented by Adam (1598). Neither Emmelius’s (1592), nor Adam’s (1598) nomenclators were related to 180

Bohemia. Adam (1598) thus provided the first Czech name for the Northern Bald Ibis, but presented no evidence that the species was known from the Czech lands. See also below under Balbinus 1679 and Rohn 1764, 1780. Schwenckfeld 1603 Gaspar Schwenckfeld (1563–1609), a physician in Hirschberg, Silesia [now Jelenia Góra, Poland], listed in his Theriologica (Schwenckfeld 1603: 245–246) ‘Corvus al­ pinus’ as a  bird of Silesia (a  region now divided between the Czech Republic and Poland), citing the following names in its synonymy: “πύρροκοράξ, Corvus sylvaticus nocturnus, Ein Alprappe / Waldrappe / Nachtrabe / Steinrabe”. Suolahti (1909: 376) observed that his information on this species was adopted from Gesner (1555: 337). Brisson (1760: 6) and Suolahti (1909) believed that Schwenckfeld (1603) had Northern Bald Ibises in mind. However, Schwenckfeld’s Corvus alpinus seems to be a  mixture of (at least two) avian species, because Schwenckfeld (1603: 246) gave the following description of the bird: “Totus niger est. Cornice minor. In montibus altiss. vivit, noctu clamore molestus: Diurno tempore rarum conspicitur”, i.e. “It is entirely black. It is smaller than a crow. It lives in highest mountains, crying annoyingly in the night. It is only rarely seen in the daytime.” The black mountain bird could have been a  chough (Pyrrhocorax sp.), while the loudly crying night bird could have been Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) (cf. Rzączyński 1721: 271, Fedorowicz 1966: 148). Schwenckfeld’s (1603) note on “Corvus sylvaticus” thus cannot be interpreted as evidence for the occurrence of Northern Bald Ibises in Silesia in Schwenckfeld’s time. Balbinus 1679 Bohuslaus Balbinus (1621–1688), a Czech Jesuit priest and scholar, did not mention

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Bald Ibis in his voluminous treatise of Czech birds (Balbinus 1679). Nonetheless, “krkawec horní” was on the list of Czech names of birds sent to Balbinus by Joannes Victorinus, a  Jesuit priest cognizant of bird-catching according to Balbinus (1679). Balbinus (1679) added to it its verbatim translation ‘Corvus mon­ tanus’ (not ‘Corvus sylvaticus’ as erroneously stated by Hudeček & Hanák 2004b: 53), probably following Adam (1598: col. 198). Frič (1872: 35) interpreted Victorinus’s ‘Corvus montanus’ tentatively as a Black Crow (Corvus corone). Kněžourek (1912: 633) and Hudeček & Hanák (2004b), however, accepted this as a probable evidence for the existence of Northern Bald Ibises in Bohemia. However, Victorinus’s list contained also names of mammals and fishes (see e.g. Frič 1872: 32–36), which indicates that Victorinus was not acquainted personally with all species he listed, and that he included in his list of Czech bird names those he heard from Czech bird-catchers and those he found in literature. It is thus possible that he collected the name ‘krkawec horní’ from Adam (1598). Mere listing of a  Czech name (probably invented by Adam 1598 as a  translation – see above) cannot be regarded as an evidence for the past occurrence of Northern Bald Ibises in Bohemia. Lehmann 1699 Christian Lehmann (1611–1688), a  German evangelic priest and scholar, chroni­ cled the following ornithological observa­ tion (Lehmann 1699: 834; posthumously published): “Anno 1645. im November kamen aus Böhmen rare Vögel / in der Größe einer Hennen / voll Fleisch und fett / am Bauch scheckicht / am Halß und Rücken dunckelschwartz / roth an Füssen / und mit einem langen Schnabel / davon einer in der Schletta gefangen wurde.”

Schletta is a village near Meissen, Saxony, Germany (51.1°N, 13.4°E), ca. 60 km from the Czech border in the bee line, and it is thus possible, that this flock of birds visited Schletta from Bohemia, although Lehmann’s (1699) report is better to understand in that the birds came from the direction where Bohemia lays. Lehmann’s (1699) report was discov­ ered by Kinzelbach & Hölzinger (2000: 85–86), who interpreted the birds as Northern Bald Ibises. The description by Lehmann (1699) fits equally well Bald Ibises and Red-billed Chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax), ­ although ‘scheckicht’ belly is difficult to interpret (juvenile Bald Ibises have such ­underparts, but not yet red legs). There are three points which ­ indicate that Lehmann’s (1699) ‘rare Vögel’ (rare birds) were not Bald Ibises: (1) Last reports of Bald Ibises from Europe – other that the Lehmann’s – date from the 1620s (see Schenker 1977, Mey 1997, 1998, Kinzelbach & Hölzinger 2000). Lehmann’s report is by ca. 30 years ­younger and – if correct – would ­ represent the youngest record of Northern Bald Ibises from Europe. (2) The ­record is from November, ­although Bald Ibises are ­ migratory birds (see Schenker 1977, Pegoraro 1996). (3) The birds were ­ recorded northeast of their previously known range. Although each of ­ these points could be explained separately, all together would require that the birds were last surviving remnants of the European ­population, that they did not migrate to the south in 1645 and that they would straggle outside their usual range. It is thus more probable that Lehmann (1699) reported on a flock of Red-billed Choughs ­ (although this identification is not certain). Lehmann’s (1699) report thus cannot be accepted as a valid record of Northern Bald Ibises from the ­territory of the modern-day Czech Republic. 181

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Rzączyński 1721 Gabriel Rzączyński (1664–1737), a Polish Jesuit priest and scholar, listed ‘kruk nocny’ (i.e. night raven) as a Polish name for the Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax (Rzączyński 1721: 271; see also Fedorowicz 1966: 148). Brisson (1760: 6) listed this name as a  synonym of his ‘Coracia cri­ stata’, i.e. the Bald Ibis. Schuster (1902) interpreted this as a proof that Northern Bald Ibises once inhabited the territory of Poland, which is an apparent error (see also Herman 1903, Schenker 1977). Rohn 1764, 1780 Johann Karl Rohn (1711–1779), a  Czech scholar, listed among bird names “Krkawec horní. Corvus alpinus, mon­ tanus. Der Stein-Rab” (Rohn 1780: 117). This book seems to be a  new edition of Rohn (1764), a  very rare book (see Svoboda 2005), which I  did not see. It is probable, however, that the name ap­ peared already there. Rohn was not a naturalist, and he apparently adopted these names from earlier published sources. Schmidt 1795 Franz Wilibald Schmidt (1764–1796), a German-Czech naturalist, listed ‘Cor­vus Eremita, Linn.’ = ‘Gebirgsrabe’ as a “wandernde”, i.e. vagrant ­species in Bohemia, with a note that he ­observed the bird for the first time in Bohemia in July 1790 in Riesengebirge [= Krkonoše Mountains], and that he did not encounter it again during his next visit to Krkonoše in August 1794 (Schmidt 1795: 39). Schmidt (1795) followed Gmelin’s (1788–1789) classification and nomenclature of birds (not those of Linnaeus 1740 or Linnaeus 1767 as indicated by Hudeček & Hanák 2004a,b – see Mlíkovský & Benda 2005). Gmelin (1788: 377) ­ listed two black, iridescent “Corvus” spe­cies with red bills and legs, viz. “Corvus Graculus” (= Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) and 182

“Corvus Eremita” (= Geronticus ere­mita). Further description of these two ­species, as provided by Gmelin (1788: 377), is obscure and rather similar in both cases, and would not allow ­ anybody ­ without previous knowledge of these birds to correctly assign observed ­ individuals or specimens at hand to one of them. A  potentially misleading ­ character ­mentioned by Gmelin (1788: 377) is that “Corvus Graculus” is “violaceo-nigricans”, i.e. violet-blackish, while “Corvus Eremita” is “virescens”, i.e. greenish. It is possible to hypothesize that Schmidt saw in the Krkonoše Mountains in 1790 a  crow-like bird in black iridescent ­plumage and with red bill and red legs, and that he identified it to species on the basis of the iridescent colour he believed to see. Taking into account how tricky is to identify proper iridescent color of a flying black bird, such an ­identification could not be accepted. Last accepted records of Bald Ibises in Central Europe are from the 1620s (see Schenker 1977, Mey 1987, 1998, Kinzelbach & Hölzinger 2000). Schmidt’s (1795) record from 1790 thus would be by more than 160 years younger and would come from mountains where the species has never been recorded before or after that date. It is thus probable that Schmidt saw in the Krkonoše Mountains in 1790 a  Redbilled Chough, not a Northern Bald Ibis. Gallaš 1822 Josef Heřman Agapit Gallaš (1756–1840), a  Moravian physician and scholar, men­ tioned in a  manuscript from 1822 (see Skutil 1936, Kux et al. 1955) that ‘hawran lesní’ = ‘Corvus eremila’ (sic!) inhabits the Smolná hill and the Radíkovské Mountains, i.e. the hilly region between Olomouc (49.6°N, 17.3°E) and Ostrava (49.8°N, 18.3°E), Czech Republic. Hudec (1972) and Hudec et al. (1994) ­rejected this record as unsubstantiated, but Hudeček

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& Hanák (2004b) resurrected it, claiming that Gallaš could have recorded the ibis in that region between 1791 (when he settled in the region) and 1822 (when the manuscript was finished). Names ‘Waldrabe’ (i.e. German equivalent of the Czech ‘hawran lesní’) and ‘Corvus eremi­ ta’ were applied to Red-billed Chough (then Corvus graculus, now Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) in Gallaš’s time (see e.g. Naumann 1822: 114). Gallaš’s record thus possibly applies to this species (for additional reasons see above under Schmidt 1795). Naumann 1822 Naumann (1822: 117) remarked that it is improbable that Red-billed Chough struggles to Bohemia, even as far as to the Krkonoše Mountains. Following the standards of his time, he called Redbilled Chough Corvus graculus. Hudeček & Hanák (2004b: 54) suggested that Naumann had Northern Bald Ibis in mind, because he listed Geronticus ere­ mita in the synonymy of his Corvus graculus (Naumann 1822: 114). This overly strange and apparently incorrect interpretation of Naumann’s Corvus graculus is mentioned here solely for the sake of completeness. Bethlenfalvy 1948 Bethlenfalvy (1948) reported on a  relief on a stove tile from the 18th century that allegedly showed a Bald Ibis. Even if there was a Northern Bald Ibis on this relief, the motif itself is not sufficient for a proof that the depicted animal lived in the region where the tile was found. This record was correctly rejected by Matoušek (1962: 45), Hudec (1972) and Hudec et al. (1994). Conclusions The (alleged) records of the Northern Bald Ibis in the studied region fall into

two broadly defined time periods: (1) late 16th to mid 17th centuries, and (2) late 18th to perhaps early 19th ­centuries. Northern Bald Ibises are known to have survived in Central Europe till the 1st half of the 17th century (Mey 1997, 1998, Kinzelbach & Hölzinger 2000). They bred as close to the studied region as in Bavaria, in Thuringia, and in Austrian Alps in the early 17th century (Schenker 1977, Kumerloeve 1978, 1984, Mey 1997, 1998, Kinzelbach & Hölzinger 2000) and it is well possible that they occasionally visited the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia in that period. Such a possibility is supported by a recent sighting of Northern Bald Ibises in Poland, which ­escaped from ­captivity in Austria (Tomiałojć & Stawarczyk 2003). However, no evidence is available that Northern Bald Ibises ever visited the Czech Republic, Poland or Slovakia when parts of Central Europe still belonged to their natural range. Alleged records of Northern Bald Ibises in the Czech Republic in the ­years bridging the 18th and 19th centuries were suggested by Hudeček & Hanák (2004b) with reference to historical ­ reports by Schmidt (1795), Gallaš (in Skutil 1936; manuscript finished in 1822), and Naumann (1822). A  revision of these sources showed that there is nothing in them what would support Hudeček and Hanák’s (2004a, b) suggestion. It can be concluded, that there are no historical records of Northern Bald Ibises from the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia, and that this region probably did not belong to the historical range of this species. AcknowledgEments I  thank Karel Hudec (Brno) and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on the manuscript. This paper was supported, in part, by grants from 183

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the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic (MK 06P04OMG00P and MK 00002327201), and a grant from the Czech Science Foundation (206/05/2334).

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Došlo 10. srpna 2007, přijato 27. září 2007. Received August 10, 2007; accepted September 27, 2007.

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