ARSITEKTUR DAN ORGANISASI KOMPUTER
Aditya Wikan Mahastama
[email protected]
Sejarah Singkat Komputer Bus Sistem
1 UNIV KRISTEN DUTA WACANA – GENAP 1213
What was computer like in the past days?
Compute Compute! Compute!
Only supports
The Pascaline (1642) Invented by Blaise Pascal at age 19
+
addition ( )
Using the same principles of modern odometer
Leibniz Stepped Reckoner:
+-x/
Hollerith Desk (1890) Invented by Herman Hollerith For the 1890 US census
Uses punched cards to represent input numbers
Punched card idea? Joseph Marie Jacquard’s power loom (1801)
Raw data input
NUMBERS to calculate
THE POWER LOOM
Draw something using matrices
The possibility to enter input sequences
THE POWER LOOM
Rasterisation (pixels)
Programs an Evolution
Dawn of The Dinosaurs
The Harvard Mark I (1944) Built by Harvard and IBM Electro-mechanical computer 5 bhp 5 tons 500 miles of wire
23-digit number + - : 0.3 seconds × : 4 seconds ÷: 10 seconds Got the first bug
iki bug-e
The Giants
ENIAC (1946)
IBM Stretch (1959)
The Giants
Sequential input
PROGRAMS to compute
The Modern Ones
UNIVAC 1232 (1960)
DEC PDP-12 (1969)
The Modern Ones
Further advance in
INPUT/OUTPUT and the need of
STORAGE
The IBM PC (1981) Main model for today’s computers architecture and organisation
Computer’s evolution
Shall we begin with
What is a bus?
A bus is: Any connecting lines between two or more devices, used as a communication pathway It is broadcast in function; can be used by anyone connected to it Does not interfere with power lines One bus line can only carry a single bit of data at one time One bus can only used by a single component at one time
A bus is:
What does a bus look like?
Motherboard Is a bunch of BUSWAYS
A bus line can only carry a single bit each time
So, how to deal with speed?
Computer uses clock to administer itself
A bus line can only carry a single bit each time Computer uses clock to administer itself
Choice to speed up the bus:
Widen the bus lines
e.g one clock tick = 1 second
A bus line can only carry a single bit each time Computer uses clock to administer itself
Choice to speed up the bus:
Set the clock faster raise the frequency (MHz)
e.g one clock tick = 1/4 second
Is there any difference of speed between components connected to a bus?
Yes, and there will always be. So?
Use multiple buses, each to serve an array of components of the (nearly) same speed Connect different buses with a bridge or a controller interface, to synchronize the speed and data transmission
Traditional ISA Bus topology
Our computer’s Bus topology
Bus Line Types: Data Line Digunakan untuk mengirim data (numerik/biner) Address Line Digunakan untuk mengirim alamat komponen tujuan (memory/register/input-output/periferal lainnya) Control Line Digunakan untuk mengirim data instruksi kepada alamat ybs; baca data, tuliskan data, interrupt, program clock atau instruksi hardware
Bus Line Usage Types: Dedicated Tiap tipe line digunakan untuk mengirim data hanya sesuai tipenya
Bus Line Usage Types: Multiplexed Hanya ada satu jenis line yang digunakan untuk mengirim berbagai jenis data
Bus Line Usage Types: Multiplexed Hanya ada satu jenis line yang digunakan untuk mengirim berbagai jenis data
How to deal with turns? Centralised A component who wants to use bus, report to the controller (used to be in CPU, now in motherboard), and get a queue number to use the bus Distributed The controller is embedded in each component, so if a component wants to use bus, its controller reads the bus’ status. If the bus is ready and idle, it claims the turn, and the component uses the bus.
What did each component sends & receives?
Memory • Receives and sends data • Receives addresses (of locations) • Receives control signals – Read – Write – Timing
Input / Output • Output – Receive data from computer – Send data to peripheral
• Input – Receive data from peripheral – Send data to computer
Input / Output • Receive control signals from computer • Send control signals to peripherals – e.g. spin disk
• Receive addresses from computer – e.g. port number to identify peripheral
• Send interrupt signals (control)
CPU / Processor • • • •
Reads instruction and data Writes out data (after processing) Sends control signals to other units Receives (& acts on) interrupts
Demikian Materi Hari Ini • Topik Berikutnya: Modul Input-Output
