DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Adam, V. D. 1991. Wafer and Wastewater Exarnhithn Manuel. Lewis Publishers, Inc. Chelsea. AWo. M. S. E.; G. H. Sedahmed. 1998. A new technique for removing hexavalent chromium from waste water and energy generation via galvanic reduction with s a a p iron. Energy Convers. 39(9): 943-951. Aggelides, S. M.,P. A. Londra. 2000. Effed of compost produoed from town waste and sewage sludge on physical properties of loamy and a day soil. Biores. Techonol. 71: 253-259. Almeida. M. A. F. ;R. A. R. Boaventura. 1997. Chromium precipitationfrom tanning spent liquors using industrial alkaline residues: A comparative study. Waste ACSaraj, M., M.S. Abdel-Latief. I. El-Nahal, R. Baraka. 1999. Bioaccumulation of some hazardous metals by sol-gel entrapped microorganisms. J. Noncrystalline Solids. 248: 137-140. APHA [American Public Healt Association]. $976. Standard lMefhods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. 14" ed. Washington. Asmara, W. 1996. Bioakumulasi Metal Berat pada Mikmrganisme dan Aspek Genetik Biosorpsi dan Bioakumulasi Logam Berat. Lokakarya Bioakumulasi Yogyakarta September 1996. PAU Biateknology UGM dan Metal. International lnstiiitut Botechnology. Astuti. M. 1986. Rancangan Percobaan dan Analisa Statistik* Bagian I . Bagian Pemuliaan Temak, Fakuftas Petemakan. UGM. Yogyahrta. Baird, C. Environmental Chemistry. 1995. W . H. Freeman and Company. New Yo* Balamurugan, K.. C. Vasent. R. Rajaram. T. Ramasmi. 1999. Hydmxypents ammine chrwnium(l1l) Promoted PhosphorylaLion of Bovine Serum Albumin: I t s Potential Implications in Understanding B i i x M y of Chromium. Siochimice et Biophyska Ada 1427. :357-366. Basuki. P. 1992. Perfnasalahan aplikasi bid
Basuki. P; S. Triatmojo. 1994. Pemslnfaatan g a s bio da sludge s e m i bahan bakar dan pupuk dari limbah sapi potong dan ksrbsru yang d i r i pakan tradisional dan rasional. Lapomn Penelitian. Badan P d i i a n dsln Pengemlxrngan Pertanian - Lembaga Penelitian UGM. Yogyakarta. Bernal. M. P., A. F. Navarro. M. A. Sanchez. 1998. Influence of sewage sludge compost stability and maturity on carbon and nitrogen mineralization in soil. Soil Siol. Siochem. 30(3): 305-313. Bernal. M. P. C. Pamdes, M. A. Sanchez-Monedero, J. Cegarra. 1998. Maturity and stability parameters of composts prepared with a wide range of organic wastes. Siores. Technol. 63: 91-99. Blaendorf, E., 0.Hoomweg. 1997. The use of compost in Indonesia: Proposed compost standards. Urban Development Sector Unit East Asia and Pasific Region. Hal: 1-15. Brock, T.D.. M.T. Madigan, J.M. Martinko. J. Parker. 1994. Biology of Microorganisms. 7". Ed., Prentice Hall. Engleurood Cfiffs, New Jersey. Canet, R., F. Pomares. 1995. Change in physical. chemical and Physicochemical parameters during the cornposting of municipal solid wastes in two piants in Valencia. Biores. Technol. 51: 259-264. Cassano, A., E. Drioli, R. Molinari. 1997. Recovery and reuse of chemicals in unhairing. degreasing and chromium tanning process by membranes. Desalinafion. 113: 251-261. Chinnra. E. N., Wang, Y. T. 2000. Simultaneous chromium(Vl) reduction and phenol
degradation in an anaerobic consortium of bacteria. Wafer Res. 34(8): 23762384. Chui, Y.W.D., K.W. Mok, C.Y. Ng, B.P. Luong. K.K. Ma. 1996. Removal and recovery of cooper (Ill), chromium(lll). and nickel(ll) from solutions using crude shrimp chitin packed in small columns. Environment Intemationai. 22(4): 463468. Davis. M. L. , P. A. Cornwell. 1991. IntmcfuCdon to Envkvnment Engineering. 2nd. Ed. McGrawHill Inc. Singapore. Disnak-DIY[Dinas Petemakan Daerah lstimewa Yogyakarta]. Tahunan. Dinas Peternakan Propinsi DIY. Yogayakarta.
1996.
Laporan
Eklind. Y., H. Kirchmann. 2000a. Cornposting and storage of organic household waste with different litter amendments. I. carbon turnover. B d s . Technol. 74: 115-124.
Eklind, Y., H. KiMmann. 2000b. Cornposting and storage of organic household waste with different litter amendments. H. Nitrogen turnover and losses. Biores. Techol. 74: 125-133. Felse, P.A.. T. Panda. 1999. Studies on appikations of chitin and its derivatives. Bioprvcess Eng. 20: 505-512. Ferraz. A. I.. J. A. Teaxeira. 1999. The use of ffocculating b W s yeast for Cr(lll) and Pb(ll) removalfrom residual wastewaters. Bioprocess Eng. 21: 431437. Foth, H. D. 1994. Dasar-dasar Jlmu Tanah. Ed& ke 6. Alih basa: S. Adioemarto. Penerbi Erlangga, Jakarta. Gadd. G. M. 1988. Accumuiatiin of metal by microorganism and algae. In: Rehm, H (ed). Siotechnalogy: A complete Tmalise, V d 68. Spedal Micmbial Pmcesses. Vol4. UCH. Verlagsgesellschaff. Weinheim. Hal: 401430. Gadd, G. M. 1990. Bisorption. Chemistry and Industry. July. Hal: 421426. Gadd, G. M. 1992. Heavy Metal Pollutans : Environmental and Biotechnological Aspect. Encyclopedia of Microbiology Vol 2. Academic Press, Inc. hal: 351360. Gaurr. A. C. 1995. A manual of rural composting. FAOIUNDP Regional Project RAS 751004. Project Fietd Document No. 15. Hal: 9-93. Gerba, C. P. 1996. Microbial Patogens in Municipal Sdid Waste. Di datam. A. C. Palmisano , A. M. A. Bartaz,editor : Micmbiology of SolM Waste. CRC Press. Tokyo. Hal: 155-173.
Golueke, G. G. 1977. Bbbgical Reclamation of Solid Wastes. Emmaus, Pennsylvania. Hal. 1-3.
Rodal Press.
Golueke. C . G. 1991. Principies of Composting. Di dalam The Steff of -Cycle Journal of Waste Recyding. The Art and Science of Composting. The JG Press Inc. Pennsylvania. Hal : 14-27. Greenwood. N.N., A. Earshaw. 1984. ChemMry of #emenEsnEsPergarnon Press. Hal: 13 67-1 176. Grubinger, V.P.. W.H. Gutenmann. G. J. Doss.. M. Rutrke. D.J. Lik. 1994. Chromium In Swiss Chard Grown in Soil Amended with Tannery Meal Fertilizer. Chmospm. 28: 717.
Guangyong Ji. S. Siver. 1995. Bacterial Resistance Mechanism for Heavy Metals of Environmentaf Concern. J. Industn;al M C W l o g y . 14: 61-75. Haga. K. 1990. Production of compost from organic waste. Food and Fertilizer Tech. Center for ASPAC Region. Taipe. 31 I: 1-18. Haga. K. 1998. Characteristics compost from organic waste. Food and Fewizer Tech. Center for the ASPAC Region. Taipei. Extension Bullelin. 321: 1-17. Haga. K. 1998. Animal waste problems and their sdution from technological point of view in Japan. JARQ [ Japan Agriculturaf Research Quarterly]. 32: 203-210. Harada, Y. 1990. Cornposting and aplication of animal waste. Food and Fertilizer Tech. Center for the ASPAC Region. Taipe. M e n & Sulktin. 311: 19-31. Haribi. R. 1999. Bioakurnufasi krom deh Bakteri pada Metanogenesis lumpur limbah industri penyamakan kulit. Tesis. Program Studi Biologi Jumsan Ilmu-ilrnu Matematika dan Pengetahuan Aam. Program Pascasarjana. UGM. Yogyakarta. Hart, B. T. 1982. Austrafian water Quality Criteria for Heavy Metals. Australian Government publishing Service. Canberra. Hassouneh. 0.. A. Jamrah, K. Qaisi. 1999. SIude stabilization by composting: a Jordanian case study. Biopmcess Eng. 20: 41 3-421. HeryandePalar. 1994. Pencemaran dan Toksikowi Logam Berat. Penerbi Rineka Cipta. Jakarta. Hsieh, S. C., C. F. Hsieh. 1990. The use of organic matter m crop production. Food and Fertitber Tech. Center for the ASPAC Region, Taipei. Ockntion Bulletn 315: 1-19. Hughes, M. N.. R. K. Poole. 1989. Metals and MCroofganism. Chapman and Hall, London. Jambs. W. L. 1990. Potential hazard when using organic material as fertilizer for crop production. Food and Fertiliier Tech. Center for ASPAC Region, Taipe. Extention Buktin 313: 1-18. Kapoor. A.. T. Vmraghavan. D. Roycullimare. 2000. Removal of heavy metal using the fungus Aspergrihrs nciger. Biores. Technol. 70: 95-104.
Kapoor, A, T. Viraraghavan. 1995. Fungal bborption-An a b m a t k treatment option for heavy metal bearing :A review. Siomsoume Technology. 53: 195206. Kapoor, A., Viraraghavan, T. 1998. B i r p t i a n of Heavy Metals on A. n e e . Effect of Pretreatment. &msS Teohno!. 63: 109113. Kendric, M. J., M. T. May. M. J. Plishka, K. D. Robinson. 1992. System. Ellis Howood. New York.
Metals in Bidogica!
.
Komori K.. A. Rivas. K. Toda, Ohtake. 1990. A method for removal of toxic chromium using dialysisi-sac cultures of a &mat-reducing drain of Entembactercdoacae. App. MicrvbM Siotechnd. 33: 117-119. Kongsricharoern. N.. C. Polprasert. 1996. Chromium removal by biipdar electrochemical presipitation process. Wat. S d Tech. 34(9): f 09-3 16. Koziorowski, B., J. Kucharski. 1972. industrial Wasfe and Disposal. Pergamon Press. Toronto. Kuai, L.. F. Doulami, W. Verstraete. 2000. Sludge treatment and reuse as soif conditioner for small rural communities. Bioes, Techno!. 73: 213-21 9. Kuroda et a/., 2000. Emission of rnalodour coumpounds and greenhouse gases from cornposting swine feces. Biores. Technol. 56: 265-271. Lehrnann. M., A.L. Zouboulis, K..A. Matis. 1999. Rernovat of metal ions from dilute aquaeous solutions: a comparative study of inorganic sorbent materials. Chemosphem. 39(6):881-892. Llovera, S., R. Bonet, M.D. Simon-Pujol. F. Congregado. 1993. Chromate Reduction by Resting Cells of Agrobacterium radiobacfer EPS-916, App. and Environmental Mictvbiology. 599(10):3516-351 8. Lopez-Mala. A., S. Alzamora, A. Argair. 1998. Vanilin and pH Synergistic Effects on Mold Growth. J. Food. Sci. 63(1): 315-319. Losi, M. E.. W.T. Frankenberge. Jr. 1983. Chmn -t Microorganism Isolated from Evavoration Ponds a Metal Prooessing Plant. Water. Air and Soil Polution. 74: 405413. Lovley, D.R,, E. Phillips. 1994. Reduction of Chromate by WmvibrSo w&a& and Its c3Cytochrome. App, Environmental .60(2): 726-728.
Lynch, J. M. 1987. Liinocellulotysii in Cornposts. Di dalam: M.deBertddi, M.P, Ferranti, P. L'hermite and F. Succcmi. editor. : Compost Prvdudion. Quality and Use. Elsevier App. Sci. Publ. England. Hal. 178-189. Macchi, G., M. Pagano, M. Pettine, M. Santori, and G. Tiravanti. 1991. A Bench Study on Chromium Recovery from Tannery Sludge. 1991. Waf. Res. 25(8): 1019-1026. Majero. M. dan L. Bulow. 2001. MetaJ-binding proteins and peptides in bioremediation and phytoremediiin of heavy metals. Review. Trend in Biotechnology. 19(2): 67-73. Manahan, S.E. 1992. ToxicoIogical Chemistry. 2& ed. Lewis Publ. Tokyo. Manahan. S. E. 1994. Environmental Chemistry. 6*ed. Lewis Publisher. Tokyo. Manios, V. I., P. E. Tsikaias, H. I. Siminis. 1987. Phytotoxicity of Olive tree leaf compost. Di dalam de8ertotdi. M.P. Ferranti, P. Chermite and F. Sucooni. editor : Compost: P m d d o n , Quality and Use. Elsevier App . Sci. Publ. England. Hal: 296-308. Miller., E. C. 1996. Cornposting of Municipal Solid Waste. Di dalam. A. C. Palmisano and A. M. A. Barlaz, edior. : Microbiology of Solid Waste. CRC Press. Tokyo. hal. 155-173. Money, C. A. 1991. Tannery Waste Minimization. JALCA [Jumal of American Leather Chemists Association]. 86: 229-244. Moore, J. W, S. Ramamoorthy. 1980. Heavy Metals in Natural Waters. Applied Monitoring and Impact Assesment.Springer Verlag. New Yo&. Nies. D. H. 1999. Microbial heavy metal resistance. Mini review. App. M i c m b i d Siotechnol. 51: 730-750. Ning, J., M.H. Grant. 1999. Chromium (Vl)-inducd derived Cell. ToxWogy in Yrtro. 13: 87-87.
Cytotoxicity to Osteoblast-
Negro, M.J., M. L. Sdano, P. Ciris. J. Cafrasco. 1999. Composeing of sweet sorgum bagasse with other wastes. Bioms. Techmi. 67: 89-92. Notohadiprawim. T. 1995. Logam berat dalam pertanian. Lingkungan. 7 : 3-11 .
Jumd Manusia dan
Nozawa. M.. H.Y. Hu, K. Fujie, H. Tanaka, K. Uraw. 1998. Qwtitative Detection of Enterobader cloacae strain HO-1 in bioreador for chromate wastewater treatment using pdymerase chain reactiin (PCR). Wat. Res. 32(11) : 34723476. Osada, T.. K. Kuroda, M. Yonaga. 2000. Determination of nitrous oxide, methane. and emissions from a swine composting process. J. Mater Cycles Waste Manag. 2: 51-56.
Pascual, J. A.. C. Garcia, T. Hernandez. 1999. Comparison fresh and cornposted organic waste in their efficacy for improvement of arid soil quality. Bioms. Technol. 68: 255-264. Petrilli. F. L. and S. D. Flora. 1977. Toxicity and mutagenicity of Hexavalent Chromium on Salmonella typhimurium. App. and Envimrnent. Micmbiol(33) 4: 805-809. Petrunelli. G.. L. Lubrano. 1987. Evaluation of heavy metal bioavailabiliy in compost treated soil.Di dalam deBertddi, M.P. Ferranti. P. L'herrnite and F. Suoconi. editor : Compost: Pmdu&n, Quaiity and Use. Elsevier App. Sci. Publ. England. Hal : 658-665. Polprasert, C. 1995. Wasfe Organic Recycle. John Wiley & Sons. New York. Prakasham, et a/., 1999. Biosorption of chromium VI by free and immobilized Rhizophus arhizus. Environmental Pollution. 104: 421427. Prayitno. 1998. Waste audit pada industri penyarnakan kulit. K a e t dan Plastik. 26:14-18.
Majalah Barang Kulit
Rai, D., B. M. Sass, D. A. More. 3987. Chromium (Ill) HydmIysis Constans and Solubility of Chromium (Ill) Hydoxiida. Chemestry. Ribeiro, H. M., E. Vasconcdos, J.Q. dos Santos. 2000. Fertilization of patted Geranium with a municipal solid waste compost. B b m . Technd. 73: 247249. Rump, H. H., H. Krist. 1992. Laboratory Manual Ibr the Exammetion of W a b ~ Wastewater and Soil. 22" Ed. VHC. Cambride. Rutland, F.H. 1991. Environmental Compatibility of ChromiumContaming Tannery and Other Leather Produd Waste at Land DiapQsel Site. JALCA. 86: 365375. Sarkar, K. T. 1995. Theory and Pracfise of Leather Manufacture. Revised Ed. The CLS Press. Published by The Author. Madras.
Senthilkumaar, S., S. Bharathi, D.Nithyanandhi, V. Subburam. 2000. Bisorption of toxic heavy metals fmm aqueous solutions. B h e s . Technol. 75: 163-165. Shaban. A. M. 1999. Badeorolgical of comp[o&ng system in sludge tmatment. Wat Sci. Tech. 40(7): 165-170. Sharphouse. J. H. 1983. Leather Technician's Handbook. Association. London.
Leather Producer's
Smith, J. E. 1996. Biotechnology. sd. ed. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Solisio, C. A. Lodi, A. Converti, M. Delborghi. 2000. The effect of acid pretreatment on the biosorption of chromium(lll) by Sphaeroti7lus natans from industrial wastewater. Waf. Res. 12: 3174-3378. Spaggiari, G. C., G. L. Spigoni, R. Jodice. M. Conciglio. 19878. Transfornation of urban sludge mixed w h ti Grapestalk into organic fertilizer. Di dalam M.deBertoldi, M.P. Ferranti. P. L'hernite and F. Succoni. Eds. : Compost: Production, Quality and Use. Elsevier App. Sci. Publ. England. Hal: 100113. Stafford. 0.A., D. L. Hawkes, R. Horton. 1978. Methane Production from Waste Organic Matter. CRC Press. Steel, R. G. D., J. H. Torrie. 1991. Prinsip dan Prosedur Siatistika. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta. Subiyarso, K. Suliestiyah, P. Setyowati. Sunaryo, Suramto. 1993. P m w d i n g . Simposium Nasional Perkulitan. 1993. Himpunan Ahli Kimia dan Teknologi Kulit bekeja sama dengan Balai Besar Peneliian dan Pengembangan Barang Kuli, Karet, dan Plastik.Yogyakarta. Sunaryo, 1. 1989. Sifat dan manfaat lirnbah industri kulit samak kmm. Seminar PerkuIifan Nasional. Fakultas peternakan UGM. Yogyakarta. Hal T 19132. Szulcewski, M. D.. P. A. Hekuke, W. F. Elearn. 1997. Compaison of XANES analyses and earaction to determine chmmium spedation in contaminated soil. Environ. Sci Technol. 2954-2959. Taiganides, P.E. 1977. Cornposting of feedlot waste. Di drlarn P.E. Taiganides. editor. : Animal Waste. Applied Science Publ, London. Hal: 241-252. Tchobanoglous, G.. F. Burton. 1992. WastewaterEngineeling:Treatment, Disposal and Reuse. 3&.ed. McGraw-Hill lnc. Toronto.
Thorstensen, T. C. 1985. Pradical Leafher Technology. Robert E. Krieger Publ. Company. Florida. Thorstensen, T. 1997. Polution prevention and control for mall tanneries. JALCA. 92: 245-225. Tiravanti, G.. D. Petruuelli. R. Passino. 1997. Pretreatment of tannery waswaters by ion exchange process for Cr(ll6) removal and recovery. Wat. Sci. Tech. 36(2-3): 197-207. Toumela, M., M. Vikman. A. Hatakka. M. Ltavaara, 2000. BiodegradPtionof lignin in a compost environment: a review. 8 i o ~ sTechno/. . 72: 169-183. Triatmojo, S. 1999. Penyerapan Logam Klwn pada Tanaman Caisin (Srassica Chinensis) yang Diberi Kromosai dan Sludge C i b a h Penyarnakan Kuli. Buletin Petemakan Edisi Tambahan. Hal: 227-233. Triatmojo, S. 2000. Kandungan Krom Tanaman Kacang Tanah yang Dipupuk dengan Kompos yang Mengandung Kromosal. Buletin Petemakan. 3:118125. Trisunu. B., Wazah. 1984. Pencegahan Pencemaran Industti Kulit. Bag.2. Akademi Teknologi Kulit. Yogyakarta. Unido, 1990. Assistance in the Development of New Activities at the Institute for Research and Development of Leather and Allied Industry. Based on the Work of Panko de Torso Jost Expert in Tannery Waste water Treatment. Vajpayee. P.. S. S. Sharma, R. D. Tripathi. U. N. Rai, M. Yunus. 1999. Bioaccumulation O f Chromium and Toxicity to Photosynthetic Picrnents. Nitrat Redudass Ad'lvity and Pratein Content of Nelumbo nudfera Gaem. Chemosphem. 39(12): 2159-2169.
F. Bedchini. 1997. Removal of Metals by Biosorption: A Review Veglio, V., Hydrometallurgy. 44: 301-316. Verfoo. M. 1993. Chemical Aspect of Soil PdIubbn. IRC-Ger: Publications. Volesky, B.,f990. Biosorption of heavy metals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida. Wang, B. I. C . 1979. Femenhtion and Enzirne Technology. John Wiley and Sons. New York. Wang, Y.T.. C. Xiao. 1995. Facton Affeding Hexavalent Chromium Reduction In Pure Cultures of Bacteria. W a t Res. 29(11): 2467-2474.
Wibowo, R. L.. M. S. A. 2001. Akumubsi Krom pada Lumpur Padat (Sludge) Limbah Penyarnakan Kulit Oleh Jamw Benang. Thesis S2. Program Studi llmu Petemakan. Program Pasca Sajana.UGM. Yogyakarta. Winter,
D. 1985. Techno-economic Study on Measures to Mitigate the Environmental impact of Leather Industry, Particulary in Developroprng Countrfes. UNIDO. lnnsburck.
Wong, J. W. C., K. K. Ma, K. M. Fang. C. Cheung. 1999. Utilizatiin of manure compost in Hong Kong. Biotes. Technd. 67: 4346. Yesim
- Sag.
T. Kutsal. 1996. Fully competetive bisotptiin of chromium 011) and Imn (Ill) ion from binary metal mbdures by R. anhizus: Use of the competetive Langmuir Modef. P m s s Biochemistry. 31(6): 573-585.
Yesim - Sag, U. A. 2.Aksu, T. Kutsal. 1998. A comparative study the simultaneous bisorption of Cr(VI) and Fe(lll) on C. wlagaris and R. anfrizus: application of the wmpetetive adsortion models. Process B i o ~ i s t r y s33 t( r3 V ):273-281. Yesim-Sag, T. Kutsal. 2000. Determination of biosorption activation energy of heavy metal ions on Zooglea ramand Rhizopus ahizus. Process Biochemistry. 35: 80 1-807. Zinder, S. H. 1986. Thermophilic waste treatment system. Di dalam Thomas D. Brock. editorrThennophiles.John W~Jleyand Sons. Singapore. Hal: 257-277. Zorpas, A. A.. T. Constantinides. A. G. Vlyssides, 1. Haralambous. M. Loizidou. 2000. Heavy metal uptake by natural zeolit and metal partioning in sewage sludge compost. Biotes. Technol. 72: 1 13-119. Zucconi, F., Bertoldi, M. de. 1987. Compost s ~ c c a t i o n for s the production and characterization of compost from municipal solid waste. Di datam M.deBertddi, M.P. Ferranti, P. L'hermite and F. Succoni., editor. : Compost: Production, Quality and Use. Elsevier App. Sa. PuM. England. Hal: 30-50.
Data kandungan Cr-total. Cr(VI) dan Cr(1fl) biomass Fusarium sp pada medium potato decair + W r B 7 dengan waHu inkubasi 4 dan 8 hari Kandungan krom Cr-total. mg/l
Cr(VI). mgA
Cr(lll), mg/l
Cairan 0 hari
j
145..86 146.65 140.47 141.40 83.12 84.04 102,26 103.70 62,74 62.61 38,21 37.69
;
f :
B i a s a 4 hari
Biimasa 8 hari
94,40 84.94 93,81
102.99 105.45 102.89 101.21 80.36 80.10 76.15 79.37 22.63 25,35 26.73 21.84
91,35
64,45 74.44 76.09 53.07 29.96 10.49 17.73 38.27
i
Lampiran 2. Data kandungan Cr-total, Cr(VI) dan Cr(lll) bimasa Fusarium sp pada medium potato dextrose cair + LKLPK dengan waktu inkubasi 4 dan 8 hari Kandungan krom Cr-total, mgn
c~(vI), mgn
Cr(Hl), mgn
Cairan 0 hari f Bimasa 4 hari ! 152.96 j 93.81 152.30 i 92-43 129.95 . 93.22 129,03 93,32 ~ $ 4 4 81.15 83.85 81,Sl 87,07 62.48 87.86 75.89 68.53 12.66 68.50 10.82 42.88 30.75 41.17 17.43
/
Biomasa 8 hari 104.37 102.39 102.29 100,91 76,88 81.28 76.88 82.07 27.49 21,I 1 25.42 18.84
.
Data kadar bahan kering. N. P a 5 , IGO, C organik. Gel) dan Cr-total kornpops K l , K2, dan K3 pada awal proses Variabel
K Kadar bahan kering (%)
Kadar N ( O h ) Kadar P20s(9'0) 4
Kadar K20 (YO)
i 1 I
Kadar C-organik (%)
:
Kadar Cr(V1) (ppm) Kadar Cr-total (ppm)
'48.19 47,24 55.21 0,69 0,41 0,71 0.52 0.52 0.69 3.79 1.06 1.04 14.46 8,69 15.06 4.78 2 01
-
3:97
,
8,88 9,20 8.88
Perlakuan K2 53.99 46.38 42.46 0.96 0.82 0,76 0.57 0.52 0.61 1,07 3.90 2.67 16.05 17.38 15.92 5.39 2.53 2:85 9.25 10.07 9,30
K3 42.21 41.07 42.02 0.69 0.76 0.76 0.47 0.47 0.41 1.57 3.92 2.69 14.4 15.92 15.92 5.17 4.50 6.62 10.28 10.82 12.67
Keteranaan: Kf = k o r n w denaan uerbandinaan feses dan LiUPK 70:15 K2 = kornpos dengan perbandingan feses dan LKLPK 65:20 K3 = kornpos dengan perbandingan feses dan LKLPK 60:25
Larnpiran 4
Data kadar bahan kering, N, P a 5 , W. C orgenik. Cwl)dan Cr-total kornpops K4. K2. dan K3 pada akhir proses Variabel K Kadar bahan kering ( O h ) Kadar N ( O h ) Kadar P20s(%)
1
I
Kadar K20 (96) Kadar C-organik (%) I
1 Kadar Cr(V1) (ppm) Kadar Cr-total (ppm)
1
1
1
I
Perlakuan
K2
-,04
47.98
50.70 0.96
32,83
0182 0.86
1117 0.74 0.65 0,59 1.08 3.28 3;22 7,35 8.56 ?,I7 5,17 2,38
0,75 1.55 1.32 2,151 5,27 7.09 5.10 2.37 2.58 2.29 7,36 8,89 70,29
0.98
2.29 9.31 9.53 8.88
I 1
K3 32.24
I
38.86 0.96 0196 0.66 0.70 0.75 0,72 1.99 2;57 9.04 2.25 6,51 2,79 3.57 4.07 9.85 9.31 11.26
Keterangan: K1 = kompso dengan perbandingan feses dan LKLPK 70:15 K2 = kornpos denaan wrbandinaan feses dan LKLPK 65:20 K3 = kornpos den& perbandinganfeses dan LKLPK 60:25
Lampiran 5.
Data nilai BOD (mgll) substrat yang d i i i secara anaerob selarna 30 hari pada level LKLPK yang berbeda Lama digesti (hari)
Level
0?40 160
0
10% 259
20% 204
30% 1 25
Lampiran 6 Data nilai COD (mgll) substrat yang didigesti secara anaerob selama 30 hari pada level LKLPK yang berbeda Lama digesti (hari)
.
Level
0% 982 978
? OYo
1021 998
20% 1065
30% 1152
1104
1144
Data nilai TSS (mgll) substrat yang didigesti secwa anaerab selama 30 hari pada level LKLPK yang berbeda
Lampiran 8 Data produksi gas metan (cm 3)substratyang didigesti secara anaerob selama 30 hari pada level LKLPK yang berbeda
Data kandungan Cr(V1) (mgll) substrat yang d i i secara anaerob selama 30 hari pada level LKLPK yang berbeda
Lampiran 10 Data produksi hijauan, bahan kering, air, abu dan Cr-total Bayam cabut yang dipupuk kompos curah
Data produksi hijauail, bahan kering, air, abu dan Cr-total bayam cabut yang dipupuk kompos pelet Variabel
Level pernupukan
1
Produksi hijauan @)
10% 23.7
20% 26,7
3OYa 34,5
Produksi bahan kering (g)
25.9 3.05
2910 2.92 3,Ol 3-37
343 4.00 3.54 4.02
2318 I ,84 3.33 2,33
89.07 88.61 88.37 2-24 2,40 2,35 5,37 539
88.41 88.79 88.47 2.39 2.28 2,37 5,45 6.87 535
92.,47 89,48 90,21 2:81 2,32
1
40% 24.4 -
2.70
3.43 Kadar air (%) Kadar abu (%) Kadar Cr-total DM basis (PP~)
87,15 87,19 86.75 2,83 f ,91 2.41 4,99 4,91 4,81
553
-
-
2,14
5,84 734 5,96