Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea Charles Seife The Babylonians invented it, the Greeks banned it, the Hindus worshiped it, and the Church used it to fend off heretics. Now it threatens the principles of contemporary physics. for hundreds of years the ability of 0 savored of the demonic; as soon as harnessed, it turned crucial instrument in mathematics. For zero, infinity's twin, isn't like different numbers. it's either not anything and everything. In Zero, technological know-how Journalist Charles Seife follows this innocent-looking quantity from its start as an japanese philosophical thought to its fight for attractiveness in Europe, its upward thrust and transcendence within the West, and its everpresent hazard to fashionable physics. listed below are the mythical thinkers--from Pythagoras to Newton to Heisenberg, from the Kabalists to ultra-modern astrophysicists--who have attempted to appreciate it and whose clashes shook the principles of philosophy, science, mathematics, and religion. 0 has pitted East opposed to West and religion opposed to reason, and its intransigence persists at the hours of darkness middle of a black gap and the intense flash of the massive Bang. Today, 0 lies Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea on the center of 1 of the largest clinical controversies of all time: the search for a conception of everything. Ketika Leonardo da Pisa (kelak dikenal juga sebagai Fibonacci) memperkenalkan angka nol ke Eropa, dia banyak dihujat kaum terpelajar di sana. Alasannya, selain angka tersebut berasal dari negeri kaum kafir, Arab (sebenarnya awal mula sejarah angka nol berasal dari peradaban Hindu, tapi diadaptasi, 'dipermudah', dan 'diperluas' oleh ilmuwan arab Al-Khawarizmi), orang2 Eropa juga merasa terancam oleh kehadiran angka ini. Dengan hadirnya angka nol, bisa dikatakan sistem numeral Romawi yang terdisi dari abjad (misal I untuk 1, V untuk 5, dll) akan menjadi usang.Memang, untuk penggunaan luas, sistem bilangan Romawi menjadi ribet dan terlalu panjang. Karena, pada hakikatnya, bilangan Romawi nyaris tidak mengenal nilai tempat. Akibatnya, saat menuliskan angka dengan nilai bilangan besar, sangat sulit untuk menuliskan bilangan tersebut dengan angka Romawi. contohnya, bilangan 1888 jika ditulis dalam bilangan Romawi menjadi MDCCCLXXXVIII. Biar lebih dramatis lagi, coba tulis bilangan 14.792.483.388 dalam bilangan Romawi. Berapa baris yang dibutuhkan? :)Kedua, bilangan Romawi sama sekali tidak bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan bilangan desimal. Mungkin angka 1/2, 1/4, Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea dsb (jumlahnya sedikit) masih bisa ditulis dengan berupa simbol sederhana, tapi bagaimana jika menulis 11/17? berapa nilai eksaknya? Semua kesulitan itu disebabkan oleh satu hal, sistem bilangan Romawi tidak mengenal angka nol!Akhirnya, dengan mempertimbangkan hal tersebut, bangsa Eropa menerima penggunaan bilangan nol. Namun, seandainya mereka dapat meramal masa depan dan melihat efek angka nol bagi peradaban modern, niscaya mereka akan mati-matian mempertahankan sistem bilangan Romawi dan menolak kehadiran angka nol.Apa pasal? ternyata, angka nol tak selugu penampilannya. Meski bentuknya sangat bersahaja, cuma berbentuk lingkaran (0), bahkan di beberapa budaya hanya cukup diwakili tanda titik (.), namun bisa dikatakan, dari angka nol inilah segala mula masalah sains, teknologi, hingga filsafat bermula. Bisa Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea dikatakan, tanpa angka nol, peradaban manusia tidak mungkin memiliki wajah seperti dewasa ini. (komputer dan net yang jauh lebih ajaib daripada Piramida Mesir tidak
akan hadir tanpa angka nol. inget sistem bilangan biner?)Awal bab buku ini memberikan contoh bagaimana sebuah kapal selam canggih nan mahal nyaris tenggelam Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea dan tak berdaya karena hal sepele, sistem pemrograman pengendali mesinnya ngadat karena dalam pemrograman komputasinya, ada satu kehadiran angka nol yang tidak pada tempatnya. Ajaib. Hanya perlu satu angka nol ntuk menjadikan kapal selam canggih dan mahal itu menjadi rongsokan besi karatan di dasar samudera. Yah, meski pada akhirnya kapal tersebut dapat diperbaiki, tapi itupun perlu usaha ekstra keras, terlambat sedikit saja, bisa deadly akibatnya.Di lain pihak, fisika (yang pada gilirannya nanti tanpa ampun menyeret dunia filsafat dalam gejolak arus membingungkan) hampir mengalami kematian karena terbentur masalah angka nol. Pada penghujung abad 19, Fisikawan terkenal Inggris, Lord Calvin (John Calvin, terkenal karena kajiannya di bidang kalor, namanya diabadikan menjadi nama satuan standar pengukur temperatur mutlak, derajat Kalvin) mengatakan bahwa ilmu Fisika sudah selesai. teori Mekanika Newton, teori gelombang elektromagnetik Maxwell, (dan secara tidak langsung dia menyebut teori termodinamika Calvin :-p) sudah dapat menjabarkan semua fenomena fisika yang ada. Apalagi yang perlu dipelajari dalam fisika?Namun, semua mimpi indah fisikawan itu mengalami benturan dahsyat yang nyaris membuat dunia fisika hancur lebur. Mimpi buruk pertama dimulai saat seorang fisikawan ternama, Khircoff, pada tahun Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 1859, menyelidiki tingkat intensitas radiasi emisi yang dipancarkan oleh benda hitam (Black Body). Namun, hasil radiasi emisi ini sungguh di luar harapan para fisikawan saat itu. Teori elektromagnetik Maxwell yang seharusnya bisa menjelaskan fenomena itu dengan mudah dan indah, menjadi sama sekali tidak berguna. Bahkan teori probabilitas Boltzman yang terkenal canggih pun menjadi kelihatan aus saat digunakan untuk menjelaskan fenomena ini. Fenomena baru ini secara langsung menjadi ancaman baru nan serius bagi fisika. Ucapan Calvin tinggal menjadi sekedar mimpi.Revolusi fisika pun dimulai. dengan rumus yang bisa dikatakan 'untung-untungan', Wilhelm Wien, menjelaskan fenomena ini dengan melalui hukumnya yang termasyhur, Wien's Law. Dikatakan untung-untungan karena dia membuat rumus baru yang tidak memiliki dasar fisika mantap menurut teori Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea klasik, tetapi rumusnya cocok dengan facts hasil pengamatan. Malangnya, Hukum Wien hanya cocok dengan percobaan jika percobaan tersebut dilakukan pada radiasi dengan frekuensi tinggi. Pada frekuensi rendah, rumus tersebut memberikan hasil yang jauh dari harapan. Bantuan kedua datang dari duet Rayleigh-Jeans. Dengan keberuntungan yang sama, mereka berhasil mencocokkan info percobaan dengan rumus 'sederhana'. Namun sekali lagi, mimpi buruk itu belum berakhir. Rayleigh-Jeans's Law, uniknya berkebalikan dengan Wien's Law, rumus ini hanya berlaku pada radiasi benda hitam yang memiliki frekuensi rendah! Jika teori ini diterapkan pada frekuensi tinggi, akan muncul yang namanya "ultraviolet catastrophe" atau "bencana ultraviolet". Arti fisik fenomena ini adalah, ini contoh sederhana saja, jika suatu benda memancarkan radiasi tingkat tinggi, maka radiasi yang dihasilkan akan menjadi tak terhingga yang pada akhirnya akan melampaui batas maksimum, tak Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea penah berakhir. Artinya, jika kita memegang cangkir kopi panas, maka radiasi panas dari kopi akan terus memancar sampai tak terhingga sehingga tangan kita akan hangus terbakar sampai ke taraf atom! Padahal bumi tiap hari disinari matahari! jelas kehidupan akan musnah (bahkan tak akan pernah ada).Tapi, kita tidak mengalami kejadian mengerikan seperti itu kan? Kajian2 fisikawan berikutnya adalah upaya 'mengawinkan' kedua hukum tadi menjadi teori tunggal. Namun, sekeras apapun mereka berusaha, maka sekeras itu pula tamparan kegagalan yang mereka terima. Seperti terbang, semakin tinggi terbang ke angkasa, maka akan semakin sakit jua saat
jatuh terhempas tanah.Namun, sebelum fisika hancur lebur, Sang Juru Selamat muncul. Fisikawan Jerman, Max Planck menawarkan solusi ajaib sekaligus mengerikan. Melalui sudut pandang yang sama sekali baru (bahkan bisa dikatakan bertentangan dengan teori mapan sebelumnya) Planck merumuskan bahwa challenge radiasi benda bisa diselesaikan jika benda tersebut diamati dengan menganggap energi terpancar dari Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea benda tersebut dapat 'dipotong-potong' ('potongannya' disebut kuanta). Gagasan ini sangat radikal dan bisa dikatakan terlepas dari teori mapan sebelumnya (bahkan bisa dikatakan bertentangan). Analogi dari kuanta ini adalah jika kita sedang menyetir mobil dan ingin menaikkan kecepatan dari 30 km/jam menjadi forty km/jam, maka menurut teori kuantum, speedometer kita TIDAK AKAN PERNAH melewati angka 33 atau 38 km/jam! Dari angka 30, secara ajaib, langsung loncat ke angka 40! Ini karena energi dipancarkan secara paket-an, bukan Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea secara perlahan dan kontinu. Teori klasik jelas tidak mengijinkan hal ini.Kelak teori ini dengan bantuan Einstein, Born, Heissenberg, Dirac, de Broglie, Schrodinger, Pauli, Bohr, dsb melahirkan cabang baru dalam fisika yang disebut fisika modern, teorinya dikenal sebagai Teori Kuantum. (dan sejak saat itu pula, apa2 yang ada embel-embel 'kuantum'-nya akan dianggap hebat, bahkan hingga saat ini, suatu seminar pelatihan akan tampak hebat jika diberi nama kuantum learning, dll) :-pDengan pendekatan jeniusnya tadi, ajaibnya, fenomena radiasi benda hitam tadi dapat dijelaskan Planck dengan sempurna baik itu pada frekuensi tinggi maupun rendah. bahkan 'kesempurnaan'-nya terlalu menakutkan. information hasil percobaan dan facts hasil hitungan rumus Planck sama persis!!!Apa yang membuat teori Planck sedemikian sukses? Sebelumnya Planck sendiri mengalami keraguan dalam mempublikasikan teorinya. Bagaimana jika potongan tadi sedemikian kecilnya sehingga bisa dikatakan nol? teori sempurna tadi juga akan musnah! Namun, untuk menghindari hal itu, dan inilah kunci keberhasilannya yang gagal dilakukan para pendahulunya (dan juga apa hubungan cerita panjang lebar tadi dengan ripiyu buku ini :-p), adalah dia menghindari angka nol!!! Angka Nol adalah pemusnah! untuk itu dia memperkenalkan suatu konstanta yang menjadi batas minimum agar suatu benda 'berperilaku normal', tidak menimbulkan bencana ultraviolet, yang dikenal dengan nama Konstanta Planck (h), dinamakan Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea demikian untuk menghormatinya.Berapa nilai h? h = 6.626 068 96(33) × 10^?34 = 0.0000000000000000000000000000000006260689633 Js !!! Sangat kecil tapi BUKAN NOL!!! karena konstanta large mini tadilah kita bisa aman saat meniup lilin ulang tahun atau berjemur sinar mentari pagi. Bersyukurlah pada hal-hal kecil dalam hidup ini. Belakangan teori kuantum berkembang lebih jauh lagi hingga 'membongkar' habis-habisan struktur atom. Hingga hari ini, milyaran buck telah terkuras Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea hanya demi 'mengupas' isi atom hingga bagian paling-paling-paling-paling-paling dasar. Bidang kajian Fisika Elementer dewasa ini sudah pada taraf 'tak dapat diungkapkan dengan kata-kata'. namun sekali lagi, mereka terbentur satu hal. Atom tidak dapat dipecah lagi sehingga menjadi nol... Untuk menjadikannya nol, perlu Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea energi tak terbayangkan, perlu biaya lebih mahal dan usaha lebih ekstrem. sekali lagi NOL sang biang kerok! XDApa mimpi buruk fisika sudah berakhir? Apakah sudah berakhir kekalahan fisika dari angka nol? belum saudara-saudara! goncangan kedua muncul dari Sang Legenda Termasyhur, Einstein! Dengan teori relativitas (terutama teori relativitas umumnya) Einstein telah mengubah takdir fisika selamanya. Sebelumnya para fisikawan dan (sebagian) kaum filsuf berpendapat bahwa alam semesta bersifat konstan alias regular state. Semesta tidak berawal juga tak berakhir. Semesta sudah ada 'sejak dulu'. Tidak ada perubahan, tidak ada penciptaan, tidak ada Tuhan!
Edwin Hubble (namanya diabadikan menjadi nama teleskop ruang angkasa paling terkenal) mengamati bahwa jagat raya sedang mengembang. tapi apa artinya? Nah, di sini Einstein memainkan peranannya. Secara mencengangkan dia bisa membuktikan secara matematis (seperti Planck, facts hasil rumus sama dengan information percobaan dengan ketelitian mengerikan) bahwa alam semesta itu mengembang! Artinya, jika waktu diputar ke belakang, alam semesta ternyata 'lahir' melalui proses yang dikenal dengan nama substantial Bang.Alam semesta telah lahir. alam semesta diciptakan. Segalanya memiliki awal. Ada Tuhan.Oya, alasan mengapa Einstein digelari jenius terbesar sepanjang masa (semua ikon kata 'jenius' pasti mengacu padanya, mulai dr komik hingga film) adalah berbeda dengan teori kuantum yang hasil keroyokan, teori relativitas lahir, diurus, dan dikembangkan sendirian oleh Einstein! nyaris bantuan dari ilmuwan lain hanya berkonstribusi 'secuil'. Bisa dikatakan karya tunggal Einstein!Lantas bagaimana proses penciptaan alam semesta tersebut dimulai? Meski dengan sukses menerangkan proses pengembangan jagat raya, teori relativitas yang canggih itu mentok saat, sekali lagi si biang kerok muncul, teori itu 'runtuh' jika mengukur jagat raya pada waktu (t) sama dengan NOL!!!!Belakangan Hawking berusaha memadukan teori relativitas dengan teori kuantum untuk menjelaskan penciptaan jagat raya. Sebelum-sebelumnya, ini ajaibnya, kedua teori great canggih tersebut sama sekali tidak mengalami kecocokan. Seperti teori Wien dan Rayliegh di atas yang tidak ada kecocokannya, kedua teori ini juga sama. Saat alam semesta (yang dapat dipelajari dg relativitas) diciptakan, kan wujud aslinya masih berupa bentuk penyusun atom (yang dipelajari dengan kuantum). seharusnya ada titik temunya kan? Tahun-tahun terakhir hidup Einstein dihabiskan untuk menggeluti titik temu ini yang dia sebut sebagai teori medan gravitasi, sayang sampai meninggal, usaha belum berhasil. 'warisan' Einstein inilah yang menjadi cikal pergolakan intelektual dalam fisika hingga saat ini.Tapi ternyata titik temu itu tidak semudah seperti yang diperkirakan. Kemudian Hawking 'dianggap berhasil' memadukan kedua teori tsb (secara keliru teorinya disebut idea of Everything, TOE, padahal belum 'sempurna' dan tidak dapat menjelaskan segalanya) dengan asumsi yang radikal. Alih-alih menganggap alam semesta lahir pada saat t=0, Hawking dengan matematika canggihnya, 'membuktikan' bahwa ada waktu (t) sebelum t=0 atau Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea yang disebutnya waktu imajiner. Artinya ada waktu sebelum waktu. dengan kata lain, tidak ada awal, tidak ada penciptaan. tidak ada Tuhan. Bisa dikatakan Hawking adalah fisikawan atheis terbesar sepanjang masa.Meski teori Hawking belum final, tapi konsekuensi pergolakan fisika ini tak ayal menyeret kaum filsuf dan agamawan. di satu sisi mereka mengklaim ada penciptaan (ada Tuhan), di sisi lain ada klaim tidak ada penciptaan (tidak ada Tuhan). Perdebatan tanpa akhir ini tidak akan mereda sebelum mereka bisa membuktikan, apa yang terjadi saat waktu sama dengan NOL?!!Nol! Nol! Nol! Nol dan sekali lagi, Nol!!!!!!!!!!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Okeh, segituh dulu pelajaran Fisikanya :Pnah, 'kegilaan' akibat angka Nol inilah yang dibahas dalam buku ini. Yah, meski gak terlalu mendalam, tapi secara lengkap, buku ini merangkum sejarah kelahiran angka nol dan usaha-usaha manusia dalam mengalahkan angka nol. Mengapa banyak orang begitu takut pada angka 'sederhana' ini? (banyak pelajar dan mahasiswa takut jika ujian mereka mendapatkan nilai nol XD). Rangkuman usaha pengalahan angka nol inilah yang menjadi tema mendasar buku ini. Begitu panjangnya usaha manusia mengalahkan esensi angka nol ini, namun sejauh ini kita harus mengaku kalah. Hasil yang dicapai bisa dikatakan nol. :-) Apakah angka nol bisa dikalahkan? Mengapa dalam kesahajaannya angka Nol justru menimbulkan kekompleksitasan yang mencengangkan?Apakah angka nol justru merupakan
bentuk eksistensi 'Tuhan' sehingga sebegitu dahsyatnya? (Saat membaca buku ini, saya nyaris percaya jika nol adalah Tuhan itu sendiri!)Jawabannya ada di buku ini (sebagian :D)Udah ah, whhooaaa... capek juga ternyata :-poyah, 'coz latar belakang saia ttg fisika adalah NOL, mohon maap jika ada data/fakta yang diuraikan di atas keliru. yang pernah/sedang menjalani pendidikan di bidang fisika, silakan koreksi.cmiiw :)---------------------------------PS:sejak dulu kala, angka nol memang dianggap 'mengganggu' bahkan oleh para matematikawan sendiri. sebagai contoh, angka nol bisa membuktikan kekacauan hukum berhitung. Contoh populer dicantumin di bawah ini,Misal a = b a² = ab ... (kali kedua ruas dengan "a") a² + a² = a² + ab ... (tambahkan kedua ruas dengan a²) 2 a² = a² + ab2 a² - 2 ab = a² - 2 ab + ab ... (kurangi kedua ruas dengan "2 ab")2 a² - 2 ab Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea = a² - ab2 (a² - ab) = 1 (a² - ab) ... (faktor pengali (a² - ab) dicoret) 2 = 1Hmmm..... jelas kan, dasar matematika menyatakan 2 tidak sama dengan 1?terus ada aturan aritmatika sederhana menyatakan bahwa jikaa x o = oa / o = ~Mengapa suatu bilangan harus 'mnyerah' saat dibagi dengan angka nol menjadi ketakberhinggaan? Tampaknya, untuk mengalahkan angka nol, kita harus merubah aturan Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea perhitungan di atas. Artinya? Peradaban kita kembali ke titik nol! Arrrrgggghhhhh....... sekali lagi nol! kita kalah lagi oleh angka nol! T,T
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