ABOUT THIS RESEARCH COLOFON REGIONAL FOOD SYSTEM

Vereniging Eetbaar Rotterdam

arrotterdam.nl

aarrotterdam.nl

Eetbaar Rotterdam

aarrotterdam.nl


Eetbaar Rotterdam

aarrotterdam.nl

Eetbaar Rotterdam

arrotterdam.nl

aarrotterdam.nl

Eetbaar Rotterdam

arrotterdam.nl

aarrotterdam.nl

arrotterdam.nl

Eetbaar Rotterdam

arrotterdam.nl

aarrotterdam.nl

Eetbaar Rotterdam

arrotterdam.nl

aarrotterdam.nl

Eetbaar Rotterdam

arrotterdam.nl

aarrotterdam.nl

Eetbaar Rotterdam

arrotterdam.nl

aarrotterdam.nl

Eetbaar Rotterdam

arrotterdam.nl

aarrotterdam.nl

Eetbaar Rotterdam

www.eetbaarrotterdam.nl


[email protected]



[email protected]



[email protected]



[email protected]



[email protected]



[email protected]



[email protected]



[email protected]



[email protected]

[email protected]

arrotterdam.nl

Room for Urban Agriculture in Rotterdam SUMMARY

ABOUT THIS RESEARCH

COLOFON

REGIONAL FOOD SYSTEM

Since 2007 a group of Rotterdam citizens has been active under the name Eetbaar Rotterdam (Edible Rotterdam). Coming from different disciplines this expert group has been stimulating and initiating urban agriculture in Rotterdam, because they believe urban agriculture can greatly benefit the city. The research “Room for Urban Agriculture in Rotterdam” is founded in the vision of Eetbaar Rotterdam. At its center is a mapping of opportunities for urban agriculture in Rotterdam. The resulting opportunity map is tested by a number of design case studies that show how to realise the mapped potential. The approach developed in this research is suitable for wider application and can be translated to other cities.

This research has been initiated and conducted by

Seen from an agricultural viewpoint urban agriculture can play a role in regionalising the food system. Not in order to make the city self-sufficient (although local food production does make cities more resilient) but to complement and enrich the agricultural production in the countryside. Urban agriculture can provide a window to the countryside connecting city dwellers with regional farmers and their products.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR ROTTERDAM Rotterdam has a number of social, economical and environmental problems that all affect the liveability of the city. Poor quality living environments with a lack of adequate green spaces and recreational facilities and public health issues related to pollution lead to social degradation, high unemployment due to a lack of job opportunities and further health related problems such as obesity caused by bad nutrition and lack of exercise. The social, economical and cultural spin-off from agriculture (including fresh local food, education, physical exercise, relaxation, job opportunities and community activities that can improve social cohesion) fits very well with the objectives stated in recent Rotterdam policy documents. The promise of urban agriculture is that it can make the interdependence of different objectives apparent and inspire an integrated approach in stead of the sectoral approach that is now common in municipal policy. By facilitating the initiative of entrepreneurs this policy focuses on investment in social capital rather than structural subsidy.

Paul de Graaf Ontwerp & Onderzoek In cooperation with: Bas de Groot (ER, St. UIT JE EIGEN STAD) Nicole Hoven (Rotterdamse Oogst) Jos de Krieger (ER, 2012Architecten) Césare Peeren (ER, 2012Architecten) Dr. Jan Willem van der Schans (ER, LEI/RSO-WUR) Scientific reflection: Dr.ir. A. van Timmeren (TUD - Faculteit Bouwkunde Green Building Innovation, Climate Design & Product Development) Prof. dr. A.J.J. van der Valk (WUR - Land Use Planning) Prof.dr.ir. J.S.C. Wiskerke (WUR - Rurale Sociologie) This research was supported in part by the Netherlands Architecture Fund (Stimuleringsfonds voor Architectuur) Special thanks to: Eetbaar Rotterdam (ER) Rien Bongers (ER, Het Portaal) Kees van Oorschot (dS+V) Birgitte Louise Hansen All illustrations are made by the author unless otherwise mentioned. The impressions of the case studies (with the exception of Ommoord) have been made by 2012Architecten. Reference photos have been used without kind permission. Please contact me if you are the author of these and don’t approve of their use. With thanks to the following Rotterdam and regional authorities for providing information: dS+V Rotterdam Gemeentewerken GGD Klimaatbureau Rotterdam DCMR GZH With thanks to the following Rotterdam housing corporations for filling in the questionnaire on the ‘Housing stock’s potential for urban agriculture’: Woonbron COM.wonen PWS For further inquiries please send an email to: [email protected] www.eetbaarrotterdam.nl www.pauldegraaf.eu Rotterdam, march 2011

URBAN

URBAN

REGIONAL

REGIONAL

NATIONAL

NATIONAL

GLOBAL

GLOBAL

AGRICULTURE INSIDE THE CITY The research limits itself to agriculture in cities that is different in form and organisation from conventional agriculture and is shaped by urban conditions. The studied area is confined to the Rotterdam urban area and its northern and southern perimeter.

AGRICULTURE IN SERVICE OF THE CITY The food cycle according to Eetbaar Rotterdam offers social and environmental benefits that make the city more sustainable and liveable. The urban farmer is at the centre of this cycle: a professional that combines agricultural knowledge and an understanding of the possibilities and restrictions of the city.

URBAN FARMER

FOREST GARDENING self-organisation

Forest gardening

connected with surroundings

Layered perennial polyculture producing nuts, fruits, roots and other (non) edible crops

closed nutrient loop KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE

Potential: alternative model for design and maintenance of (semi)public green, nature education

energie-extensive Soil based cultivation LABOUR INTENSIVE (re)use of waste nutrients

SMALL-PLOT SOIL-BASED CULTIVATION Fruit and vegetable cultivation on small plots spread around the city

Hydroponics CAPITAL INTENSIVE closed nutrient loop controll

Aquaponics

energie-intensive

isolated from surroundings soil bound

Potential: use of backyards and left over public green space

SOIL-BASED CULTIVATION ON ROOFTOPS building integrated

Matrix of promising types and their characteristics

Fruit and vegetable cultivation on roofs spread around the city Potential: productive green roofs with dynamic maintenance with all its environmental and aesthetic benefits

PROMISING TYPES Promising types of urban agriculture have been determined based on international best practice and expert judgement of the local context. These types produce food as well as services to the city. Services vary - depending on the type - from employment and education to green maintenance, (organic) waste processing and air- and waterpurification.

ROOFTOP HYDROPONICS Lightweight ‘off-the-grid’ vegetable cultivation on substrate in rooftop greenhouse Potential: use of rooftop space and sustainable renovation existing city

HABITAT Characteristics of the urban fabric, zoning areas, (waste) resources, subsoil et cetera offer different opportunities for each urban agriculture type. On basis of the combined potential of these spatial indicators the preferred habitat for each type can be determined; the place that offers the best circumstances for survival and allows them to thrive.

AQUAPONICS Polyculture with combination of fish and vegetable cultivation and possibly other crops/ cattle such as worms (vermiculture) connected in cycles.

Spatial, environmental and socio-cultural characteristics

Potential: reuse of waste streams, temporary use of fallow land and vacant buildings

HABITAT URBAN AGRICULTURE TYPES

USE AND PURPOSE OF THE OPPORTUNITY MAP This is by no means a definitive map of urban agriculture in Rotterdam, as the field is in constant development. But the underlying principles suggest how urban agriculture can be a strategic part of transforming the city in a sustainable system. Not by planning and regulation, but by guiding and stimulating the initiative of entrepreneurs in the right places. Therefore the map is of interest to both entrepreneurs and policy makers and other parties that want to involve themselves in urban agriculture as part of their activities. INNOVATIVE AND REALISTIC

Opportunity map with case study locations

The vision of Eetbaar Rotterdam – and this research – differs from other plans and strategies for urban agriculture in the Netherlands in: - the combination of innovation and realism of its approach, seeking a true connection between city and agriculture, - its founding in practice, both in the Netherlands and the USA, the UK and Canada, - its multidisciplinary approach, and - emphasis on a growth model that can start with a few ground-breaking examples, but that can be applied on a wider scale that can positively affect the city as a whole.

OPPORTUNITY MAP Opportunity maps for each urban agriculture type visualise their habitat; an area with potential for that type - not a collection of suitable locations but a area in which one is likely to find such locations; an area where space is available and accessible, with needs that can be serviced by urban agriculture and with less or no restrictions. In a sense these maps suit the needs of the entrepreneur that already has a (or several) specific type(s) of urban agriculture in mind. The maps can help in finding locations and assessing the their potential.

By combining these maps the perspective shifts to opportunities for Rotterdam that can inform public policy. By determining types of urban agriculture that are most beneficial for the city, these can be actively stimulated. To illustrate this, case studies were made of four promising locations. Together they represent the spectrum of possibilities that professional urban agriculture offers in spatial, environmental and social sense. The case studies are not singular examples but are chosen to show ways to fulfil the potential of urban agriculture that can be replicated on other locations in the city.

Growth model: Netwerk of urban farms connected in cycles

WATERSCHAP

Room for Urban Agriculture in Rotterdam SUMMARY

PARTNER (COMPOSTERING)

GEMEENTE

CASE STUDIES - four design concepts for Rotterdam

GEBOUWEIGENAAR

STADSBOER

KRUIDENSPECIALIST

WARENHUIS

OMWONENDEN

Daktuin in het centrum Kruiden/bloementeelt, kleinfruitteelt, bijenteelt, gebruik en verkoop in Bijenkorf Locatie: dak Bijenkorf Vestigingsfactoren: ligging / icoonfunctie / ondergebruikt dak Ruimtelijk: Toegankelijke groene ruimte in de stad Sociaal: Educatie en marketing Milieu: Wateropvang en hittereductie

RESTAURANT/KOFFIEBAR

KLANTEN

BEZOEKERS

From edible green to rooftop greenhouses; these examples each have their own distinctive balance between social, environmental and spatial qualities in relation to the city. ACTOREN

irrigatie

ACTOREN op locatie

dracht/bestuiving

irrigatie

honing

hemelwater

fruit

ruit afval

RESTAURANT

Natural Care for the City

enkorf

DELI

Roof innercity department store MILIEUTECHNISCH DOORSNEDE

GEMEENTE

rconi rip

groene buitenruimte

PARTNER (AANLEVERING NUTRIENTEN)

STADSBOER COOPERATIE

BIJENTEELT

honing

PARTNER (COMPOSTERING)

dracht/bestuiving

kleinfruit

WATERSCHAP PARTNER (COMPOSTERING)

STADSBOER

KLANTEN

KRUIDENSPECIALIST

WARENHUIS

ACTOREN op locatie

RESTAURANT/KOFFIEBAR

bezoekers

VUILVERBRANDING

fijn stof

O2 irrigatie

kruiden verwerking

hemelwater

berging

berging

fruit

gft afval

klanten

dracht/bestuiving

CO2

irrigatie hemelwater

compost

klanten

bezoekers

WARENHUIS

Urban farm / Stromenhub in transformatiezone delicatessen compostering en vollegrondsteelt op bedden Aquaponics, compostering Locatie: Marconistrip / Vierhavens restaurant Vestigingsfactoren: tijdelijk beschikbare ruimte Ruimtelijk: Gebruik tijdelijke grond / leegstaande gebouwen Sociaal: link met wijken eromheen / werkgelegenheid / educatie / kwartiermaker Milieu: gebruik restafval fruitterminal

honing

ACTOREN

arlois Bijenkorf einweg

shop-in-shop

VOLLEGRONDSTEELT

GEBOUWEIGENAAR

omwonenden

kruidenspecialist

kruiden

PARTNERS

(HORECA/RETAIL) GEMEENTE

VRIJWILLIGERS

RESTAURANT

RIOOL

kruiden

ACTOREN INRICHTING

LOCATIE

DELI

VOEDSELKRINGLOOP VOLLEGRONDSTEELT

mmoord Marconi ntrum Strip

Closed Cycle Early Settler

koffieboer bierbrouwerij

Harbour brownfield area

pulp bostel

paddestoelen

MILIEUTECHNISCH DOORSNEDE WATERSCHAP

groenten & fruit gewasbescherming

GEMEENTE

enkorf Charlois Pleinweg

BEWONERS

sla, kruiden

HORECA/RETAIL

ZUIVERINGS/ NUTRIENTENBOER

WONINGBOUWCORPORATIE / VVE

kip & ei

VOER

STADSBOER PARTNER (COMPOSTERING)

KLANTEN

GEMEENTE

PARTNER (AANLEVERING NUTRIENTEN) ACTOREN

STADSBOER ACTOREN

op locatie

COOPERATIE

PARTNERS (HORECA/RETAIL)

vrijwilligers

gesloten waterkringloop Kassen op de woonwijk vis Groenteteelt VOER cooperatie Locatie: Charlois - Dorpsweg/PleinwegAQUAPONICS black worm regenwatersurplus, Vestigingsfactoren: krachtwijk, ondergebruikt dak fly stadsboerderij compostering soldier larven daklandschap Ruimtelijk: In cultuur brengen winkel bierbostel Sociaal: Lokale werkgelegenheid / educatie koffiepulp streek Millieu: Renovatie woningbouw / Wateropvang en gebruik restwarmte woningen / Hergesupermarkt bruik nutrienten uit (huishoudelijk) afvalwater compostering

gewasbescherming wormen/larven

restaurant

irrigatie

hemelwater berging

klanten/leden

rconi Ommoord rip Centrum

wormencompost

ACTOREN leden

VUILVERBRANDING

INRICHTING

RIOOL

LOCATIE

compostering

paddestoelen

vis

sla

kip & ei

groente & fruit

leden cooperatie

bezoekers

VOEDSELKRINGLOOP

Climate Proofing Rooftop Greenhouse

arlois enkorf einweg

Roof apartment block MILIEUTECHNISCH DOORSNEDE

bladgroente vruchtgroente

mmoord rconi ntrum rip

HYDROCULTUUR 1:200

GEMEENTE

WONINGCORPORATIE

cooperatie

WATERSCHAP GEMEENTE STADSBOER

PARTNER (SCHAAPSHERDER)

CURSISTEN

WONINGBOUWCORPORATIE / VVE

VRIJWILLIGERS

arlois einweg

ZUIVERINGS/ NUTRIENTENBOER

anaerobe vergisting

HORECA/RETAIL

wc

klanten

bewoners

BEWONERS

warmtewisselaar

vloeibare mest

STADSBOER

ACTOREN

ACTOREN

ACTOREN op locatie

INRICHTING

wc

Eetbaar groen rond (en op) naoorlogse flats Forest gardening (in combinatie met schapenteelt) Locatie: Ommoord centrumgebied Vestigingsfactoren: schone grond, ondergebruikt bewonersgroen Ruimtelijk: beter gebruik van groen / mooier, diverser groen leden Sociaal: meer participatie in leefomgeving (ouderen/ jongeren), RIOOL Milieu: (bio)diverser groen, mogelijk gebruik nutrientrijke kwel

LOCATIE

wc

eten

hemelwater

hemelwater

anaerobe vergisting

berging

warmtepomp

seizoensopslag

VOEDSELKRINGLOOP

Low Maintenance Edible Urban Nature

mmoord ntrum

Postwar housing area

noten & fruit O2

vezels en bouwmateriaal

kruiden

MILIEUTECHNISCH DOORSNEDE

paddestoelen CO2

knolgewassen

GEMEENTE 25-35

WONINGCORPORATIE 25-35

ginkgo biloba

STADSBOER

20-30

20-30

eik (quercus)

PARTNER (SCHAAPSHERDER)

stikstofbinders

schimmeldraden/ wortelsysteem

cooperatie/ openluchtschool

bodem

lucht

vrijwilligers

bacteries leden

bewoners VUILVERBRANDING

20

RIOOL

15 walnoot (juglans regia)

bezoekers

nutrienten en mineralen

schimmels

20

fijn stof

5

Eetbaar Rotterdam

arrotterdam.nl

aarrotterdam.nl

arrotterdam.nl

aarrotterdam.nl

arrotterdam.nl

aarrotterdam.nl

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Eetbaar Rotterdam

arrotterdam.nl

arrotterdam.nl

aarrotterdam.nl

arrotterdam.nl

aarrotterdam.nl

arrotterdam.nl

aarrotterdam.nl

arrotterdam.nl

aarrotterdam.nl

arrotterdam.nl


aarrotterdam.nl



[email protected]



[email protected]



[email protected]



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They are complementary in the way they contribute to the urban food diet and are based on potentially viable business models.


VOEDSELKRINGLOOP


LOCATIE

[email protected]

INRICHTING

arrotterdam.nl

15

aarrotterdam.nl

Acacia dealbata

N

bewoners

ACTOREN

populieren

15 els (alnus glutinosa)

C

N

compostering

cursisten

Eetbaar Rotterdam

Eetbaar Rotterdam

Eetbaar Rotterdam

Eetbaar Rotterdam

Eetbaar Rotterdam

Eetbaar Rotterdam

Eetbaar Rotterdam

Eetbaar Rotterdam

Illustrations show (from left to right) the stakeholders, the contribution to the urban food cycle, the environmental performance and the spatial qualities.

ABOUT THIS RESEARCH COLOFON REGIONAL FOOD SYSTEM

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