ABSTRAK PENGARUH COKELAT HITAM (THEOBROMA CACAO) TERHADAP MEMORI JANGKA PENDEK
Sherilyn Kendis Wenas, 1210109 Pembimbing 1 : Dr. Iwan Budiman , dr., MS., MM., M.Kes., AIF. Pembimbing 2 : Ellya Rosa Delima, dr., M.Kes Latar Belakang Memori adalah penyimpanan pengetahuan yang didapat untuk dapat diingat kembali kemudian. Proses memori dimulai dari encoding (pengkodean terhadap apa yang dipersepsi, yaitu proses menerima), storage (penyimpanan), dan retrieval (pemulihan kembali terhadap apa yang telah dialami atau dipelajari sebelumnya). Memori jangka pendek diperlukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari karena memori jangka pendek berperan, dalam proses berpikir dan merencanakan tindakan. Cokelat hitam baik untuk kesehatan, karena kandungan antioksidan flavanoid yang dapat melancarkan peredaran darah, dan stimulan golongan methylxantin, theobromine juga kafein dalam cokelat mampu meningkatkan memori jangka pendek. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh cokelat hitam terhadap peningkatan memori jangka pendek. Metode penelitian eksperimental semu, dengan objek penelitian wanita berjumlah 30 orang, berusia 18-22 tahun kemudian dilakukan tes memori jangka pendek, sebelum dan sesudah mengonsumsi cokelat hitam. Analisis statistik yang digunakan adalah paired t-test dengan α=0.05. Hasil skor rata-rata tes memori jangka pendek setelah makan cokelat 42, lebih tinggi secara signifikan daripada sebelum makan cokelat 39. (p<0,01).
Simpulan Cokelat hitam mampu meningkatkan memori jangka pendek seseorang. Kata kunci: cokelat hitam, memori jangka pendek.
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ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF DARK CHOCOLATE (THEOBROMA CACAO) CONSUMPTION TOWARDS SHORT TERM MEMORY
Sherilyn Kendis Wenas, 1210109 Tutor 1 : Dr. Iwan Budiman , dr., MS., MM., M.Kes., AIF. Tutor 2 : Ellya Rosa Delima, dr., M.Kes Background Memory is knowlegde that we may retrieve later on. Memory process begin with encoding (to code whatʻs our perception, an excepting process), storage (storing memories), and retrieval (to recall what happen previously, or what have been learnt). Short term memory is essential in daily activities because short term memory have a role, in thinking process and action planing. Dark chocolates beneficial for our health, because the content of antioxidant, flavanoid that allows blood stream to accelerate, and stimulants, group of methylxantines, theobromine and caffeine in chocolate that is able to improve short term memory. Objectives To know dark chocolate’s benefit towards the improvement of short term memory. Methods quasi experimental, the amount is 30 females, in the age of 18-22 years old. Data were analyzed by paired t-test with α=0.05. Results the result of the short term memory test is 42, significantly higher compare to the short term memory test before consuming dark chocolate 39 (p<0,01).
Conclusions Dark chocolate have the ability to improve short term memory. Key words: dark chocolate, short term memory.
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DAFTAR ISI
JUDUL............................................................................................................ i LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN........................................................................ ii SURAT PERNYATAAN.............................................................................iii ABSTRAK.................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT.................................................................................................... v KATA PENGANTAR................................................................................. vi DAFTAR ISI.............................................................................................. viii DAFTAR TABEL........................................................................................ xi DAFTAR GAMBAR.................................................................................. xii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN............................................................................. xiii BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang.........................................................................................1 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah.................................................................................2 1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan Penelitian.................................................................2 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian....................................................................................2 1.3 Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis 1.3.1 Kerangka Pemikiran ........................................................................2 1.3.2 Hipotesis ..........................................................................................4 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Memori....................................................................................................5 2.1.1 Fisiologi Otak Dalam Memori.........................................................5 2.1.1.1 Sistem Limbik..........................................................................9 2.1.1.2 Fungsi Hipokampus.................................................................10 2.1.1.3 Fungsi Amigdala......................................................................11 2.1.2 Jenis-jenis memori...........................................................................12 2.1.3 Proses Penyimpanan Memori..........................................................14 2.1.4 Dasar Molekular Memori................................................................18 2.2 Sistem Neurohormonal Otak...................................................................19 2.3 Cokelat (Theobroma cacao)....................................................................22
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2.3.1 Sejarah Cokelat................................................................................23 2.3.2 Manfaat Cokelat..............................................................................24 2.3.3 Kandungan Cokelat.........................................................................27 2.3.3.1 Theobromine............................................................................28 2.3.3.2 Kafein.....................................................................................30 2.3.3.3 Antioksidan............................................................................31 BAB III BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN 3.1 Alat, Bahan, dan Subjek........................................................................33 3.1.1 Alat-alat Penelitian.........................................................................33 3.1.2 Bahan Penelitian.............................................................................33 3.1.3 Subjek Penelitian............................................................................33 3.1.4 Ukuran Sampel................................................................................33 3.2 Tahap Penelitian.................................................................................... 34 3.2.1 Jenis Penelitian................................................................................34 3.2.2 Analisis Data ...................................................................................34 3.2.3 Data yang Diukur............................................................................34 3.3 Variabel Penelitian dan Definisi Operasional........................................34 3.3.1 Variabel Penelitian..........................................................................34 3.3.2 Definisi Operasional Variabel Penelitian........................................34 3.4 Prosedur Penelitian.................................................................................35 3.4.1 Persiapan Penelitian…....................................................................35 3.4.2 Prosedur Penelitian.........................................................................35 3.5 Metode Analisis.....................................................................................36 3.6 Hipotesis Statistik..................................................................................36 3.7 Kriteria Uji.............................................................................................36 3.8 Aspek Penelitian.....................................................................................36 BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1 Hasil Penelitian..................................................................................... 38 4.1.1 Pengaruh Cokelat Hitam Terhadap Memori Jangka Pendek.........38 4.2 Pembahasan............................................................................................39 4.3 Pengujian Hipotesis Penelitian...............................................................40
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BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1 Simpulan…............................................................................................42 5.2 Saran......................................................................................................42 DAFTAR PUSTAKA.................................................................................43 LAMPIRAN................................................................................................46 RIWAYAT HIDUP....................................................................................53
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Kandungan Cocoa Dalam Berbagai Jenis Cokelat............................28 Tabel 4.1 Hasil Pengolahan Data Rata-rata Setelah dan.......................................38 Sebelum Makan Cokelat Hitam Tabel 4.2 Hasil Pengolahan Data Skor Setelah Makan Cokelat...................................38
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1 Mekanisme Kerja Cokelat Hitam.................................................4 Terhadap Memori Jangka Pendek Gambar 2.1 Lobus Korteks.............................................................................6 Gambar 2.2 Anatomi Sistem Limbik.............................................................10 Gambar 2.3 Pendekatan Information-Processing..........................................17 Gambar 2.4 Proses Memori............................................................................17 Gambar 2.5 Theobroma cacao.......................................................................22 Gambar 2.6 Theobromine..............................................................................28 Gambar 2.7 Kafein.........................................................................................30
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Tes Memori..................................................................................46 Lampiran 2 Informed Consent........................................................................48 Lampiran 3 Hasil Tes Memori........................................................................49 Lampiran 4 Analisis Statistik.........................................................................50 Lampiran 5 Surat Keputusan Komisi Etik Penelitian.....................................51 Lampiran 6 Dokumentasi................................................................................52
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