CAKRAWALA PENDIDIKAN

VOLUME 17, NOMOR 1, APRIL 2015

ISSN 1410-9883

CAKRAWALA PENDIDIKAN FORUM KOMUNIKASI ILMIAH DAN EKSPRESI KREATIF ILMU PENDIDIKAN

Meningkatkan Kemandirian dan Peran Partai Politik dalam Pelaksanaan Pemerintahan Online Peer Review in the Teaching of Writing: A Preliminary Model Pengembangan Modul Penerapan Teori Graph Berbasis ICT sebagai Pedoman PKL Mahasiswa Jurusan Matematika di Industri Pemanfaatan Teknologi Multimedia dalam Pembelajaran Matematika Pengembangan Media Monopoli Edukatif melalui Metode Permainan untuk Pembelajaran Trigonometri di Kelas X SMA Applying Outdoor Learning Model to Learn Speaking to University Students Peningkatan Kemampuan Membuat Proposal Penelitian melalui Pembelajaran Model Tandur pada Mahasiswa Prodi PPKn Pengaruh Motivasi, Disiplin Kerja, dan Gaya Kepemimpinan terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Peranan Orang Tua dalam Mengatasi Kenakalan Remaja Penerapan Pembelajaran PQ4R pada Materi Peran Guru Profesional dalam Pembelajaran Mata Kuliah Profesi Kependidikan Understanding the Field in the Employment Contract Agreement of Variety Woods and Greenheart LTD Implementasi Langkah-langkah Polya pada Materi Validitas Pembuktian untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Mahasiswa Penerapan Strategi Pembelajaran Creatif Problem Solving untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berfikir Kreatif Mahasiswa Complex Sentences Found in the Jakarta Post Indirect and Direct Instructions in Vocabulary Subject

ISSN 1410-9883

CAKRAWALA PENDIDIKAN Forum Komunikasi Ilmiah dan Ekspresi Kreatif Ilmu Pendidikan Terbit dua kali setahun pada bulan April dan Oktober Terbit pertama kali April 1999

Ketua Penyunting Kadeni Wakil Ketua Penyunting Syaiful Rifa’i Penyunting Pelaksana R. Hendro Prasetianto Udin Erawanto Riki Suliana Prawoto Penyunting Ahli Miranu Triantoro Masruri Karyati Nurhadi Pelaksana Tata Usaha Yunus Nandir Sunardi

Alamat Penerbit/Redaksi: STKIP PGRI Blitar, Jalan Kalimantan No. 49 Blitar,Telepon (0342)801493. Langganan 2 nomor setahun Rp 50.000,00 ditambah ongkos kirim Rp 5.000,00. Uang langganan dapat dikirim dengan wesel ke alamat Tata Usaha. CAKRAWALA PENDIDIKAN diterbitkan oleh Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan PGRI Blitar. Ketua: Dra. Hj. Karyati, M.Si, Pembantu Ketua: M. Khafid Irsyadi, ST.,S.Pd Penyunting menerima sumbangan tulisan yang belum pernah diterbitkan dalam media cetak lain. Syaratsyarat, format, dan aturan tata tulis artikel dapat diperiksa pada Petunjuk bagi Penulis di sampul belakang-dalam jurnal ini. Naskah yang masuk ditelaah oleh Penyunting dan Mitra Bestari untuk dinilai kelayakannya. Penyunting melakukan penyuntingan atau perubahan pada tulisan yang dimuat tanpa mengubah maksud isinya.

ISSN 1410-9883

CAKRAWALA PENDIDIKAN Forum Komunikasi Ilmiah dan Ekspresi Kreatif Ilmu Pendidikan Volume 17, Nomor 1, April 2015

Daftar Isi Meningkatkan Kemandirian dan Peran Partai Politik dalam Pelaksanaan Pemerintahan ........... Miranu Triantoro Online Peer Review in the Teaching of Writing: A Preliminary Model ...................................... Ratna Nurlia Pengembangan Modul Penerapan Teori Graph Berbasis ICT sebagai Pedoman PKL Mahasiswa Jurusan Matematika di Industri ............................................................................ Sapti Wahyuningsih dan Darmawan Satyananda Pemanfaatan Teknologi Multimedia dalam Pembelajaran Matematika ..................................... Tatiek Ismiasri Pengembangan Media Monopoli Edukatif melalui Metode Permainan untuk Pembelajaran Trigonometri di Kelas X SMA .............................................................................................. Allen Jesica dan Aning WidaYanti Applying Outdoor Learning Model to Learn Speaking to University Students ......................... Andreas Peningkatan Kemampuan Membuat Proposal Penelitian melalui Pembelajaran Model Tandur pada Mahasiswa Prodi PPKn ............................................................................................... Ekbal Santoso Pengaruh Motivasi, Disiplin Kerja, dan Gaya Kepemimpinan terhadap Kinerja Karyawan ...... Kadeni Peranan Orang Tua dalam Mengatasi Kenakalan Remaja ....................................................... Kusnul Khotimah Penerapan Pembelajaran PQ4R pada Materi Peran Guru Profesional dalam Pembelajaran Mata Kuliah Profesi Kependidikan ........................................................................................ Masruri Understanding the Field in the Employment Contract Agreement of Variety Woods and Greenheart LTD ................................................................................................................... Ratna Kurnianingsih Implementasi Langkah-langkah Polya pada Materi Validitas Pembuktian untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Mahasiswa ........................................................................................................ Sitta Khoirin Nisa Penerapan Strategi Pembelajaran Creatif Problem Solving untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berfikir Kreatif Mahasiswa ................................................................................................... Udin Erawanto Complex Sentences Found in the Jakarta Post ....................................................................... Varia Virdania Virdaus Indirect and Direct Instructions in Vocabulary Subject ............................................................ Wiratno Desain sampul: H. Prawoto Setting dan Cetak: IDC Malang, email: [email protected]

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Petunjuk Penulisan Cakrawala Pendidikan 1. Naskah belum pernah diterbitkan dalam media cetak lain, diketik spasi rangkap pada kertas kuarto, panjang 10–20 halaman, dan diserahkan paling lambat 3 bulan sebelum penerbitan, dalam bentuk ketikan di atas kertas sebanyak 2 eksemplar dan pada disket komputer IBM PC atau kompatibel. Berkas naskah pada disket komputer diketik dengan menggunakan pengolah kata Microsoft Word. 2. Artikel yang dimuat dalam jurnal ini meliputi tulisan tentang hasil penelitian, gagasan konseptual, kajian dan aplikasi teori, tinjauan kepustakaan, dan tinjauan buku baru. 3. Semua karangan ditulis dalam bentuk esai, disertai judul subbab (heading) masing-masing bagian, kecuali bagian pendahuluan yang disajikan tanpa judul subbab. Peringkat judul sub-bab dinyatakan dengan jenis huruf yang berbeda, letaknya rata tepi kiri halaman, dan tidak menggunakan nomor angka, sebagai berikut. PERINGKAT 1 (HURUF BESAR SEMUA TEBAL, RATA TEPI KIRI) Peringkat 2 (Huruf Besar-kecil Tebal, Rata Tepi Kiri) Peringkat 3 (Huruf Besar-kecil Tebal, Miring, Rata Tepi Kiri) 4. Artikel konseptual meliputi (a) judul, (b) nama penulis, (c) abstrak (50–75 kata), (d) kata kunci, (e) identitas peulis (tanpa gelar akademik), (f) pendahuluan (tanpa judul subbab) yang berisi latar belakang dan tujuan atau ruang lingkup tulisan, (g) isi/pembahasan (terbagi atas sub-subjudul), (h) penutup, dan (i) daftar rujukan. Artikel hasil penelitian disajikan dengan sistematika: (a) judul, (b) nama (-nama) peneliti, (c) abstrak, (d) kata kunci, (e) identitas peneliti (tanpa gelar akademik) (f) pendahuluan (tanpa judul subbab) berisi pembahasan kepustakaan dan tujuan penelitian, (g) metode, (h) hasil, (i) pembahasan, (j) kesimpulan dan saran, dan (k) daftar rujukan. 5. Daftar rujukan disajikan mengikuti tatacara seperti contoh berikut dan diurutkan secara alfabetis dan kronologis. Anderson, D.W., Vault, V.D., dan Dickson, C.E. 1993. Problems and Prospects for the Decades Ahead: Competency Based Teacher Education. Berkeley: McCutchan Publishing Co. Huda, N. 1991. Penulisan Laporan Penelitian untuk Jurnal. Makalah disajikan dalam Lokakarya Penelitian Tingkat Dasar bagi Dosen PTN dan PTS di Malang Angkatan XIV, Pusat Penelitian IKIP MALANG, Malang, 12 Juli. Prawoto. 1988. Pengaruh Penginformasian Tujuan Pembelajaran dalam Modul terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa SD PAMONG Kelas Jauh. Tesis tidak diterbitkan. Malang: FPS IKIP MALANG.. Russel, T. 1993. An Alternative Conception: Representing Representation. Dalam P.J. Black & A. Lucas (Eds.). Children’s Informal Ideas in Science (hlm. 62-84). London: Routledge. Santosa, R. Gunawan. 2002. Aplikasi Teorema Polya Pada Enumerasi Graf sederhana, (online), (http://home.unpar.ac.id/integral.pdf.html, diakses 29 Desember 2006) Sihombing, U. 2003. Pendataan Pendidikan Berbasis Masyarakat. http://www.puskur.or.id. Diakses 21 April 2006 Zainuddin, M.H. 1999. Meningkatkan Mutu Profesi Keguruan Indonesia. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 1(1):45–52. 6. Naskah diketik dengan memperhatikan aturan tentang penggunaan tanda baca dan ejaan yang dimuat dalam Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan (Depdikbud, 1987).

82 CAKRAWALA PENDIDIKAN, VOLUME 17, NOMOR 1, APRIL 2015

UNDERSTANDING THE FIELD IN THE EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT AGREEMENT OF VARIETY WOODS AND GREENHEART LTD

Ratna Kurnianingsih STKIP PGRI Blitar [email protected]

Abstract: This is a descriptive qualitative study aimed at understanding the field in the employment contract agreement of Variety Woods and Greenheart Ltd – a timber company located in Guyana. The field which is expressed in the experiential function of language represents the topic of the text. It displays whether the lexical choices are those of common sense/everyday use or the technical/specialized ones. The result shows that the employment contract agreement under the theme of “letter” mostly uses technical/ specialized language. From this finding, it was implied that the characters involved in the text are those of the employer and employee. Keywords: field, employment contract agreement, Variety Woods and Greenheart Ltd. Abstrak: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualilatif yang bertujuan untuk memahami field dari surat kontrak kerja Variety Woods and Heart Ltd. – sebuah perusahaan kayu yang berlokasi di Guyana. Field yang tergambar pada fungsi eksperiensial bahasa mewakili topik dari teks. Field menunjukkan pilihan kata yang digunakan termasuk bahasa umum/ keseharian atau bahasa tehnis/khusus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahasa yang digunakan dalam surat kontrak kerja dengan tema “surat” sebagian besar adalah bahasa tehnis/khusus. Dari temuan ini tersirat bahwa yang terlibat dalam teks adalah pekerja dan majikan. Kata kunci: field, surat kontrak kerja, Variety Woods and Greenheart Ltd.

transfer their ideas and thoughts. Therefore, language needs to be extended to be able to be comprehended by its users. One form of the language extention is a text. Employment contract agreement is one form of business letter aiming at describing the obligations and rights of the two parties involving in the contract; those are the one who hires the worker and the one who is hired or the worker him/herself. This contract is usu-

INTRODUCTION

Language is fundamental for human life since they do various things with it. They listen to the language, they speak the language, they read the language, and they also write the language. Language is the main means for people to interact, communicate or express their ideas and thought to others which then lead them to use language to convey, share and 82

Kurnianingsih, Understanding the Field in the Employment Contract Agreement 83

ally agreed and signed by the worker upon the agreement of the content of the contract, which will be the base of her/his employment in a certain company. In dealing with the discourse analysis on employment contract agreement, context of situation plays a significant role since it covers the entire verbal and nonverbal goings on which can lead to the understanding on what the contract is about. This study is aimed at understanding the field in the employment contract agreement of Variety Woods and Greenheart Ltd – a timber company located in Guyana. On the the overall, the analysis of the context of situation covers the field, the tenor, and the mode. When people utilize language, they automatically put functions of language into play regardless they are not aware of doing that. Halliday categorized functions of language into three: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. Ideational covers the experiential and the logical function. Experiential function is the grammatical and features choices that make possible for the speaker to talk about the world as understood by people in general. Logical function is the arrangement of clauses to build a logical-semantic relationship in an utterance to make it comprehensible. Interpersonal function views that a sentence is not only a representation of the world as we understand it but also a piece of interaction between the addresser and the addressee. In textual function experiential and interpersonal functions are combined to manage a text, a coherent text that connects itself with its context. In relation to this, people employ the functions of language in either spoken or written text. It has been mentioned that a text is the extention of language. Salkie (2001, p. IX) stated that a text is a series of sentences put together as the stretch of language, and Halliday in Widowson (1879, p. 7) added that a text should be described properly by using linguistics theories and methods to show how language works. Cook in Cutting (2002, p. 2) and Brown and Yule (1983, p. 5) regards a text as a piece of spoken or written discourse as the stretches of language to be able to be mean-

ingful and unified for its users. A text can also be seen as a part of social events in which people can perform action and interaction through spoken or written language (Fairclough, 2003, p. 16). From these notions about function of language and text, it can be concluded that a text is the concrete form of language acting to represent the language itself and its uses interweaved with it the context that makes a text meaningful and functioning as a means of communication. Based on the explanation above, employment contract agreement as one form of functional text can be analyzed linguistically. As an example of ESP based text, an employment contract agreement must be understood thoroughly since it is significant especially for worker during his/her employment in a certain place. One way to analyze a text, including an employment contract agreement, is by employing the context of situation. Cutting’s (2002, p. 4) term of situational context refers to the physical involvement and the situation where the interaction happens during the speaking. While van Dijk (2009) defined context of situation as the social ‘macro-context’ for it concerns with the participants interacting face-toface within a certain setting. One outstanding notion of the context of situation is the one proposed by Halliday (1985). His notion context of situation consists of three features: the field; the tenor; and the mode. The field indicates what is happening in the situation. It is expressed in the experiential function by the choices of participants, verbs, prepositional phrases, adverbial adjuncts, and time, place, and manner deixis to create logical relationship between ideas. By the field means that we attempt to analyze whether the lexical choices are those of common sense/everyday use or the technical/specialized ones, which then determine the topic of the text. The tenor shows who are taking part in the situation. It is expressed through the interpersonal function by the uses of mood in form of statements, questions, demands, etc., modality like modal verbs and adverbs,


intonation, and appraisal, humor or other resources that reflect attitudinal meaning. By the tenor means that we attempt to analyze the sender-receiver social relationship in terms of their power, contact, and affective. Whether they have equal or unequal power, frequent or occasional contact, and low or high affective. The mode reflects what part of language is playing in the situation. It is analyzed from the textual function which includes the thematic, rhythm, cohesive devices, clause-combining strategies, and metric structure of the language used in the situation which makes it up into a text. In other words, by the mode means what kind of text is being constructed. The study of the context of situation has attracted so many people, among whom were Hu (2010) and Meiristiani (2011). Hu (2010) studied context of situation in translation, while Meiristiani (2011) studied context of situation focusing on the tenor to analyze spoken text in Year XII English Textbook. This study is aimed at fulfilling the gap between those two studies. This study focuses on only the field of the context of situations. METHOD

This research employed a descriptive and qualitative design and aimed at finding the answers related to the field appeared in the employment contract agreement of Variety Woods and Greenheart Ltd. Descriptive and qualitative design is chosen since the research involves texts in form of letter which means that the data is in form of words and not numerical that it is not appropriate to conduct a quantitative measurement to such kind of research object. The research needs to consider aspects of spoken discourse expressed in written text which then lead to more work on descriptive and qualitative than on numbers. Additionally, during the process of the research linguistic analyses are employed here that it is not possible to have it done quantitatively. All the data collected were obtained from one Employment Contract Agreement. This letter is written by Variety Woods and Green-

heart Ltd. – a timber company located in Guyana. The data collection in this research was done simultaneously with the data analysis, which means that the data analysis is not only done at the beginning of the analysis but also during the ongoing process of the data analysis. The researcher collected the data from the two drama scripts and all the data obtained shall be analyzed. The first step taken is collecting and selecting the data which has been discussed above. The next step, data reduction, concerns with identifying, selecting, and classifying or categorizing the data. The purpose of this phase is to provide a clear description of the research data and to assist the researcher to collect the data. This can be done by identifying sections of the contract agreement that match with Hallidayan functions of language. In data analysis the researcher focuses herself to the analysis of the data according to the language form involved and the correlation with Halliday’s functions of language. Having done the above step, the next step taken by the researcher is presenting the raw data in the display. The data is concerned with the process of analysis. The concept of the data take over the contract section under classifying the data found into language form involved. Data analysis is done simultaneously with the data collection. RESULT

As the initial point for analysis, the researcher inserted the content of the employment contract agreement of Variety Woods and Greenheart Ltd. as shown below. An Example of Employment Contract Agreement of Variety Woods and Greenheart Ltd. We refer to your request during September 20l2 for continued employment within the Company’s forest operations. We are prepared to offer you employment subject to the appro-


priate approval in respect of your permission to work in Guyana and on the terms and conditions set out hereunder on the clear understanding that there is no legal or other impediment regarding your acceptance of such employment. Job Title 1. Your position within the company is that of Supervisor/Stores-Keeper. 2. You will be accommodated and based at Bamboo landing in the Berbice River and/ or any other designated forest/production site(s). Commencement 1. Your employment with the Company will commence after the issuance of a Work Permit/Visa by the Immigration Authorities/ Ministry of Home Affairs. 2. The period of employment will be for a period of (2) two years and/or renewable on a yearly basis not exceeding two years and subject to the conditions set out herein. 3. Medical Examination 4. Prior to the commencement of your employment you are required to pass a medical examination by a medical officer designated by the Company. Duties 1. The main duties are set out in the attached Schedule A. 2. By the very nature of forest operational activities, other functions may be required to be performed at varying hours. 3. Your reporting relationship will be to the Operations Manager at Bamboo Landing who has overall responsibility for the Company’s activities at that location and other forest areas. Monthly Salary 1. You will be paid a monthly salary of US$375.00 (Three Hundred and Seventy Five U.S. Dollars) calculated at the median rate of exchange applicable on the last

working day of the previous month as quoted by the Demerara Bank Ltd. Annual Leave 1. You will be entitled to (14) calendar days leave on the completion of (12) months continuous service after the first year and similarly at the completion of the second year. Passage Assintance 1. On the satisfactory performance of your duties during the two year period of which the Company will be the sole judge you will be eligible for a one way economy air passage to Indonesia for yourself only by the most direct economic route. 2. Your entitlement to passage assistance must be utilized in travel only and the passage ticket will be purchased by the Company on your behalf. Accomodation/Meals 1. Since you are required to be at the forest sites accommodation with basic necessities and food-stuff will be provided for you free of cost. NIS/PAYE 1. The appropriate deductions will be made from your salary in respect of the above. 2. Sickness and other benefits will be as provided by the National Insurance Scheme. Service – Full-time Commitment 1. You will be required to give your full time service to the Company including services to be performed with any other company with which Variety Woods & Greenheart Ltd is associated or has an interest in accordance with such directions which may be given to you from time to time by the Company.


Conflict of Interest 1. Where you find yourself in a position or about to be placed in a position where it might be construed to be in your interest, financial or otherwise to make a decision or take action which is not in the best interest of the Company, then you must declare this situation to the Manager of Forest Operations of the Company. 2. You are not permitted to accept employment with, nor become an officer of, or provide services for, any commercial, industrial, governmental or professional entity without the prior written approval of the Managing Director of the Company. Confidentiality 1. As you are aware the Company carries out its business activities in a highly competitive environment. 2. All reports, designs, company plans, maps, computer programmes and other documentations are the Company’s property and shall not be disclosed to third parties. Adherence to Conpany’s Rules and Practices 1. The Company provides certain social facilities at its Bamboo Landing site and a code of practice exists whereby no consumption of alcoholic beverage is permitted at its locations and the use of illegal substances is strictly prohibited. Termination 1. This contact envisages satisfactory performance of your duties over a two year period and following which your passage to Indonesia would be paid by the Company. 2. If you fail to provide such services in a satisfactory manner of which the Company will be the sole judge, or be guilty of serious misconduct in the provision of such services, then the Company shall have the right to terminate this Agreement without notice and the Company’s only obligation will be to pay for services provided up to that point of time.

3. Where you terminate your services with the Company you will be entitled the same benefits as set out at above. General 1. Your recruitment to the post of Supervisor/ Stores-Keeper with the Company is made in Guyana. 2. Reference to US. Dollars is for the sole purpose of determining the Guyana dollar equivalent at the time of payment. 3. The provisions of the Termination of Employment and Severance Pay Act of 1997 will apply in this contractual relationship. If the foregoing terms and conditions of employment are acceptable to you, please sign the attached duplicate of this letter. I agree to the foregoing terms and conditions. As discussed previously, the field is reflected in the experiential function of language and is analyzed through participants, verbs, prepositional phrases, adverbial adjuncts, and deixis. The first discussion on the field covers the noun phrase nominal groups or semantically known as the participants: affected participant, oriented participant, carrier and causative agent. The following was the summary of the findings in term of the field of the employment contract agreement: Experiential meanings Lexical representation -Affected participants -Oriented participants -Carrier -Behavioral verbs -Mental verbs -Prepositional phrases -Adverbial adjunct -Place deixis -Time deixis

Field of discourse Subject matter Technical/specialized terms

As can be seen above, under the theme of letter, the lexical representations occurring in the employment contract agreement were affected participants, oriented participants,


carrier, behavioral verbs, mental verbs, prepositional phrases, adverbial adjunct, place deixis, and time deixis. The lexical choices appeared here were technical/specialized terms. DISCUSSION

Employment contract, as Ministry of Education Ontario (2006: 37) classified, is one form of a text which is included into functional text. It is one form of business letter. And as Halliday (in Widowson, 1979) stated that a text should be described linguistically to realize how it works. Wodak (2001: 66) stated that topic is a salient feature of the definition of discourse. These imply that an employment contract bears a certain context, involves linguistics theories and methods, and has a topic as the study aimed at. From the analysis of the experiential function of language reflected in participants, verbs, prepositional phrases, adverbial adjuncts, and deixis as the representation of what Gee (2001: 11) said as material world; activities; identities and relationships; politics; connections; and semiotics, it was found that the employment contract agreement under the theme of “letter” mostly uses technical/specialized language. Technical terms used in the employment contract agreement found throughout the letter like Supervisor/StoresKeeper, forest/production site(s), commencement, Operations Manager, salary, annual leave, accommodation, full time service to the Company, Manager of Forest Operations of the Company, Managing Director of the Company, and terminate. From this finding, it was implied that the characters involved in the text are those of the employer and employee. To be clearer, the field of the employment contract agreement can be stated as follows: Theme : Letter

Topics :1. Agreement between employer and employee. 2. Profesionalism in work place is de-

manded for employer and employee. CONCLUSION

Employment Contract Agreement has never been analyzed before by using context of situation proposed by Halliday. Previous studies on context of situation discussed its use in translation (Hu, 2010) and short spoken texts (Meiristiani, 2011). The spoken texts analyzed was in form of dialogue however it was short, involving only two participants and employing only the tenor. Based on the research findings and the discussions there are several conclusions that can be drawn: 1) Hallidayan context of situation comprises of three aspects: the field, the tenor and the mode which altogether known as register. The field is reflected in experiential function of language through the choices of participants, verbs, prepositional phrases, adverbial adjuncts, and time and place deixis which altogether underlie the topic of the text; 2) The result and the discussion of the employment contract agreement show that in the employment contract agrement, in the field level, causative agent is absent and yet the field can still be identified which in turns determines the topics; 3) In instructional setting, whether in general English or ESP as has been studied, a reader needs to be able to identify the topic of the language use in the text. It can be done through the application of the field of the context of situation. REFERENCES Bogdan, R. C., & Sari K. Biklen. 1998. Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Method (3rd Ed). Needham Heights: Allyn and Bacon. Brown, G., and Yule, G. 1983. Discourse Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press. Cutting, J. 2002. Pragmatics and Discourse: A Resource Book for Students. New York: Routledge. Fairclough, N. 2003. Analyzing Discourse. New York: Routledge.


Gee, J.P. 2001. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. New York: Routledge. http://www.ilmiahpendidikan.com/2012/04/context-of-situation-and-context-of.html Hu, S. 2010. Context of Situation in Translation. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, (Online), Vol. 1, N0. 3, (http://www. academypublisher.com, retrieved on 21 July 2012). M.A.K. Halliday and the context of situation (Online) (http://www.unive.it/.../6_MAK_ Halliday.pdf, retrieved on 21 July 2012). Martin, and Rose. 2003. Working with Discourse: Meaning beyond the Clause. London: Continuum, p.254. Meiristiani, N. 2011. Understanding Tenor in spoken Texts in Year XII English Textbook to Improve the Appropriacy of the Texts. Conaplin Journal, (Online), Vol 1, NO. 1, (Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/IJAL/issue/current, retrieved on 11 March 2013). Meyer, C. 2009. Introducing English Linguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Nida, E.A. 2001. Language and Culture: Context in Translating. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Pp. 10-22. Philosophy 103: Introduction to Logic Common Forms and Functions of Language. (Online) (http://www.signosemio.com/.../functions-oflanguage, retrieved on 21 July 2012). Salkie, R. 1995. Text and Discourse Analysis. New York: Routledge. Schiffrin, D., Tannen, D., and Hamilton, H.E. (Eds). 2001. The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Masachussetts: Blackwell Publisher Ltd. Yin, R. K. 2011. Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York: The Guilford Press. van Dijk, T.A. 2009. Society and Discourse: How Social Contexts Influence Text and Talk. New York: Cambridge University Press. Wodak, R. 2001. The discourse-historical approach. In Ruth W. & Michael M. (Eds). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. (Pp. 63-94). London: Sage Publications Ltd.

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