University Eindhoven University of Technology Department of the Built Environment Unit Building Physics and Services

University Eindhoven University of Technology Department of the Built Environment Unit Building Physics and Services Student Name: Student number: Project:

E. (Eefke) van den Ouweland, BSc 0650262 Graduation project (7SS37)

Supervisors TU/e:

Prof. Ir. W. (Wim) Zeiler Y.A.W. (Yvonne) de Kort, PhD, MSc Ir. G. (Gert) Boxem Royal HaskoningDHV: Ir. G.J. (Gerarda) Nierman, MSc Ir. W.H. (Wim) Maassen, PDEng Report version Date:

10 February 2014

Preface

Preface This report represents the final result of the research which I performed during my graduation project of the study Building Physics and Services at the University of Technology in Eindhoven. The graduation project is executed in collaboration with Royal HaskoningDHV in Rotterdam, which is an independent and international engineering and project management consultancy. The aim of the research is to improve the current design approach on the indoor environment in order to enhance satisfaction and productivity among building occupants in office buildings in the Netherlands. I have worked on my graduation project with a lot of enthusiasm and dedication. Especially the opportunity to perform field research was a challenge which required a lot of attention and competences. The versatility of the research and the combination of working at the interface of both the field of building physics and services and the field of environmental psychology have resulted in a unique research project. I would like to express my gratitude to several people who have supported me during the almost one year lasting period of my graduation project. First, I would like to thank prof. ir. W. (Wim) Zeiler for his advice, feedback and guidance during the graduation project. Secondly, I would like to thank both ir. G.J. (Gerarda) Nierman and Y.A.W. (Yvonne) de Kort for their positive attitude and extensive support and guidance on the field of environmental psychology and research methodology. My third word of thanks goes to dr. Ir. M.A. (Rinus) van Houten, who recently retired, and Ir. G. (Gert) Boxem. Rinus and Gert guided the process of the research and reviewed the planning, progress and report. The sixth person I would like to thank is ir. W.H. (Wim) Maassen, who, together with ir. G.J. (Gerarda) Nierman, provided me with input on the graduation topic. In addition, Wim regularly gave me critical but very supportive feedback. Another group of people I would like to thank includes the kind colleagues at Royal HaskoningDHV in Rotterdam and all the companies and respondents who participated in the interviews and/or completed the questionnaires. The respondents are facilitated by the companies Kropman, Eneco, Royal HaskoningDHV, ING bank and several small companies in the Klokgebouw. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family for their support by means of either listening, reading or exchanging experiences on my graduation project or just for providing me with some necessary distraction when needed. Eefke van den Ouweland Student Building Physics and Services Eindhoven, 10 February 2014

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Abstract

Abstract The indoor environment in office buildings which are designed according to the latest standards still results too often in dissatisfaction and discomfort among building occupants. Therefore, people can wonder whether a building with an indoor environment which meets classification A performs always better than a building with an indoor environment which meets classification B. One of the causes of this problem is the current design practice which commonly focuses on physical comfort and energy reduction. However, research has shown that more (psychological) aspects are important for the overall wellbeing and satisfaction of building occupants. It is expected that future developments in this area will contribute to large improvements in both occupant wellbeing and productivity. In this research, the knowledge from psychology is combined with knowledge on the current design practice to develop a holistic solution to the aforementioned problem. The current design practice provides a threshold level for physical comfort, while the salutogenesis theory provides psychological comfort. A holistic approach is here defined as a design approach for the indoor environment which aims at promoting the health of building occupants. It is important to realize that health in this context considers the state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing of building occupants [World Health Organization, 1948]. The first step in the development of a holistic design approach considered the determination of the needs of building occupants in regard to the indoor environment in offices. This was done with the use of the means-end chain theory which originates from consumer psychology [Gutman, 1982]. This technique was applied for the first time in the indoor environment by means of ladder interviews. During these interviews, respondents in multiple office buildings were asked which properties they considered as important in the indoor environment of the office and why. The results from the ladder interviews are represented in a hierarchical value map which shows both qualitative and quantitative information. From this map was derived how specific properties of the indoor environment are used by humans to achieve certain values. These values correspond with the physical or mental condition which is desirable for the building occupants at the office. Additionally, the hierarchical structure of the map provides information on the relative importance of properties of the indoor environment. These results are useful in the design process when different design variants are analyzed. In summary, the results from the ladder interviews explain how to design an indoor environment which satisfies building users. The next step in the research focused on investigating whether a holistic indoor environment has a (positive) effect on the building occupant. A questionnaire was distributed among multiple office buildings with different indoor environments. The items in this questionnaire measured the effect of the indoor environment on humans by means of satisfaction, health, productivity and burnout. The usage of the means-end chain theory has proven to be successful in the context of the indoor environment. The results from this research demonstrate that even more than half of the aspects, that the user considers as important in the perception of the indoor environment, have a psychological nature. These findings support the importance of integration of psychological and social aspects in the design of the indoor environment. In addition, it appears that health and burnout level are influenced by different factors than satisfaction and productivity. A regression analysis shows that fulfilling the needs of users, as derived from the ladder interviews, correlates positively with the building user in terms of job satisfaction, satisfaction with the building, subjective health, subjective productivity and burnout level.

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Index

Index

1

2

3

4

5

6

Preface…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..II Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… III Index…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. IV Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 1.1 Problem definition …………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.2 Relevance…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 1.3 Research objectives………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.4 Research questions………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.5 Research method…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 Literature review………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 2.1 Current design practice…………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 2.2 Psychology………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 2.3 A holistic approach…………………………………………………………………………………………….8 2.4 The needs of building users………………………………………………………………………………. 11 2.5 Means-end chain theory…………………………………………………………………………………… 11 2.6 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 Ladder interviews………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14 3.1 Method……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14 3.2 Results……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20 3.3 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29 Questionnaire………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35 4.1 Method……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35 4.2 Results……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42 4.3 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44 Proposed design method……………………………………………………………………………………………… 46 5.1 Pie-charts…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..46 5.2 Morphological design method………………………………………………………………………….. 49 5.3 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55 Conclusion and discussion……………………………………………………………………………………………. 57 6.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 57 6.2 Discussion ladder interviews…………………………………………………………………………….. 57 6.3 Discussion questionnaire………………………………………………………………………………….. 58 6.4 Further research……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 59 References……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 60 Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62 I Pictures office buildings……………………………………………………………………………………. 62 II Photo collages…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 72 III Interview techniques………………………………………………………………………………………… 77 IV Categorization…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 78 V Personal ladders……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 119 VI Correspondence analysis………………………………………………………………………………….. 137 VII Correlation analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………… 139

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Index

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Questionnaire…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 140

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1. Introduction

1

Introduction

1.1

Problem definition

The indoor environment in office buildings which are designed according to the latest standards still results too often in dissatisfaction and discomfort among building occupants. Therefore, people can wonder whether a building with an indoor environment which meets classification A performs always better than a building with an indoor environment which meets classification B. Especially psychological aspects which are proven to be important for the satisfaction and productivity of building users are often neglected. A critical analysis of the current design practice is needed to investigate how the above mentioned problem can be solved. This project assesses the following problem statement: The current design practice does not provide sufficient guidance during the design process of the indoor environment to achieve maximum satisfaction and productivity among building occupants.

1.2

Relevance

Nowadays, findings from psychology remain scattered and poorly linked to the engineering and design disciplines that might make use of it [Veitch et al, 2007]. This indicates that the required knowledge and theories to increase the productivity and satisfaction in offices is possibly available already among psychologists. However, designers often do not have the necessary knowledge to successfully integrate these theories in practice. This research responds to this existing gap, by investigating and identifying the (psychological) aspects which remain underexposed or even neglected during the current design practice. Secondly, designers and facility managers continue to ask for demonstrable proof on how the indoor environment influences organizational outcomes [Veitch et al, 2007]. Lots of studies suggest that the productivity is increased by a positive indoor environment, although there is a lack of information on how this positive indoor environment can be designed or what the actual effect on the organizational outcome will be. Absent such evidence, there exists a continued push to reduce work space size by many business managers who continue to see the physical office environment as simply a convenient space to house their employees [“Space Planning”, 2003, cited by Veitch et al, 2007].

1.3

Research objectives

To face the problem statement, two objectives were formulated: [I]

Provide a critical analysis of the current design practice and formulate opportunities for improvement based on evidence from literature.

[II]

Investigate and provide an approach on how to design an indoor environment which results in improved productivity and satisfaction among building occupants in offices.

1.4

Research questions

1.4.1 Hypothesis A holistic design approach provides opportunities for improvement of the indoor environment in offices in regard to building users compared to the current design practice.

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1. Introduction

A holistic approach is in this research defined as a design approach for the indoor environment which aims at promoting the health of building occupants. It is important to realize that health in this context considers the state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing of building occupants [World Health Organization, 1948]. 1.4.2 Research questions Does a holistic approach towards the design of the indoor environment in offices result in increased satisfaction and productivity among building occupants compared to the current design practice? Subquestions: [1]

What are the opportunities for improvement of the current design practice in regard to the wellbeing of building occupants?

[2]

Which indoor environmental factors have proven to be important for the wellbeing of building occupants while not integrated in the current design practice?

[3]

What are the needs of building occupants in regard to the indoor environment in offices and how can these needs be fulfilled in practice?

[4]

Does an indoor environment which meets the needs of a building user relatively well result in improved productivity and wellbeing compared to an indoor environment which does not meet the needs of a building user?

[5]

How could the results from this research be used to contribute to improved wellbeing of the building occupants in regard to the indoor environment in offices?

1.5

Research method

A schematic representation of the research method is shown in Figure 1. The method consists of multiple phases which together result in the answer to the main research question. The first phase includes a literature review, in the second phase ladder interviews were performed and in the third phase questionnaires were distributed. Each phase is shortly explained in the paragraphs below.

Figure 1

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Conceptual model of the research method – Literature review provides conditions for comfort and wellbeing; ladder interviews are used to verify these conditions and to identify missing aspects; the questionnaire validates the importance of all the findings in regard to building occupants.

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1. Introduction

1.5.1

Literature review The literature review discusses and evaluates the conditions for comfort and wellbeing in the indoor environment (see Figure 1). The literature review provides an extensive analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the current design practice and introduces the perspective of an engineer in regard to the indoor environment. Secondly, theories, findings and viewpoints from (environmental) psychology are discussed. As a result, knowledge from both disciplines was combined to develop design principles for a holistic design approach. Furthermore, the findings from the literature review provided guidance during the continuation of the project. 1.5.2

Ladder interviews An interview technique which originates from the product marketing industry was used to identify important indoor environmental features. The results from the interviews were partly used to verify the findings from literature and new findings contributed to the completeness of the design principles for a holistic design approach (see Figure 1). More specifically, the laddering technique reveals means-end chains between physical features of the indoor environment and values which are important to humans. The result of the interviews provides insight in how to design an indoor environment which meet the needs of building users. An interesting quality of the ladder technique is that it was possible to analyze the results quantitatively and qualitatively. 1.5.3

Questionnaire After the results from both the interviews and literature review were analyzed, building occupants from six office buildings completed a questionnaire. The aim of the questionnaires was to verify whether the design principles for a holistic indoor environment, could result in enhanced productivity, satisfaction and health. The information which was derived from these questionnaires was used as validation for the findings from the literature review and interviews.

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2. Literature review

2

Literature review

This chapter provides the literature review of the research. The first and second paragraphs describe the current design practice and theory from (environmental) psychology. The findings from these two subjects were combined to develop a first step towards a holistic design approach in the third paragraph. These theories continue to develop in the fourth paragraph where is explained what the definition of building users’ needs is in regard to this research. The last paragraph describes the meansend chain theory which was used in this research as a method to investigate and discuss the findings from the literature.

2.1

Current design practice

This section provides insight in the design process of the indoor environment in offices. First the limitations of the design process are introduced according to the conceptions and goals of different parties. During the design process, comfort standards are used to achieve physical comfort. Additionally, the term physical comfort is explained and defined. In the last part of this section the current perspective is discussed and possibilities for improvement are proposed. 2.1.1

Limitations in the current design practice According to RICS a rather conservative culture dominates in the field of the built environment [RICS research, 2008]. It is hard to break with traditional manners and to introduce new and unknown techniques since they are often not proven to be successful and it costs money and effort to implement them. The so called ‘circle of blame’ illustrates how this principle slows down the current developments regarding the design process, see Figure 2. From this model can be concluded that every party passes her responsibility to another party in regard to high indoor environmental quality. A change in perspective is necessary and awareness on the importance of a healthy, sustainable and productive building has to increase in order to break this circle.

Figure 2

Circle of blame [RICS research, 2008]

Besides the attitudes of the different parties, lack of knowledge and differences in demands and aims also play an important role [Bell et al, 2001]. The field of the built environment involves researchers, designers, paying clients and using clients (see Figure 3). Researchers draw relations and develop theories on the indoor environment and its users, but designers often do not have the knowledge or resources to directly apply these theories in a design. At the same time the paying client

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expects a designer to meet demands for a low price while the building user once again has different expectations and demands compared to the paying client. In order to create a successful building design in which all parties are satisfied, the gaps between the researchers, designers, paying clients and using clients have to be kept as small as possible.

Figure 3

An illustration of the gaps between the paying and using client, between designer and clients, and between behavioral scientists and designers [Bell et al, 2001]

Furthermore, the current design process is commonly structured according to the ‘top down approach’ [Maaijen, 2011]. In this approach a design process starts by considering the built environment, continued by the building and at last the user of the building appears. Since the most influential decisions are made during the earliest phase of the design process, the final design of the indoor environment will never have the highest quality in regard to the building occupant. This research specifically aims to contribute to the reduction of the user-needs gap and the applicability gap. Additionally, attention is drawn to the importance of the wellbeing of building occupants in the context of an office building. If stakeholders start to realize that money can be earned by investing in a high quality indoor environment, the circle of blame will be broken. 2.1.2

Comfort standards for office buildings The previous section shortly described the current design process and the corresponding difficulties. During the design process, designers make use of standards as a guideline to realize indoor environmental quality. The minimum requirements which were set in the ARBO legislation and Building Code and its corresponding NEN and ISO standards are often insufficient to ensure a well performing indoor environment. When the investor, building user and employer have high expectations on the indoor environment, additional standards are needed which can be used as an agreement between the investor, contractor and subcontractors in the program of demands. Especially when considering vulnerable populations like elderly or organizations in which personnel spends most time indoors, high indoor environmental quality is required. Psychological and social wellbeing are currently not included in the standards. This research discusses whether and which additional environmental parameters should be proposed or recommended in the near future.

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2.1.3

Physical comfort During the design process of an office building, the standards are used to achieve the absence of physical discomfort. According to Vischer [Vischer, 2007] physical comfort includes basic human needs such as safety, hygiene and accessibility without which a building is uninhabitable. These needs are met through applying current building codes and standards to architectural design and construction decision making [Vischer, 2007]. In this research, physical comfort is discussed in regard to the indoor environment according to five aspects. To start with thermal comfort, which includes air temperature, radiant temperature, humidity, ventilation rates, metabolism and clo ‐values.Thermal comfort has been defined by ASHRAE as a condition of the mind in which satisfaction is expressed with the thermal environment [ASHRAE, 2004]. The second aspect is acoustic comfort at the workplace, this includes the value of sound pressure levels and acoustic privacy. The third and fourth subtopics include indoor air quality and visual comfort. The last topic is ergonomics of the office and workplace. The application of ergonomic principles in the working environment can contribute to the prevention of work‐related injury. Furthermore, individuals perceive and experience the indoor environment differently. Therefore, it is not possible to derive exact standards for achieving absolute physical comfort among building occupants. This paragraph illustrated the framework in which the human wellbeing is considered nowadays, while the next paragraph explains how this framework could or even should be enriched. 2.1.4

The indoor environment as ‘dissatisfier’ This section provides a model which summarizes and illustrates the current situation and additionally explains how the indoor environment can be improved. The environmental comfort model of Vischer states that a workspace either supports the tasks and activities that are being performed there (comfort condition), or it fails to support them and in fact slows them down (uncomfortable condition and cause of stress) [Vischer, 2005, cited by Vischer, 2007]. Depending on the tasks they are performing, employees are more or less affected by environmental factors such as lighting, furniture layout and ergonomics, noise level and temperature.

Figure 4

The adapted ‘Habitability’ pyramid of Vischer [Vischer, 2005, cited by Vischer 2007]

The environmental comfort model categorizes an ‘uncomfortable workspace’ where there is a misfit between what people need to perform their tasks and resources the physical environment provides [Vischer, 2005, cited by Vischer, 2007]. Since people perceive discomfort in indoor environments which have been designed according to the latest standards, there is a misfit between what employees need and the available resources within

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that environment. What can be concluded is that the current standards provide physical comfort and aim at reducing the presence of discomfort. Therefore, the indoor environment is currently considered as a ‘dissatisfier’: the absence of comfort is only perceived if discomfort is present. A dissatisfier does not enhance satisfaction while it does result in dissatisfaction when missing [Herzberg, 1959]. In this context, the presence of positive factors is commonly considered as obvious while the negative factors result in dissatisfaction. As can be derived from the adapted habitability pyramid (Figure 4), physical comfort is not sufficient for achieving building occupant satisfaction and wellbeing. Additional measures have to be taken in the indoor environment to achieve psychological comfort and to eventually achieve occupant satisfaction and wellbeing. The first question which had to be answered at this point is: How to achieve psychological comfort in the indoor environment in offices? The standards have proven to be insufficient and the need for a new approach exists. In order to successfully achieve occupant satisfaction and wellbeing in offices, a change in perspective has to occur. The indoor environment should be seen as a ‘satisfier’ rather than a ‘dissatisfier’ in the near future. A satisfier will serve as a source of satisfaction which enables and stimulates human performance [Herzberg, 1959]. At the same time, a shift during the design process of an office building has to take place from disease prevention to health promotion instead.

2.2

Psychology

The previous paragraph of this report provides evidence on the importance of psychological comfort in the indoor environment. Therefore, this paragraph focuses on how psychological comfort can be defined and explained and how it can be achieved. 2.2.1

Psychological comfort Psychological comfort is the counterpart of physical comfort. Psychological comfort or psychological well‐being refers to how people evaluate their lives. There is no question at all about the fact that psychological comfort is important with respect to how we function and adapt, and with respect to whether our lives are satisfying and productive. However, Veitch et al. mention in their research that, despite decades of research into relations between the physical work environment, the individual workers, their interpersonal relations, and the organization, the findings from psychology remain scattered and poorly linked to the engineering and design disciplines that might make use of it [Veitch et al, 2007]. This knowledge reveals an opportunity for an improvement in perspective and approach in regard to the design of the indoor environment. 2.2.2

Salutogenesis: Health promotion From a research perspective, health can be divided into a pathogenic and salutogenic starting point according to Dilani [Dilani, 2008]. Pathogenic research focuses on disease prevention, while salutogenic research is based on identifying wellness factors that maintain and promote health, rather than investigating factors that cause disease [Dilani, 2008]. In the context of the indoor environment this means that finding solutions to reduce and prevent discomfort is considered as the opposite of investigating and integrating factors which support and stimulate the human wellbeing and performance. Therefore, this research aimed to develop a salutogenic design approach for the indoor environment in offices. Aaron Antonovsky was the founding father of salutogenesis [Antonovsky, 1979]. He developed a salutogenic model which focuses on factors that support human health and well-being, rather than on factors that cause disease. The evidence proves Antonovsky’s salutogenic model as a health promoting

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resource that improves resilience and develops a positive subjective state of both physical and mental health, quality of life and wellbeing. The model can be explained in terms of “sense of coherence” (SOC) and “generalized resistance resources” (GRR’s). In Antonovsky’s [Antonovsky, 1979] formulation, the sense of coherence has three components: 1. Comprehensibility: A belief that things happen in an orderly and predictable fashion and a sense that you can understand events in your life and reasonably predict what will happen in the future; 2. Manageability: A belief that you have the skills or ability, the support, the help, or the resources necessary to take care of things, and that things are manageable and within your control; 3. Meaningfulness: A belief that things in life are interesting and a source of satisfaction, that things are really worth it and that there is good reason or purpose to care about what happens. Antonovsky [Antonovsky, 1979] defines generalized resistance resources as “any characteristic of the person, the group, or the environment that can facilitate effective tension management”. GRR’s determine which specific resistance resources are available to a person [Antonovsky, 1979]. It is believed that enrichment of GRR’s enhances workers’ comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. In other words, it leads to the enhancement of the sense of coherence [Yamazaki et al, 2011].

2.3

A holistic approach

In paragraph 2.1 is described how physical comfort is achieved during the current design process and in paragraph 2.2 a psychological theory is introduced which leads to psychological comfort. In this paragraph, knowledge from both worlds is combined and considered as a guideline to develop a new and holistic approach towards the design of the indoor environment. 2.3.1

Salutogenesis at the workplace Research done by Yamazaki et al, states that studies on workplace conditions that can enhance workers' SOC are extremely important, as they suggest the possibility of changing the work environment, in addition to the attempt to directly change workers [Yamazaki et al, 2011]. These studies have suggested that the workplace with greater job discretion, good communication, a supportive atmosphere, and respect shown to workers is likely to enhance workers' sense of coherence [Yamazaki et al, 2011]. Given that the workplace is where most people spend a large percentage of their waking hours, the relationship between SOC and work is an area of interest. Strümpfer and Cederblad et al. have studied this area extensively and say that having high SOC will result in the person [Strümpfer, 1990, cited by Breda, 2001] [Cederblad et al, 1994, cited by Breda, 2001]: • Making cognitive sense of the workplace, perceiving its stimulation as clear, ordered, structured, consistent and predictable information; • Perceiving his/her work as consisting of experiences that are bearable, with which (s)he can cope, and as challenges that (s)he can meet by availing him‐/herself of personal resources or resources under the control of legitimate others; • And making emotional and motivational sense of work demands, as welcome challenges, worthy of engaging in and investing his/her energies in; • Confronts stressors, is capable of clarifying and structuring the nature of the stressor; • Believes that the appropriate resources are available and can be mobilized to deal successfully with the challenge and is motivated to deal with it. In this research is hypothesized that a workplace which is comprehensible, manageable and meaningful will result in satisfaction and promoted health among building occupants. In order to make Antonovsky’s theory completely applicable for the assessment of the indoor environment in offices, a fourth aspect was added. This fourth aspect is ‘physical comfort’. The presence of physical comfort is a prerequisite for

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psychological comfort and occupant wellbeing and satisfaction, therefore it is considered in this research as a threshold value for comfort in the indoor environment. 2.3.2

A comprehensible, manageable and meaningful indoor environment This paragraph provides specific evidence from the field of the indoor environment on the importance of the three elements of sense of coherence: comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. According to Karjalainen and Koistinen the main reason for the many of the problems in office buildings regarding the indoor environment is that systems and interfaces are planned and constructed without a realistic view of their users [Karjalainen and Koistinen, 2006]. Designers and technicians presume the end ‐users to use the systems in the correct manner, which is according tothe mental model of the designers. However, users do not have the required (technical) knowledge and develop their own ideas and mental model. When the mental model of the user does not match the mental model of the designer, the usage will be different than expected by the designer. The eventually ‘bad’ functioning of the systems results in dissatisfaction and frustration among building users. Research done by Bakker has shown that it is a fundamental need of humans to be able to practice some degree of control on their life and jobs [Bakker, 2010]. The need for human control is even so strong, that humans are prepared to invest (work harder, spent more time, etc.) in order to gain more control. In a situation where there is no possibility to practice control, people will not be able to develop adaptive and coping behavior, which might result in an increased level of tension and health risks [Bakker, 2010]. When the amount of control increases, an employee will be capable to exploit the available resources. Results from a study performed by Hewlett Packard indicate that 1.8 million employees in the Netherlands perceive their workplace as not inspiring and unsupportive during creative processes [Werkplek is zelden een bron van inspiratie, 2009]. According to this research, new ideas or solutions for business issues rarely develop at the workplace. These findings support the urgency for meaningfulness at the workplace. When considering meaningfulness of the indoor environment in offices, several aspects play a role. The design of the furniture, space and accessories and color usage of the environment will probably be the most important physical variables. Additionally, one can imagine that not every single part of an office requires the same level of meaningfulness. It could for example be that meaningfulness of the indoor environment is more important at positions where people meet, or where employees attend to creative activities or processes. However, little information is available about this subject since no research on this topic has been known. According to Augé, a meaningful place can be defined as historical, relational and concerned with identity [Augé, 1995]. Therefore, a non‐place will have a lack of these three aspects and will only have a functional relationship with its occupants. Nowadays, lots of (office) buildings are designed to serve commerce. In building design, commerce is often expressed by means of functionality. 2.3.3

Defining a holistic indoor environment Based on literature, an attempt was made in this paragraph to define the preconditions of the indoor environment according to a holistic design approach (Table 1). The element comfort provides a threshold level for the indoor environmental quality while the elements comprehensibility, meaningfulness and manageability facilitate additional health promotion and allow the indoor environmental quality to raise beyond the absence of discomfort.

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Table 1

Definition of a comfortable, comprehensible, meaningful and manageable indoor environment

An indoor environment will be perceived as comfortable if: • The building occupant is neither aware of the absence of discomfort or comfort An indoor environment will be perceived as comprehensible if: • The surrounding environment is coherent • The stimuli that confront employees make cognitive sense (ordered, consistent, structured, clear, predictable) • The control systems are transparent and understandable An indoor environment will be perceived as meaningful if: • The surrounding environment is a source of satisfaction • It is interesting • It is emotionally worthwhile and sensible • It has some historical value • It is relational • It is concerned with identity An indoor environment will be perceived as manageable if: • It is within control • It is manageable • It provides the necessary resources to cope with challenges or demands • An individual feels that he or she influences that what is happening in the environment around him or her 2.3.4

Profitability of a holistic design Investors tend to stick to the well ‐known structure of the building process and generally do not like to experiment with new techniques or approaches. In order to convince investors of the application of a holistic design approach or method, there has to be evidence of a positive effect on productivity to make it profitable. Especially in offices, productivity and absence rate are important since salary costs make up about 90% of the total costs of an organization. Therefore, this research aimed at gathering knowledge on how and to what extent indoor environmental quality effects satisfaction and productivity. The work environment plays an important role when considering satisfaction and productivity in the work environment [Been and Beijer, 2010, Duquesnoy and Tanis, 2002, cited by Bakker, 2010]. The effectiveness of the work environment strongly correlates with job satisfaction and job retention when considering value drivers that focus on the ‘whole person’ [Bond and Galinsky, 2006]. Furthermore, there is a strong relationship between sense of coherence and job satisfaction [Strümpfer and de Bruin, 2009] [Rothmann and Venter, 2010]. Another research, performed by Strümpfer and Bruin, collected data on the relationship between sense of coherence (SOC) and job satisfaction (JS) from published sources, unpublished theses and unpublished reports [Strümpfer and de Bruin, 2009]. The results show that SOC accounted for approximately 25% of the variance in job satisfaction. These findings support the hypothesis that a manageable, meaningful and comprehensible indoor environment results in enhanced satisfaction. Additionally, a research done by Bakker investigated the relation between facility satisfaction in offices and productivity [Bakker, 2010]. During the analysis was determined to what extend employees perceive the work environment as supportive for the enhancement of productivity. The results indicate clearly that facility satisfaction plays an important role when considering productivity. Employees who are satisfied above average with the facilities, apparently perceive their work environment as a positive

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stimulator of their own productivity. All together, the measured variables explain 54% of the variance in the perceived support of the productivity [Bakker, 2010].

2.4

The needs of building users

In the previous paragraphs is described how a holistic design for the indoor environment in offices is defined as manageable, comprehensible, meaningful and comfortable. However, still a lot of questions remain unanswered. For instance, it is still not clear how to design an indoor environment which is manageable, comprehensible, meaningful and comfortable. Furthermore, it can be questioned if the salutogenesis theory covers all the important aspects of the indoor environment since it was not applied to the built environment before. Therefore, this research tried to determine the needs of building occupants in regard to the indoor environment. People are often not able to define the physical properties of an indoor environment which meets their expectations. This can be explained by subconscious motives and indirect effects of the indoor environment. If people are asked to list their demands in regard to the indoor environment without being aware of the consequences for their mental and physical state, the research will not provide a reliable answer to the research question. Since one of the aims of this research is to determine what the needs of building users in offices are in regard to the indoor environment, a thorough analysis was necessary of what values people eventually want to achieve with the indoor environment and its systems. When considering the components of the indoor environment as products which are used to achieve values, the means-end chain theory of Reynolds and Olson can be used to define the needs [Reynolds and Olson, 2001]. This theory investigates how the features of an product can be used to achieve multiple values for the user of the product. By choosing the components of the indoor environment as products, the usage of the means-end chain theory provides ways how features of the components of the indoor environment are used by building occupants to achieve certain values. Besides the values, the physical and mental state of the building users can be derived from the results. The data which result from the means-end chain theory can be analyzed qualitatively and quantatively, which is rather unique and important for the purpose of this research. For these reasons, the means-end chain theory was used in this research. The components of the indoor environment were considered as products and the values which building users of office buildings want to achieve were examined.

2.5

Means-end chain theory

The means-end chain theory is a theory which is commonly used in consumer psychology to determine the needs of individual humans in regard to a certain product [Reynolds and Olson, 2001]. This theory presents the relation between an individual person and a product as a means-end chain. The means-end chain involves three elements: attributes (A), consequences (C) and values (V). Attributes are external properties or aspects of products. Consequences are defined as the results which are experienced by an individual person while using the product and the values refer to the fundamental needs of humans. According to the means-end chain theory, people continuously use their values to make decisions between possibilities. In this research, the means-end chain was used at the interface of the field of building physics and services and environmental psychology. The indoor environmental components were considered as products which can be used by building users to achieve their values.

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The most important assumption in the means-end chain theory is based on the conception that the consumer tries to optimize the desired consequences and values. Relations between attributes, consequences and values are hierarchical and can be visualized in a hierarchical value map (Figure 5).

Figure 5

Hierarchical value map

As can be derived from Figure 5, the means-end chain considers different levels of abstraction. Olson and Reynolds developed a model which represents the different levels in the cognitive structure of an individual human [Olson and Reynolds, 2001]. This cognitive structure provides insight in which attributes are used by consumers to achieve certain values and along which consequences these attributes result in the values (Figure 6). The means-end chain starts at a low level of abstraction (attributes) and runs to a high level of abstraction (values). In regard to the subject of this research, the levels of abstraction are explained in more detail. Attributes are in this case physical properties of the building, such as the control system. Consequences are the results which are experienced by humans in the office environment, for example the opportunity to exercise control on the environment. These consequences relate to one of the attributes and result in values such as satisfaction.

Figure 6

Cognitive structure in the means-end chain

To clarify the principle of the means-end chain, two examples are given. The first one is a general example from literature and the second example represents a hypothetical means-end chain in the context of this specific research (Figure 7). The means-end chain on the left side of the figure illustrates how the attribute flavored chip evokes several consequences and eventually results in the value selfesteem. On the right side of the figure is shown how a view outside a window might possibly result in well performance at work.

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Figure 7

Example means-end ladder, left: general, right: specific

Means-end chains of individual persons can be derived with the use of the ladder interview technique. This technique considers an in-depth interview in a one-on-one setting. During a ladder interview, the question ‘Why is that important to you?’ plays a central role. By asking why a certain property of the indoor environment is considered as important by an individual human, the means-end chains of an attribute develop. Eventually this process results in a value which is accomplished with the use of the attribute. The next chapter explains the interview technique in more detail.

2.6

Discussion

The first intention of the literature review was to determine what the opportunities for improvement on the current design practice are in regard to the wellbeing of building occupants. Prior to this project, people at Royal HaskoningDHV noticed that the current design process focuses mainly on comfort rather than overall wellbeing. The findings in this literature review mainly support this presumption. There are many existing predictive models and assessment models for comfort, however the physical and psychological state of the user are not included in these models. Therefore, this research aims to investigate how a design approach can be developed which results in holistic wellbeing. The second objective of the literature review was to distinguish the environmental factors which have proven to be important for the wellbeing of building occupants, while not integrated in the current design process. The salutogenesis theory was considered as main concept in this project for three reasons. At first, the principles from the salutogenic theory were already successfully applied in some projects of Royal HaskoningDHV. Secondly, findings from multiple researches provide evidence on the importance of manageability, comprehensibility and meaningfulness in the work environment. Since these are the building blocks of salutogenesis, these researches support the applicability of this theory in the indoor environment. Furthermore, Antonovsky’s theory focuses on promoting human wellbeing according to the bottom-up approach in which the human being is the central point of interest.

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3. Ladder interviews

3

Ladder interviews

The means-end chain theory was applied with the use of ladder interviews to identify important indoor environmental aspects. In the first place, the results from the interviews were used to verify the findings from literature. Secondly, possible new findings contribute to the completion of the design principles for a holistic design approach (see Figure 1). In this chapter the laddering method is described and the analyses and corresponding results are presented and discussed.

3.1

Method

This paragraph first explains the ladder interview technique and procedure. Secondly, the respondents who participated in the interviews are described based on their specifications. Eventually, the aims and steps of the two applied analyses are introduced, these are the correspondence analysis and meaning structure analysis (see paragraph 3.1.3). 3.1.1

Interview technique and procedure The ladder interview technique has been developed specifically to create means-end chains (see Figure 7 for an example of a ladder). Laddering is an interview technique which can be used to determine the purposes of product consumers.

Figure 8

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Schematic representation of the relation between ladders and chains. Individual respondents produce ladders which consist of attributes, consequences and values. When the ladders from all the respondents are connected, chains have developed.

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During a ladder interview, which is performed in a one-on-one setting, the ‘why-question’ can be considered as basis [Reynolds and Olson, 2001]. The respondent is repeatedly confronted with the question: “Why is that important to you?”, which eventually leads the respondent towards a high level of abstraction. The result of a ladder interview is an overview of the relations between attributes (A), consequences (C) and values (V) (see Figure 8). The interview can start either by ordering the characteristics of a product or by preference between multiple products [Reynolds and Olson, 2001]. If preference is used, the interview continues by asking why this product has the preference of the respondent. When ordering of characteristics is used, the characteristics which are derived from the interview will be used for laddering. In this research was chosen to select a product based on preference since it was desirable to ladder multiple product aspects and more in-depth answers were derived. The products are components of the indoor environment. Based on evidence from literature, ten photo collages of three to six products were created for the interviews (see Figure 9 and appendix II). These photo collages were used as stimulus material to guide the respondents in a certain direction. Each collage represents one important component of the indoor environment.

Figure 9

Photo collage of solar shading systems which is used during ladder interviews

These are the components which were used: 1. Heating; 2. Cooling; 3. Ventilation; 4. Solar shading; 5. Windows; 6. Electrical lighting; 7. Interior; 8. Location of control systems;

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9. Design of control systems; 10. Workplace concept. Before the actual interview started, the respondent was told that the interviewer is interested in his/her personal motives and needs to prefer one product above another. Therefore, there are no right or wrong answers since the respondent is considered as the expert. Additionally, the respondent was told to answer the questions with the specific workplace in mind where most time at work is spent. For each photo collage, the respondent was asked to take a good look at the pictures and to select one or more pictures based on preference. Subsequently, the respondent was asked why these pictures are preferred above the other pictures. In most cases, the respondent mentioned several reasons or characteristics of the indoor environment which play a role in decision making. For each reason or characteristic a ladder was constructed, resulting in multiple ladders per subtopic. The laddering was continued until an end value is determined. When respondents have difficulties in answering the questions, some guidelines were used to successfully continue the interview (see appendix III). The interviews were recorded with the use of a Philips voice recorder. This enabled the interviewer to perform detailed analyses on the answers and provides the interviewer with more attention for the respondent during the interview itself. Furthermore, laddering is an interview technique which requires some experience from the interviewer. Therefore, it was important to learn from the preliminary interviews. Besides the use of the recorder, the answers from respondents were written down during the interviews to be able to immediately reflect and respond to the ladders which developed during the interview. 3.1.2

Respondents The respondents in this research were building users of three office buildings in the Netherlands. Each respondent works and has been working at least three days a week in the office building throughout the past year. Furthermore, all the respondents have a daily schedule and activities which can be categorized as typical office work. Table 2

Practical specifications office buildings – Ladder interviews

Office buildings

Location

Office size

Workplace concept

Royal HaskoningDHV Royal HaskoningDHV Klokgebouw

Rotterdam Amersfoort Eindhoven

650 persons 800 persons 500 persons

Combi office Combi office Ateliers

To find statistically reliable patterns in the means-end chains, it was necessary to include at least 20 respondents. In the offices Royal HaskoningDHV Amersfoort, Royal HaskoningDHV Rotterdam and Klokgebouw Eindhoven (see Table 2), a total of 21 respondents were carefully selected. To get representative results, the respondents were chosen as diverse as possible within one office building, as can be seen in Table 3. The aim was to obtain a balance among the respondents in age, gender, job description and location within the building. The selection of respondents was done by personally contacting building occupants by either phone or face to face. In case of Royal HaskoningDHV, the secretaries provided some support to find people who were willing to participate in the research. All employees from the department Buildings were excluded from the research since these people generally have more knowledge on indoor climate control.

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Table 3

Overview specifications respondents - Ladder interviews

Office building Royal HaskoningDHV Rotterdam

Royal HaskoningDHV Amersfoort

Klokgebouw

Age

Gender

25 24 40 59 24 34 39 56 48 53 50

Male Male Female Male Female Female Female Female Male Male Female

53

Male

47

Female

38 26 42

Female Male Female

55

Male

30 38 44

Male Male Male

41

Female

Job description Hydraulic engineer Draftsman Finance / Project administration Senior manager Human Resource management Secretary Senior marketing consultant Senior secretary pension fund Recruiter Team manager marketing Senior advisor water management Director advisory group infrastructure Senior advisor health, safety and quality management Human resource reporting Structural engineer Owner webshop Scandinavian jewelry and clothes Education projects in non-profit sector Owner graphic design studio Independent architect Coordinator architecture foundation Eindhoven Office manager

Location within the building 7th floor 2.22 4.11 1.24 4.26 3th floor 4.22 D3 D440 ABC C1 paal 27 ABC D435 D435 C1 paal 11 6th floor 4th floor 4th floor 5th floor 3th floor 3th floor

3.1.3

Analysis Two types of analysis were applied to the results from the ladder interviews. The first one was the correspondence analysis. This analysis was performed to verify the concepts from literature and to determine and identify underlying concepts of the given answers. Eventually, these results were helpful for defining items for the questionnaire (see chapter 4). The second analysis was the meaning structure analysis. The aim of this analysis was to visualize the ladders which developed during the interviews, this made it possible to use the data for operational purposes. Correspondence analysis Correspondence analysis is a method for exploring associations between sets of categorical variables. The StatSoft electronic textbook aptly describes it as: ‘Correspondence analysis can be considered as a method for decomposing the overall Chi-square statistic (or Inertia=Chi- square/Total N) by identifying a small number of dimensions in which the deviations from the expected values can be represented. This is similar to the goal of Factor Analysis, where the total variance is decomposed, so as

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to arrive at a lower-dimensional representation of the variables that allows one to reconstruct most of the variance/covariance matrix of variables’ [Electronic textbook StatSoft, 2014]. The analysis of the results of multiple ladder interviews consists of three phases (see Figure 10).

Figure 10

Schematic representation of the correspondence analysis in three phases

Phase I – Content analysis During the first phase, a content analysis of all the elements from the ladders was applied [Reynolds and Olson, 2001]. The first step of the content analysis was to record the entire set of ladders across respondents on a separate coding form. The next step was to develop a set of categories that reflect everything that was mentioned in the interviews. The creation of categories was done by one person. After this person was finished, an independent second person sorted a part of the given answers to determine the percentage of agreement. Furthermore, every category was labeled with a different level of abstraction. Answers with a low level of abstraction were categorized as attributes, answers with a moderate level of abstraction were consequences and answers with a high level of abstraction were values (see Figure 8). If a respondent developed the same ladder several times, the ladder was included in the analysis up to a maximum of two times. Once the categories were determined, numbers were assigned to each. Phase II – Construct matrix Once all the answers given by respondents were categorized, a matrix was created. The rows of the matrix represent the ladders and the columns represent the attributes, consequences and values. Phase III – Correspondence analysis The relations between the rows and columns in the matrix are illustrated graphically with the use of the correspondence analysis in SPSS. From this graph, the associations between the variables can be derived. When a variable is located near the centre of the graph, the value of the variable is close to average. Variables which are located close to each other, correspond more with each other compared to variables which are far away from each other (see Figure 11). Therefore, the correspondence analysis provides insight in the degree and type of association between variables. When variables of different levels of abstraction are located close to each other, they can be considered as a cluster. Each cluster which was derived from the results of the correspondence analysis (with knowledge from literature in mind) is later used in this research to develop items for the questionnaire.

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Figure 11

Explanation correspondence analysis

During the correspondence analysis, for every respondent the coordinates were calculated based on two or more dimensions from the answers of the interviews. Each dimension (for example dimension 1 on the x-axis and dimension 2 on the y-axis) corresponds with an inertia. The value of the relative inertia is the explained percentage of the Chi-square value for the full matrix A-C-V. In this research, the relative inertia of the dimensions was considered as acceptable when the value is 30% or higher. This value was chosen because in most cases an inertia of 30% was achieved by the two dimensions which together explain the highest percentage of Chi-squared. Adding an extra dimension (third, fourth, etc) had a considerably smaller effect because the inertia of these dimensions were lower. Meaning structure analysis The meaning structure analysis is a very time consuming and accurate proceeding which is performed manually. The output of this analysis provides insight in the degree of importance among the different characteristics which are derived from the interviews. This analysis consists of four consecutive phases (see Figure 12).

Figure 12

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Schematic representation of the meaning structure analysis in three phases

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Phase I – Content analysis The first phase of the meaning structure analysis is the same as the content analysis for the correspondence analysis. Phase II – Separation analysis To prevent a loss of valuable information, the meaning structure analysis was performed on two different levels. The first level provides general results on the indoor environment, therefore it can be considered as the main analysis. In this analysis, each relationship between two elements should be mentioned at least ten times during the interviews to be included in the HVM. This frequency was chosen because it provides an understandable overview of the results with a sufficient level of detail. The second analysis level provides more detailed information on the components. Prior to this analysis the results from the different components were compared. The components that showed comparable answers during the interviews were combined to form a set of answers for a sub-analysis. Phase III – Summary Implication Matrices The numbered categories were used to score each element in each ladder producing a matrix with rows representing an individual respondent’s ladder. From this matrix can be derived how often one element results in a subsequent element. The relations between attributes, consequences and values can be either indirect or direct. The final result is known as a Summary Implication Matrix (SIM), in which each cell indicates the number of times directly and indirectly all row elements lead to all column elements [Reynolds and Olson, 2001]. Phase IV - Hierarchical Value Maps The SIM was used to develop an Hierarchical Value Map (HVM), this is a map which represents the chains between the aggregated ladders. To avoid confusion, the term “ladder” will refer to the results from individual respondents while the term “chains” will be used in reference to sequences of elements which are derived from the SIM [Reynolds and Olson, 2001]. Figure 8 illustrates this relation between ladders and chains. A HVM is built up by connecting all the chains that are formed by considering the relations in the SIM among elements. When constructing the HVM, the cells with the highest frequencies are considered as starting point, since these relations occur most often. From these cells the main structure of the HVM and its corresponding chains develops. For the completion of the HVM, a cut-off level needs to be determined. Often a minimum of 10% of the ladders derived from the respondents has to include the chain to be included in the HVM. Additionally, Reynolds and Olson [Reynolds and Olson, 2001] mention a minimum frequency of 3 to 4.

3.2

Results

The ladder interviews were first analyzed with the use of a correspondence analysis to define clusters. Secondly, the meaning structure analysis was applied. This analysis provides an hierarchical overview of the environmental aspects and corresponding purposes which are considered as most important by building users. The results from both analyses are given in this section. 3.2.1

Correspondence analysis This analysis was performed to verify the concepts from literature and to determine and identify underlying concepts of the given answers. Eventually, these results are helpful for defining items for the questionnaire (see chapter 4).

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Phase I – Content analysis The answers from the ladder interviews and corresponding categories are given in appendix IV. The validation of the developed categories by a second person showed a 84% match. This percentage of agreement is assumed high enough to be representative for the answers given by respondents. Appendix V additionally shows the individual ladders per component. Phase II – Construct matrix Given the large size of the matrices (> 700 rows) they were not included in the report. Both the Excel and SPSS files can be found on the CD which is attached to this report. Phase III – Correspondence analysis The figures, which were derived from the correspondence analysis, represent the relations between the different attributes, consequences and values. Each figure from the correspondence analysis represents two elements: either attributes and consequences, consequences and values or attributes and values. Furthermore each figure represents two dimensions, in this research it is either dimension 1 and 2 or dimension 1 and 3 (see Table 4). Table 4

Overview of the results from the correspondence analysis

Figures

Elements

Dimensions

Total inertia

Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16

Attributes - Consequences Consequences - Values Consequences - Values Attributes - Values

1-2 1-2 1-3 1-2

.34 .49 .45 .52

With the use of Figure 13-15, clusters were composed. In each cluster, the attributes, consequences and values which have a strong relation are joined together. These clusters were used in this research to formulate the items for the questionnaire. Attributes - Consequences In the attributes-consequences analysis, the relative inertia of dimension one is 19% and the relative inertia of dimension two is 15%, which results in a total relative inertia of 34%. Figure 13 illustrates the relations between attributes and consequences. With the knowledge and theories from literature in mind, five main clusters are extracted from this figure. These are the clusters that follow from the results in Figure 13: 1. Furniture [A], Open/combi office [A], Noise nuisance [A], Neat and clean [A], Privacy [C], Social interaction/communication [C], Personal place [C], Beneficial for company [C] 2. Color [A], Appearance [A], Warm and clear electrical lighting [A], Inspiration and concentration [C], Atmosphere [C], Clear and spatial [C], Tranquility [C] 3. Surrounding environment [A], Big windows [A], View outside [A], Much daylight [C], Not feeling trapped [C], Positive energy [C], Variation [C] 4. Suffer from air related problems [A], No distraction [C], Enjoying yourself [C], Physical condition [C] 5. Location of the system [A], Radiation [A], Centralized and automatic [A], Constant [A], Information and settings [A], Saving time [C], Environment [C], Heat and cold sensation [C] 6. Manageable [A], Easy [A], Uniformity [A], Recognition and experience [A], Know how something works [C], Feeling [C], Adjust to individual needs [C], Functional [C], (Un)pleasant [C]

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Figure 13

Result correspondence analysis: Each cluster represents the attributes and consequences which are strongly associated (inertia dimension 1 = .19; inertia dimension 2 = .15; x2 = 1717.71, exact total inertia = 2.67, P < .000 with 550 degrees of freedom)

Consequences - Values The consequences-values analysis produced a figure in which a few points are located far from all the other results in the graph. Values which deviate remarkably from the majority of points are called outliers. These are generally removed from the graph to make reading and interpreting the graph easier. Therefore is decided to remove the items ‘environment’ and ‘future’. The original graph is included in appendix VI. The figure which results after removing the outliers, shows a central cloud of points with a high density, as can be seen in appendix VI. Since it was very hard to create clusters from this figure, a third dimension was added to enhance the distribution of points among the graph. Eventually, the relative inertia of dimension one is 28%, the relative inertia of dimension two is 21% and the relative inertia of dimension three is 16%, which gives a total relative inertia of 65%. The corresponding graphs are shown in Figure 14 and Figure 15.

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Figure 14

Result correspondence analysis: Each cluster represents consequences and values which are strongly associated (Dimension 1 and 2) (inertia dimension 1 = .28; inertia dimension 2 = .21; x2 = 788.38; exact total inertia = 1.62; P < .000 with 250 degrees of freedom)

From these figures, once again clusters are derived: 1. Tranquility [C], Inspiration and concentration [C], Social interaction and communication [C], (Beneficial for) company [C], Privacy [C], Satisfaction [V], Relaxation [V], Perform well at work [V], Self-development [V] 2. Atmosphere [C], Much daylight [C], To feel at ease [V], To feel at home [V] 3. Positive energy [C], Coherence [C], Not feeling trapped [C], Freedom [V] 4. Enjoying yourself [C], No distraction [C], Physical condition [C], Functional [C], Heat and cold sensation [C], Health [V], Independency [V], Future [V] 5. Clear and spatial [C], Natural [C], Feeling [C], Fresh air [C] 6. (Un)pleasant [C], Know how something works [C], Adjust to individual needs [C], Comfort [V] The existing clusters from Figure 13 are considered in regard to Figure 14 and Figure 15. A comparison shows that there is a certain agreement in the clusters which developed. The comparison is discussed at the end of this chapter.

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Figure 15

Result correspondence analysis: Each cluster represents the consequences and values which are strongly associated (Dimension 1 and 3) (inertia dimension 1 = .28; inertia dimension 2 = .16; x2 = 788.38; exact total inertia = 1.62; P < .000 with 250 degrees of freedom)

Attributes - Values In the attributes-values analysis, the inertia of dimension one is 38% and the inertia of dimension two is 18%, which results in a total inertia of 56%. These are the clusters from Figure 16: 1. Neat and clean [A], Furniture [A], Open/combi office [A], Noise nuisance [A], Disturbing light [A], Perform well at work [V], Satisfaction [V], Self-development [V] 2. Appearance [A], Color [A], Warm and clear electrical lighting [A], To feel at home [V] 3. Surrounding environment [A], Big windows [A], View outside [A], To feel at ease [V], Relaxation [V], Freedom [V] 4. Recognition and experience [A], Suffer from air related problems [A], Uniformity [A], Constant [A], Health [V], Future [V], Comfort [V] 5. Operable window [A], Centralized and automatic [A], Radiation [A], Information and settings [A], Location of the system [A] 6. Easy [A], Manageable [A]

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Figure 16

Result correspondence analysis: Each cluster represents the attributes and values which are strongly associated (inertia dimension 1 = .38; inertia dimension 2 = .18; x2 = 735.69; exact total inertia = 1.51; P < .000 with 220 degrees of freedom )

3.1.2

Meaning structure analysis The aim of this analysis was to visualize the ladders which developed during the interviews, this makes it possible to use the data for operational purposes. Phase I – Content analysis The answers from the ladder interviews and corresponding categories are given in appendix IV. The validation of the developed categories by a second person showed a 84% match. This percentage of agreement is assumed high enough to be representative for the answers given by respondents. Appendix V additionally shows the individual ladders per component. Phase II – Separation analysis Based on the answers from the interviews, four sub-analyses were derived: cooling, heating and ventilation (1), level and design of controls (2), electrical lighting, solar shading and windows (3) and workplace concept and interior design (4). An overview of all the analyses is given in Table 5. In subanalyses 1, 3 and 4 each relationship between two elements should be mentioned at least five times during the interviews to be included in the HVM. In sub-analysis 2 a frequency of at least three times was

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considered since the respondents developed less ladders on these components. This can possibly be explained by the limited amount of experience which building occupants in offices have with different control systems. When respondents have limited experience and knowledge of the control systems, it becomes extremely difficult for respondents to express a preference. Table 5

General analysis and sub-analyses

Analysis indoor environment

Components of the indoor environment

General analysis

• • • • •

Cooling Heating Ventilation Level of control Design of control

Sub-analysis 1

• • •

Cooling Heating Ventilation

Sub-analysis 2

• •

Level of control Design of control

Sub-analysis 3

• • •

Electrical lighting Sun shading device Windows

Sub-analysis 4

• •

Workplace concept Interior design

• • • • •

Electrical lighting Sun shading device Windows Workplace concept Interior design

Phase III – Summary Implication Matrices The constructed Summary Implication Matrices are included on the CD in the back of the report. These matrices were used to develop the Hierarchical Value Map. Phase IV – Hierarchical Value Maps This paragraph presents the HVM’s of the general analysis and the four sub-analyses (see Figure 17 - Figure 21). The lines which represent the relations between elements are labeled with numbers. The number before the dot indicates the direct relations between elements and the number after the dot indicates the indirect relations. A relation is called an indirect relation when it exists via another element, which is not represented in the model. If a relation exists only indirectly, the line is dotted. When the relation exists either directly or both directly and indirectly it is indicated with a solid line. The hierarchical value maps are constructed in correspondence with the structure of Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7. To emphasize this structure, the map is divided into three horizontal panes. The lower part of the hierarchical value map represents the attributes, the middle part the consequences and the upper part the values. When this information is translated for the indoor environment, can be concluded that the lower part of the figure consists of specific characteristics of the indoor environment while the higher part consists of goals with a high level of abstraction.

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Figure 17

Hierarchical Value Map – Relations between attributes, consequences and values - General analysis (#.# = frequency of direct relations – frequency of indirect relations)

Figure 18

Hierarchical Value Map – Relations between attributes, consequences and values - Subanalysis 1: Heating, cooling and ventilation (#.# = frequency of direct relations – frequency of indirect relations)

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Figure 19

Hierarchical Value Map – Relations between attributes, consequences and values - Subanalysis 2: Level and design of controls (#.# = frequency of direct relations – frequency of indirect relations)

Figure 20

Hierarchical Value Map – Relations between attributes, consequences and values - Subanalysis 3: Windows, solar shading and electrical lighting (#.# = frequency of direct relations – frequency of indirect relations)

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Figure 21

3.3

Hierarchical Value Map –Relations between attributes, consequences and values - Subanalysis 4: Workplace concept and interior design (#.# = frequency of direct relations – frequency of indirect relations)

Discussion

The laddering technique is in this research applied in a new context. To make the method applicable for the indoor environment it was necessary to change the procedure. Given the complexity of the laddering technique and the diversity of the indoor environment, the sample size was kept relatively small. Furthermore, the analysis is very determinative for the quality of the results. In the paragraphs below is described how each of these aspects was dealt with in this research. 3.3.1

Categorization The categorization of the attributes, consequences and values is very determinative for the results of both the correspondence analysis and the meaning structure analysis. If the categories were chosen more broad, more details are lost. If the categories were chosen more specifically, some results were not mentioned often enough to be included in the HVM and the correspondence analysis would give even more widely spread results. It is hard to derive whether the right balance is found in this research, but the correspondence analysis has proven to be effective and the HVM’s from the meaning structure analysis are quite thorough and detailed. The minimum amount of times a relation between two elements has occurred during the interviews to be included in the HVM varied between three and ten times. The analysis with a cut off level of three has a lower reliability and shows more indicative results. On the other hand, the general analysis with a cut off level of ten has a high reliability which makes the results more concluding. The meaning structure analysis was a very time consuming method, but resulted in a very clear and understandable representation of the findings. The inertia of the correspondence analysis was at least 30% to be included. If the categories were chosen more broad, the minimum inertia could probably be increased since the frequencies of relations raises. The amount of dimensions in a correspondence analysis was limited by the lowest amount of elements, which is eleven values in this research. However, mostly two dimensions are represented in

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the results which is a little risky. It might occur that some element is positioned closely to another element from one perspective, while the distance between these elements is very large when considering different dimensions. Furthermore, the clustering is done by hand, by comparing the results from the different sub-analyses and considering knowledge from literature. This can be justified since these results were merely used as guideline for the design of the questionnaire. 3.3.2

Correspondence analysis When comparing the clusters which developed from Figure 13-15, can be concluded that most clusters show similar elements. In Table 6, the similar elements are listed in the final clusters, and representative names are assigned to each cluster. Table 6

Clusters from correspondence analyses

Clusters

Elements

1. Effective and functional

Values Consequences

Attributes

2. Meaningfulness

Values Consequences Attributes

3. Freedom and relaxation

Values Consequences Attributes

4. Comfort and health

Values Consequences

5. Comprehensibility

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Attributes Attributes

-

Satisfaction Perform well at work Privacy Social interaction/communication Beneficial for company Furniture Open/combi office Noise nuisance Neat and clean To feel at home Atmosphere Color Appearance Warm and clear electrical lighting Freedom Not feeling trapped Positive energy Surrounding environment Big windows View outside Future Health Functional Enjoying yourself No distraction Physical condition Suffer from air related problems Location of the system Radiation Centralized and automatic Recognition and experience

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Consequences

6. Manageability

Attributes

-

Information and settings Adjust to individual needs (Un)pleasant Know how something works Manageable Easy

As an example, the cluster ‘freedom and relaxation’ is discussed in this paragraph. The cluster indicates that the attributes ‘surrounding environment’, ‘big windows’ and ‘view outside’ strongly relate to the value ‘freedom’. The consequences which are associated with these attributes and value are ‘not feeling trapped’ and ‘positive energy’. The sequence in which the elements appeared in the ladder interviews cannot be derived from the correspondence analysis. So it can either be that ‘not feeling trapped’ results in ‘positive energy’ or it can be that ‘positive energy’ results in ‘not feeling trapped’. For this reason, the results from the correspondence analysis are only useful in determination of the interrelationships while the HVM which is constructed during the meaning structure analysis does provide information on the sequence of the elements. The clusters which result from the correspondence analysis were used during the design process of the questionnaire. The six clusters, as mentioned above, are each represented by three items in the questionnaire. These items are once again derived from the elements which are mentioned within the clusters. 3.3.3

Meaning structure analysis

General analysis From Figure 17 can be derived which specific aspects are experienced as important for building users in achieving health, comfort, performance at work, relaxation and feeling at ease. For example, inspiration and concentration are considered as very influential for performing well at work. At the same time, can be derived from the figure which factors people mention that contribute to the experienced level of inspiration and concentration. According to the results from the interviews are noise nuisance (6.5), the view outside (7.5) and the degree of personal control (7.4) key elements in the perceived level of concentration and inspiration. This way, these results help designers to understand and anticipate on the needs and expectations of building users. Furthermore, an hierarchical structure is developed which can be helpful in decision making during the design process. Sub-analysis 1 – Heating, cooling and ventilation In the sub-analyses, the HVM provides more detailed information. However, the relations which are represented in the sub-analyses are somewhat less strong compared to the general analysis. This can be explained by the difference in frequency in which relations occurred. In sub-analysis 1, each relation which is shown in Figure 18 is given at least five times, while in the general analysis the cutoff level is ten times. Furthermore, sub-analysis 1 only provides the chains which are related to the heating, cooling and ventilation systems in the indoor environment. The other components which are considered in this research are described in the subsequent paragraphs which describe sub-analyses 2-4. From Figure 18 can be concluded that uniformity of the indoor climate is very important for the perceived level of comfort in an office building. Another interesting finding from the HVM is that building occupants only perceive health through health problems. These health problems are, according to the respondents, mainly caused by wrong positioning of the heating, cooling and ventilation systems and draught and air quality related factors. For performing well at work, people consider the absence of noise Master thesis

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nuisance, distraction and disturbing stimuli and the appearance of the work environment as most important and influential factors. Subanalysis 2 – Level and design of controls Subanalysis 2 provides the chains from the interviews which are related to the level and design of control systems in office buildings. Each relation which is shown in Figure 19 is mentioned at least three times in total by respondents during the interviews. This low frequency is a consequence of the little amount of ladders which respondents produced on this subject during the interviews. However, the properties which were mentioned during the interviews seem very valuable in the perceived comfort level. People listed individual control or control on room level, simple and clear systems and the availability of information in regard to the indoor climate as important factors. Information can be explained in this context as the amount of information available on the actual temperature, humidity, level of ventilation and the corresponding settings. Subanalysis 3 – Windows, solar shading and electrical lighting Subanalysis 3 provides the chains from the interviews which are related to windows, solar shading and electrical lighting. Each relation which is shown in Figure 20 is mentioned at least five times during the interviews. As can be concluded from the amount of elements which are represented in the HVM, windows, solar shading and electrical lighting are considered as very important to building occupants in offices. Especially the view outside, the outdoor environment, the nature and the size and operability of the windows play a big role in this HVM. This generally means that the component ‘windows’ is mainly responsible for the big amount of ladders which are produced by the respondents. More specifically, ‘view outside’ is mentioned 53 times in total and either directly or indirectly results in performing well at work, feeling at ease and relaxation. Subanalysis 4 – Interior and workplace concept Subanalysis 4 provides the chains from the interviews which are related to the workplace concept and interior design. Each relation which is shown in Figure 21 is mentioned at least five times during the interviews. The HVM shows that the respondents mainly consider the workplace concept and interior design of importance for the performance at work. In regard to workplace concept, people seem to prefer an open office or an combination office, while at the same time a personal workplace is appreciated. An open office or combination office is perceived as a stimulant for communication and social interaction, which is important for performing teamwork. Another important factor for performing well at work is tranquility. Tranquility and the absence of disturbing stimuli contribute either directly or indirectly to the level of concentration. Furthermore, appearance, color and nature are important for building occupants to be able to feel at ease at their workplace. The atmosphere in the work environment is an important mediator in this context. 3.3.4

Laddering technique in new context The laddering technique originates from consumer psychology and product marketing. In this research, laddering is applied in a new context. Since it was desirable to apply a method which provided both quantitative and qualitative results and at the same time derived conscious and subconscious motives from respondents, the laddering method was considered as the best available method. The fact that the laddering technique was not applied in the context of the indoor environment, for as far as known, brings both difficulties and opportunities. Some assumptions and changes are made to make the standard procedure applicable for the indoor environment. For this reason, each assumption and change is carefully described and evaluated in this report. Eventually, the usage of the laddering method

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increases the value of the report since it additionally provides information on the suitability of the laddering method in regard to the indoor environment. A qualitative method was chosen in this research because the building occupant is considered as an expert in defining his or her own needs. By directly confronting the end user, is aimed to define the existing gap between designer and user and provide a solution to reduce this gap. Since quantitative methods and measurements are more common in the field of the indoor environment, this qualitative method will put new light on the existing conceptions. The results from this method, though, do not aim to compete with the existing guidelines but instead provide additional recommendations. This is especially important since the building occupant is probably not capable of fully defining all the aspects which are important, but as an addition to the current design process this information is very valuable since there exists a rather wide gap between designer and user. Furthermore, the hierarchical information which is derived from the ladder interviews is one of the most important arguments in favor of this method in this context. The important aspects which result from the meaning structure analysis are often not shocking or extremely surprising. They do, however, paint a rich picture which is not easily captured in a questionnaire, both in terms of the number and variety of building elements retrieved and their contextualization in terms of goal fulfillment. This contextualization offers designers and building owners the potential to explore additional (new) building or installation elements which perhaps did not surface in the current interviews, but might also help meet the consequences and end goals derived from them. Some organizations or companies already try to integrate some of the relevant building features in the design, but it is not known how and to which extent each aspect should be integrated in the design. Still, it is important to notice the ratio between psychological and social aspects mentioned by respondents compared to merely technical aspects. Atmosphere, appearance, view outside and manageability are striking examples. A last remark involves the consideration of time, which is important for the strategic value of a design. One can imagine that the needs of building occupants and available techniques change in time, at this very moment they might even change faster than ever before. Additionally, this research only provides limited information on the differences in demands between different users. This information can be of big importance when a building might change owner in time. Therefore, is recommended to give flexibility a key role in the design. Repeating this study with a larger sample size would also offers the potential to differentiate between different user types (e.g. based on gender, age position or type of work; see also paragraph 3.3.6). 3.3.5

Interview procedure The standard procedure for taking ladder interviews differs from the procedure used in this research since the indoor environment cannot be considered as a usual product. In product marketing or consumer psychology, the interviewee gets the opportunity to physically use and touch the different products. This is not possible for this research because the aim is to determine how an indoor environment should be designed according to the needs of building occupants. For this reason, pictures were used to represent the different components of the indoor environment. To reduce possible effects, the photo collages were composed carefully and show a wide variety of possible systems and properties and respondents were always free to ask for more information about a certain picture if necessary. Moreover, research done by Reynolds and Gutman states that respondents start the ladder interviews in correspondence to the properties which are considered most important [Reynolds and Gutman, 1988]. This information supports the suitability of pictures as alternative for physical presence of a product.

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3.3.6

Sample size and respondents The number of people who participated in the interviews would preferably be larger. De Bont et al (1993) recommend in their research a minimum amount of 30 respondents. In this project, this number was intentionally reduced due to the complexity of the indoor environment and the limitations in the scope of the project. Due to the diversity of the indoor environment, the indoor environment was divided into 10 subcategories during the ladder interviews. This resulted in 21 respondents producing just over 600 ladders in total, which gives an average of 3 ladders per subcategory per respondent. Although two third of the respondents works in an office of Royal HaskoningDHV, which is a technical company, the results are representative for a wider range because the respondents were carefully selected, based on differences in function, background, age and gender. Furthermore, respondents do not answer the questions in the ladder interview based on their own office since they were confronted with photo collages of building features in lots of different offices. 3.3.7

Difficulties of the laddering technique The ladder interview method is rather difficult for the interviewer and sometimes a little annoying for the respondent. The method especially requires a focused and well prepared interviewer, since the way of asking can be influential for the answers of the respondents. Therefore, the usage of interview techniques as given in appendix III is very important. Though, the risk of socially desirable behavior still exists.

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4. Questionnaire

4

Questionnaire

Once the indoor environmental features have been determined that are considered as important by building occupants, the extent to which these features can have a positive influence on building users can be investigated. The aim of the questionnaires was to verify whether the design principles for a holistic indoor environment (as derived from the literature review and ladder interviews), could result in enhanced productivity, satisfaction and health (see Figure 1). The information, which is derived from these questionnaires is used as validation for the findings from the literature review and interviews. Therefore, this part of the report aims to provide an answer to the question whether the approach defined in this research can be considered as an improvement in regard to the current design approach. The method and results are reported and discussed in this chapter.

4.1

Method

This paragraph first provides a description of the office buildings involved in the research. Secondly, the respondents who participated in the interviews are described based on their specifications. In the subsequent sections the used measures and procedure are shortly explained. Eventually, the regression analyses are introduced. 4.1.1

Office buildings Employees from six office buildings in the Netherlands within diverse areas were selected to complete the questionnaire. The buildings have a wide variety in workplace concept, climate concept, degree of personal control and size of the office. Several inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined. Office buildings were excluded from participation if reorganization took place, if the building systems were out of service, and if the building occupants had recently been confronted with long-term or serious climate problems. The inclusion criterion was that the office building had been extensively renovated or newly built during the past ten years. This was done to ensure that the indoor environments in the buildings had a comparable quality. This selection approach was chosen to achieve representative results for general and reasonably modern large-scale offices in the Netherlands [Patton, 1980, cited by Dankert, 2011]. The specifications of the selected office buildings are presented in Table 7 and Table 8. Pictures of the different buildings and indoor environments can be found in appendix I. Table 7

Practical specifications office buildings - Questionnaire

Office buildings

Location

Office size

Workplace concept

Royal HaskoningDHV Royal HaskoningDHV Eneco Oliphant Acanthus Kropman

Rotterdam Amersfoort Rotterdam Amsterdam Amsterdam Nijmegen

650 persons 800 persons 800 persons 900 persons 3000 persons 200 persons

Combi office Combi office Combi office Combi office Combi office Cellular office

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4. Questionnaire

Technical specifications office buildings

Table 8

Office buildings

Cooling

Heating

Distribution Ventilation

Degree of control

Royal HaskoningDHV Rotterdam Royal HaskoningDHV Amersfoort Klokgebouw

Recooling

Reheating

Air

Balanced

+++

Induction

Water

Balanced

++

Floor cooling

Radiator and induction Floor heating

Water

Eneco Oliphant

Recooling Climate ceiling and recooling Central cooling Recooling with induction

Reheating Climate ceiling and reheating Reheating Radiators and induction

Air Water

Mechanical ++++ supply Balanced +++ Balanced ++++

Air Water

Balanced Balanced

Acanthus Kropman

++ ++++

4.1.2

Respondents The questionnaire was distributed among 250 respondents over the six office buildings. The questionnaire was completed by 161 respondents (a response rate of 64,4%). To achieve sufficient power it was necessary to include 20 to 30 respondents for each independent variable. From Table 10 can be derived that this research involves six independent variables and therefore 160 respondents is sufficient. For each of the six selected office buildings, at least 19 respondents have completed the questionnaire. It took approximately 10 minutes time per respondent to complete the questionnaire. Table 7 shows which specific office buildings participated in this part of the research and Table 9 provides an overview of the specifications of the respondents. Overview specifications respondents - Questionnaire

Table 9

Gender

Male Female

Age

<25 year 25-35 year 36-45 year 46-55 year 56-65 year Function Management Administrative Specialist Different

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Kropman

Eneco

RHDHV Rotterdam

RHDHV Amersfoort

Oliphant Acanthus

Total

13 9

1 18

11 13

12 14

22 12

19 17

78 83

1 2 10 6 3 3 4 5 10

0 4 7 8 0 2 10 3 4

0 8 7 7 2 4 6 12 2

1 10 9 5 1 5 2 10 9

0 5 9 14 6 3 7 21 3

0 7 8 14 7 6 12 14 4

2 36 50 54 19 23 41 65 32

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4.1.3

Measures The results of the questionnaires will provide information on the relation between features of the indoor environment and building occupants. The questionnaire includes the concepts which have shown to be important in the general correspondence analysis of the ladder interviews – the independent variables - supplemented by subjective productivity, satisfaction, subjective health, and burnout symptoms – the dependent variables. For more information on the results of the correspondence analysis, see paragraph 3.2. The concepts which are included in the questionnaire are also shown in Table 10. For the reliability of the results, three items were developed to measure each concept. This ensures that the items are correctly understood and answered by the respondents. For example, ‘effectiveness and functionality of the indoor environment at the workplace’ was measured with the items ‘suitability of the workplace for performing work’ (1), ‘sufficiency of concentration at the workplace’ (2) and ‘degree to which a person is able to perform work well at the workplace’ (3). The demographic characteristics and comments and notes are not considered as variables in this research and therefore not measured with the use of three items. The concept burnout is another exception; this is measured with the use of a 16-item inventory which is known as OLBI (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory) [Demerouti et al, 2010]. For a complete version of the questionnaire, see appendix VIII.

Table 10

Relation between concepts and items in the questionnaire

Independent variables

Dependent variables

Demographic characteristics

Comments and notes

Concept

Items in questionnaire

Freedom and relaxation Health and comfort Comprehensibility Meaningfulness Manageability Effective and functional Subjective health Subjective productivity Satisfaction Burnout (OLBI) Company Gender Age Function Comments on given answers Additional notes on indoor environment at the workplace

1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16-18 19-21 22-24 25-27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Each question, except for burnout, was answered by means of a unidirectional seven-point scale. For each variable, the scores on the three items were summed and divided by three for each scale to obtain a single score to represent the variable. For the variable burnout, a four-point scale was used. To make the scores comparable with the seven-point scales, these items were multiplied by 1.75. The suitability of the seven-point scale was checked in an early stage of the research by distributing the questionnaire among all the respondents who had participated in the ladder interviews. The results from this trial showed that respondents considered a seven-point scale as pleasant and

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4. Questionnaire

suitable, therefore the scale was used in the continuation of the research. The results from these questionnaires are not used for further analysis. 4.1.4

Procedure The questionnaire was created using ThesisTools, web based software to create, manage and distribute questionnaires. The questionnaire was distributed via a link in an e-mail which was sent to the respondents by the companies which occupy the office buildings. The link was available for a period of two weeks and a reminder was sent to the participants on the seventh day. 4.1.5

Multiple linear regression analysis A regression analysis is a method, which is used to estimate the relationships among variables. The aim of the analysis is to define the relationship between dependent and multiple independent variables as mentioned in Table 10 and Figure 22.

Figure 22

Schematic representation of the relations between the independent (left) and dependent variables (right)

The result from the regression analysis provides understanding on how the dependent variable changes when the independent variables are varied. The variation is in this research a result of the different office buildings, which have been used to select the respondents. The regression analysis is performed in SPSS and prior to the regression analysis several steps are taken, these steps are described in the following paragraphs and shown in Figure 23.

Figure 23

Schematic representation of the steps taken prior to the regression analysis

Recoding items The first step in the analysis is to recode all the items in the questionnaire, such that all the answers are coded in the same direction. For example, the question ‘Are you satisfied?’ is stated in the opposite direction of the question ‘Are you dissatisfied?’, therefore recoding of the answers is necessary to make the data suitable for analysis.

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4. Questionnaire

All the answers from the questionnaire were recoded in such a way that the highest number, which is either four or seven, indicates a positive answer (for example: a score of 7 on discomfort is not positive, therefore it needs to be recoded). For a seven point scale this means that 1=7, 2=6, 3=5, 4=4, 5=3, 6=2 and 7=1. In Table 11 an overview is given of the specific items from the questionnaire, which were recoded. Overview of the recoded items from the questionnaire

Table 11

Recoded items 2

5

6

20

21

28-2

28-3

28-8

28-9

28-11

28-14

28-15

28-16

Principal axis factoring The correlation matrix of the initial computed variables (see appendix VII) showed multiple coefficients higher than 0.5, which indicates rather strong correlation among the independent variables. This may result in a phenomenon known as multicollinearity: when two independent variables have a high correlation, they tend to measure the same concept, which is not desirable. Therefore, instead of computing the variables as originally planned, principal axis factoring (PAF) was applied in this research to determine the latent variables (or factors) measured with our set of items. Table 12

Result of the factor analysis - Rotated factor matrix Rotated Factor Matrixa Factor 1

1. Heeft u tijdens het uitvoeren van uw werk voldoende contact met de

2

3

4

5

6

,574

buitenwereld? 2. Ervaart u wel eens een opgesloten gevoel op uw werkplek?

-,308

3. Kunt u zich ontspannen op uw werkplek?

,443

4. Ervaart u uw werkplek als een gezonde omgeving?

,308

-,495

,494

5. Heeft u last van fysieke ongemakken op uw werkplek?

-,626

6. Ervaart u hinderlijke prikkels op uw werkplek?

-,358

-,539

7. Weet u of en hoe uw werkplek wordt geventileerd, verwarmd en gekoeld?

,569

8. Weet u of en hoe u de ventilatie, verwarming en koeling kunt bedienen?

,792

9. Ervaart u het binnenklimaat op uw werkplek als natuurlijk?

,642

10. Hoe beleeft u de sfeer op uw werkplek?

,762

11. Heeft u voldoende inspiratie op uw werkplek?

,528

,551

12. Voelt u zich op uw gemak op uw werkplek?

,497

,559

13. Is het binnenklimaat gemakkelijk te bedienen?

,569

14. Kunt u het binnenklimaat afstemmen op uw behoeften?

,788

15. Heeft u voldoende zeggenschap over de inrichting van uw werkplek?

,367

16. Is uw werkplek geschikt voor het naar behoren uitvoeren van uw werk?

,746

17. Kunt u zich voldoende concentreren op uw werkplek?

,726

18. Kunt u uw werk goed uitvoeren op uw werkplek?

,774

,380

,428

,315

Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factoring; Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.a; a. Rotation converged in 7 iterations.

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4. Questionnaire

Based on the eigenvalues of the initial solution of the factor analysis, it was set that the principal axis factoring should extract six dimensions. Varimax rotation assisted in interpreting the factors. The results from the factor analysis are shown in Table 12. The distribution of values among the factors confirms the correlations as found in the correlation matrix. Based on the results from the principal factor analysis, the variables were computed (see Table 13). At first the items were placed in the factor where the highest factor loading occurred in Table 12. When the factor loading of an item was below 0.5, a consideration was made to include the item as a single predictor. Based on the similarities with the other items in the factor, a final decision was made. Only for item 3 (relaxation at the workplace) was decided to create an extra factor because it differed significantly from the factor loadings of items 16, 17 and 18 (see Table 12). Table 13

Computed variables

Factors

Items from questionnaire

1. Effective & functional

16. 17. 18. 1.

2. Manageable & natural

3. Meaningful

4. Comprehensible 5. Physical discomfort 6. Annoying stimuli 7. Relaxation at the workplace

4. 9. 13. 14. 15. 2. 10. 11. 12. 7. 8. 5.

Is uw werkplek geschikt voor het naar behoren uitvoeren van uw werk? Kunt u zich voldoende concentreren op uw werkplek? Kunt u uw werk goed uitvoeren op uw werkplek? Heeft u tijdens het uitvoeren van uw werk voldoende contact met de buitenwereld? Ervaart u uw werkplek als een gezonde omgeving? Ervaart u het binnenklimaat op uw werkplek als natuurlijk? Is het binnenklimaat gemakkelijk te bedienen? Kunt u het binnenklimaat afstemmen op uw behoeften? Heeft u voldoende zeggenschap over de inrichting van uw werkplek? Ervaart u wel eens een opgesloten gevoel op uw werkplek? Hoe beleeft u de sfeer op uw werkplek? Heeft u voldoende inspiratie op uw werkplek? Voelt u zich op uw gemak op uw werkplek? Weet u of en hoe uw werkplek wordt geventileerd, verwarmd en gekoeld? Weet u of en hoe u de ventilatie, verwarming en koeling kunt bedienen? Heeft u last van fysieke ongemakken op uw werkplek?

6.

Ervaart u hinderlijke prikkels op uw werkplek?

3.

Kunt u zich ontspannen op uw werkplek?*

* This item is included as an extra factor since the factor loading is below 0.5

Reliability analysis The internal validities of the computed variables were verified with a reliability analysis. In this research, the Cronbach’s alpha model is used to test the reliability. This model provides an indication of the degree to which items measure the same concept. If the value of Cronbach’s alpha was 0.6 or higher, the items are considered as reliable for measuring one single concept. Table 14

Overview of the items and corresponding Cronbach’s alpha of the independent variables

Independent variables Relaxation at the workplace Physical discomfort Annoying stimuli Comprehensibility Meaningful Manageable & natural Effective & functional

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Items 3 5-rec 6-rec 7, 8 2-rec, 10, 11, 12 1, 4, 9, 13, 14, 15 16, 17, 18

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Cronbach’s alpha 0.643 0.822 0.824 0.840

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4. Questionnaire

Table 15

Overview of the items and corresponding Cronbach’s alpha of the dependent variables

Dependent variables Subjective health Subjective productivity Satisfaction Satisfaction with building Job satisfaction Burnout

Items 19, 20-rec, 21-rec 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 25, 26 27 28-1, 28-2-rec, 28-3-rec, 28-4, 28-5, 28-6, 28-7, 28-8-rec, 28-9-rec, 28-10, 28-11-rec, 28-12-rec, 28-13, 28-14-rec, 28-15-rec, 28-16-rec

Cronbach’s alpha 0.713 0.652 0.585* 0.632 0.863

*Cronbach’s alpha is below 0.6. Separation of item 27 results in an increased α.

The results of the reliability analysis (see Table 14 and Table 15) show that, after separation of items 25, 26 and 27, all variables have a Cronbach’s alpha above 0.6. Although not perfect, a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.6 or higher is commonly considered as acceptable. For this reason, can be concluded that the internal consistency of the items within each variable is sufficient. Correlation analysis Correlation analyses were performed to investigate the correlations between the newly constructed independent variables. Table 16 presents the corresponding correlation matrix. Table 16

Correlation analysis of the computed independent variables

There is no exact value which indicates whether or not the correlation between two predictive variables is still acceptable. However, when comparing the correlations in Table 16 to the correlations from the

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4. Questionnaire

correlation matrix in appendix VII, a reduction of the correlation values is noticed. This result indicates that the usage of the newly computed variables eventually improves the reliability of the regression analysis. Nevertheless, it should be noted that especially the variable ‘meaningful’ still correlates rather strong with the variables ‘manageable and natural’, ‘effective and functional’ and ‘annoying stimuli’.

4.2

Results

For each of the five dependent variables a stepwise regression analysis was performed to explore which of the building features are most important in predicting the respective variable. In a stepwise regression analysis, the choice of predictive variables is carried out by an automatic procedure. The used criteria in regard to the F value are p < .05 for entry and p > 0.10 for removal of a variable. The value of R2 indicates to what extent the variance in the dependent variable can be explained by the variance in the predictive variables. The values of the beta represent the actual standardized effect of a single predictive variable on the dependent variable. The results of each analysis are discussed in the paragraphs below. 4.2.1

Subjective health The dependent variable in the first analysis is subjective health. The variables representing the features of the indoor environment (as listed in Table 14) were used as independent variables in the regression analysis. The model, as shown in Table 17, can significantly predict subjective health (R2 = .281) with the independent variables meaningful (p < .01; β = .30), relaxation at the workplace (p < .01; β = .21) and physical discomfort (p < .05; β = .16). Table 17

Coefficients and beta values of multiple regression analysis with subjective health as dependent variable (N=161)

Dependent variable: Subjective health

b

Constant 3.408 Meaningful* 0.257 Relaxation at the 0.149 workplace* Physical discomfort** 0.098 * p < .01 ** p < .05 Adjusted R2 = .267; R2 = .281

SE b

β

0.332 0.073 0.056

0.297 0.214

0.047

0.157

4.2.2

Subjective productivity The dependent variable in the second analysis is subjective productivity. The variables representing the features of the indoor environment (as listed in Table 14) were used as independent variables in the regression analysis. The model, as shown in Table 18, can significantly predict subjective productivity (R2 = .262) with the independent variables effective and functional (p < .01; β = .34), annoying stimuli (p < .01; β = .26) and comprehensible (p < .05; β = -.15).

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4. Questionnaire

Table 18

Coefficients and beta values of multiple regression analysis with subjective productivity as dependent variable (N=161)

Dependent variable: Subjective productivity

b

Constant 3.846 Effective & Functional* 0.235 Annoying stimuli* 0.137 Comprehensible** -0.075 * p < .01 ** p < .05 Adjusted R2 = .247; R2 = .262

SE b

β

0.265 0.057 0.043 0.037

0.340 0.258 -0.146

4.2.3

Job satisfaction The dependent variable in the third analysis is job satisfaction. The variables representing the physical features of the indoor environment (as listed in Table 14) were used as independent variables in the regression analysis. The model, as shown in Table 19, can significantly predict job satisfaction (R2 = .258) with the independent variable meaningful (p < .001; β = .251). Table 19

Coefficients and beta values of multiple regression analysis with job satisfaction as dependent variable (N=161)

Dependent variable: Job satisfaction

b

Constant 3.643 Meaningful* 0.436 * p < 0.001 Adjusted R2 = .253; R2 = .258

SE b

β

0.311 0.059

0.508

4.2.4

Satisfaction with building The dependent variable in the fourth analysis is satisfaction with building. The variables representing the features of the indoor environment (as listed in Table 14) were used as independent variables in the regression analysis. The model, as shown in Table 20, can significantly predict satisfaction with building (R2 = .586) with the independent variables manageable and natural (p < .001; β = .56) and meaningful (p < .001; β = .29). Table 20

Coefficients and beta values of multiple regression analysis with satisfaction with building as dependent variable (N=161)

Dependent variable: Satisfaction with building

b

Constant 0.323 Manageable & natural* 0.640 Meaningful* 0.337 * p < .001 Adjusted R2 = .581; R2 = .586

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SE b

β

0.324 0.073 0.076

0.562 0.285

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4.2.5

Burnout level The dependent variable in the fifth analysis is burnout level. The variables representing the features of the indoor environment (as listed in Table 14) were used as independent variables in the regression analysis. The model, as shown in Table 21, can significantly predict burnout level (R2 = .361) with the independent variables meaningful (p < .001; β = .40) and relaxation at the workplace (p < .001; β = .29). Coefficients and beta values of multiple regression analysis with burnout level as dependent variable (N=161)

Table 21

Dependent variable: Burnout

b

Constant 3.210 Meaningful* 0.218 Relaxation at the 0.130 workplace* * p < .001 Adjusted R2 = .352; R2 = .361

SE b

β

0.193 0.041 0.034

0.400 0.288

4.2.6

Summary A summary of all the results is given in Table 22. This table was created to make it easier to interpret the results from the different regression analyses. Results regression analysis – Beta values and total explained variance of the dependent variables

Table 22 Dependent variables

Subjective health Subjective productivity Job satisfaction Satisfaction with building Burnout level

4.3

Beta values of the significant predictors ( P < .05) Meaningful

Effective & functional

Comprehensible

Manageable & natural

Annoying stimuli

.297 .340

-.146

Relaxation at the workplace .214

Physical discomfort

Total explained variance (R2 adjusted)

.157

.267

.258

.247

.508 .285

.562

.581

.400

.352

Discussion

4.3.1

Measures Due to the correlations among independent variables, the items were rearranged. This resulted in variables with a multidimensional scale of 2 to 6 items and a few variables, which are represented by one single item. A multidimensional scale is by definition more stable compared to a single item. One can imagine that a single question in a survey is more sensitive for differences in interpretation of respondents than the average score of six questions. Therefore, the predictive variables which have a multidimensional scale can be considered as more reliable predictors compared to the single item predictive variables. In the questionnaire both productivity and health are measured subjectively by directly asking the respondent to rate their own condition and performance. It is expected that self rated productivity

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4. Questionnaire

and actual productivity are not directly comparable, and the same goes for health. Still, it was a deliberate choice to make use of subjective measures instead of objective measures. In the first place, the organization of objective measures for health and productivity was not feasible given the complexity of such activities. At the same time, it was rather difficult to find companies who were willing to supply respondents for participation. A lot of companies have their own policies regarding the indoor environment and employee satisfaction. Furthermore, the indoor environment, satisfaction and productivity turned out to be sensitive topics in many organizations. For this reason, participation was stimulated by designing a questionnaire, which required limited time and effort from employees. 4.3.2

Regression analysis

The results from the regression analysis indicate that every dependent variable is influenced by a different combination of predictive variables. In other words: subjective health, subjective productivity, job satisfaction, satisfaction with the building and burnout level are all influenced by different qualities of the indoor environment, which in turn are related to different features of the building and/or installations (see chapter 3 and chapter 5). More specifically, the predictive variables of subjective health and burnout show similarities while there is no agreement between the other dependent variables. According to the high beta values for the variable ‘meaningful’, this is a very influential factor. In fact, subjective productivity is the only dependent variable which, is seemingly not affected by the meaningfulness of the indoor environment. When evaluating the value of R2, a high value (near 1) is always better than a low value (near 0). However, there is no agreement on a specific value which justifies the strength of the relation. The values from the results of the regression analysis vary between .26 (Table 19) and .59 (Table 20). This indicates that the relation between ‘meaningful’ and ‘manageable and natural’ on the one hand and ‘satisfaction with building’ on the other hand is stronger than the relation between ‘meaningful’ and ‘job satisfaction’. At the same time this means that at least 25% (R2 ≥ .25) of the variance in the performance indicators is determined by differences in perceived performance of building features from this research. In general, these explained variance (R2) levels are quite high considering remaining factors beside building quality which likely impact these variables (for instance the job itself, motivation & ambition, gender, age, health habits et cetera). Apart from the variable ‘comprehensible’, all the predictive variables have a positive influence on the performance indicators (see negative beta value in Table 18). This implies that there are opportunities for building features to enhance satisfaction, productivity and health and to reduce burnout symptoms among building users.

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5. Proposed design method

5

Proposed design method

All the results from both the ladder interviews and the questionnaires are analyzed according to the corresponding theoretical methods. However, the complex HVM’s, which contain both qualitative and quantative information, are not very suitable for providing input in the design process. In the design process, it is desirable to have a clear and understandable method which can easily be used to effectively add value to the design by implementing the findings from this research. For this reason, several guidelines are proposed in this chapter which help to define possible design principles in line with the results.

5.1

Pie-charts

The pie-charts present the results from the ladder interviews; the self rated needs. These charts were created because they are easier to read compared to the HVM’s. However, it should be noted that only complete ladders (see Figure 18 – Figure 21), which included an attribute, consequence and value, are represented in the diagrams. At first, all the attributes, consequences and values, which were derived from the ladder interviews, were visualized in diagrams (see Figure 24 - Figure 27). Separate diagrams were made for the sub-analyses 1 to 4 (see Table 5). The inner circle represents the values, the middle circle represents the consequences and the outer circle represents the corresponding attributes. The relations between the different needs of building users are clearly visible in the diagrams. This enables designers and engineers to use the results from the ladder interviews as input for their designs for the indoor environment. The diagrams help both engineers and designers to interpret the results and to put them in perspective. The pie-charts are correctly read by extending the outer lines of a plane to the center of the diagram (see white lines in Figure 24 - Figure 27). When considering the resulting plane, one can read which factors influence each other. A direct relation exists between the arc length of the inner planes and the importance of the item. If more detailed meanings of the attributes, consequences and values which are shown in the diagrams is desired, in appendix IV can be found which exact answers from the ladder interviews were given for each attribute, consequence and value.

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Figure 24

Pie-chart – Sub-analysis 1: Heating, cooling and ventilation. The chart shows which attributes, consequences and values are related according to building occupants.

Figure 25

Pie-chart – Sub-analysis 2: Level and design of controls. The chart shows which attributes, consequences and values are related according to building occupants.

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Figure 26

Pie-chart - Sub-analysis 3: Windows, solar shading and electrical lighting. The chart shows which attributes, consequences and values are related according to building occupants.

Figure 27

Pie-chart – Sub-analysis 4: Workplace concept and interior design. The chart shows which attributes, consequences and values are related according to building occupants.

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5.2

Morphological design method

In this section, a design method is proposed which illustrates how the results from this research could be translated into a design. The method is explained according to the morphological chart, possible design scenario’s and the Kesselring diagram. 5.2.1

Morphological chart The morphological design method is applied with the use of a chart based on function analysis. On the left side of the table functions are listed while on the right side different solutions are proposed which can be used to perform the functions. In this paragraph, each value, which is derived from the ladder interviews, is mentioned in relation to the corresponding attributes. Subsequently, each attribute (or function in this context) is linked to solutions which can be used to realize this attribute in a building design. These solutions are composed with the use of information from the ladder interviews and findings from the literature review. Each attribute and the corresponding solutions have a relative weight in relation to the value. This weight represents the sum of direct and indirect relations from the HVM’s (see Figure 17 - Figure 21). For example, the function ‘appearance’ has a weight of six plus signs, while the function ‘neat and clean’ has only two plus signs. This means that ‘appearance’ is three times as important for performing well at work compared to ‘neat and clean’. The functions in the table are sorted by weight: the functions at the top of the table are more influential in achieving the value compared to the functions on the bottom of the table. Each of the values is represented in a separate table below (see Table 23 - Table 28). Note that the proposed solutions in this method have not yet been verified in a realized design. Therefore, the solutions are most useful as an example to illustrate how the results from this research could be translated to a design with the use of the morphological design method. Performing well at work Table 23

Morphological chart – Value: performing well at work

Subfunctions (attributes)

Example solutions

Weight

Appearance

-

++++++

No noise nuisance No air related problems Nature View outside Open office or combi office Color

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Personal control

Neat and clean

-

Thermostat per zone Controllable solar shading Operable windows Controllable electrical lighting Adjustable ventilation rates Clean desk policy Well cleaned workplaces Good opportunities for storage

++

++

Comfort Table 24

Morphological chart – Value: comfort


Example solutions

Weight

Personal control

-

++++++

Uniform climate Simple and clear control systems Adjustable climate per room No air related problems Radiation Location of the HVAC-system

Thermostat per zone Controllable solar shading Operable windows Controllable electrical lighting Adjustable ventilation rates Limit the adjustability of temperature to a few degrees Highly insulated building envelope Control system with conventional symbols Control system which provides feedback on operations Control system with only the essential options Thermostat in each room Ventilation control in each room Solar shading adjustable per room No high air velocities Inlet not positioned above a workplace Radiator Floorheating/-cooling Climate ceiling HVAC system in floor HVAC system in walls HVAC system in ceiling

++++ ++++ +++ +++ ++ ++

Health Table 25

Morphological chart – Value: health


Example solutions

Weight

No air related problems

-

++++

Location of the HVAC-system

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Feeling at ease Table 26

Morphological chart – Value: feeling at ease


Example solutions

Weight

Outdoor environment

-

+++++

Operable windows

-

Big windows Appearance Nature Open office or combi office Color Warm and clear electrical lighting Much information on the indoor climate

-

View outside Smooth transition between outside and inside Pay special attention to the design of the outdoor environment Tilt window Sash-window Turn window Façade with a high glass percentage Second skin façade Climate façade Building services integrated in design Minimize visibility building services Pay special attention to the interior design and hygiene Plants in the work environment Opportunity to go for a walk in nature during break Positioning of the office in nature Island office desks Shared workplace Special rooms for phonecalls and meetings Colored walls Colored Furniture Colored accessories Workplace lighting Appealing armatures Low color temperature Thermometer in the room Control system which shows the desired temperature and the actual temperature Control system which shows the relative humidity and the ventilation rate

++++ +++ +++ ++ ++ + + +

Relaxation Table 27

Morphological chart – Value: relaxation


Example solutions

Weight

View outside

-

++++++

Nature

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Feeling at home Table 28

Morphological chart – Value: feeling at home


Example solutions

Weight

Warm and clear electrical lighting

-

++

Workplace lighting Attractive armatures Low color temperature

5.2.2

Possible design scenario’s Based on the solutions from the morphological chart, multiple variants can be developed by a design team in the context of a design process. Each variant represents a different scenario. Four hypothetical scenario’s and their corresponding functionality and realizability scores are given in Table 29 - Table 32. Once the schedule is completed, a total score for both realizability and functionality can be derived. This score can be used to mark the different scenario’s in a Kesselring diagram which gives a clear representation of the relative performance of each scenario. The score on functionality is calculated by adding up all the plus signs of the attributes which are integrated in the scenario. For example, for the value ‘comfort’, the solutions ‘thermostat per zone’ and ‘highly insulated building envelope’ are applied in scenario 1. ‘Thermostat per zone’ is a possible solution for the function ‘personal control’ and ‘highly insulated building envelope’ is a solution to ‘uniform climate’. ‘Personal control’ has a weight of six plus signs and ‘uniform climate’ has a weight of four plus signs (see Table 24). Since both solutions are combined in scenario 1, the total score is 10. The score on realizability should be based on aspects such as maintenance, investment, suitability, manufacturability, flexibility and so on. The realizability of each variant should be rated by experienced engineers. In the example scenarios given in Table 29 - Table 32, prof. Ir. W. (Wim) Zeiler rated the different scenario’s on realizability.

Table 29

Possible design scenario 1 – Minimum quality indoor environment

Value

Example solutions

Perform well at work -

Comfort Health Feeling at ease

Relaxation Feeling at home Total

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Realizability

16

8

10

8

4 12

7

6 2 50

10

6

4

72

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Table 30

Possible design scenario 2 – Basic quality indoor environment

Value

Example solutions

Perform well at work Comfort

-

Health Feeling at ease

Relaxation Feeling at home Total Table 31

Value

-


Building services integrated in design Special workplace for phonecalls and meetings Plants in the work environment Realistic view outside, no coatings No high air velocity

24

6

Highly insulated building envelope Control system with conventional symbols Thermostat in each room Inlet not positioned above a workplace Smooth transition between outside and inside Turn window Second skin façade Minimize visibility building services Positioning of the office in nature Windows at eye level while sitting Workplace lighting

17

7

4 17

7

6 2 70

10

Functionality

Realizability

29

5

22

4

6 20

7

Example solutions

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Possible design scenario 3 – Good quality indoor environment


Comfort

Functionality

Building services integrated in design Special workplace for phonecalls and meetings Plants in the work environment Realistic view outside, no coatings Island office desks Colored Furniture No high air velocities Highly insulated building envelope Control system with conventional symbols Thermostat in each room Floorheating/-cooling Inlet not positioned above a workplace Smooth transition between outside and inside Turn window Second skin façade Minimize visibility building services Positioning of the office in nature Special rooms for phonecalls and meetings

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-

Relaxation

Feeling at home Total

Table 32

-

8

4

2 87

4

Functionality

Realizability

33

4

24

4

6 24

7

8

4

2 97

4

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Possible design scenario 4 - High quality indoor environment

Value

Example solutions


Comfort


-

Relaxation

-

Feeling at home Total

-

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Colored walls Windows at eye level while sitting Opportunity to go for a walk in nature during break Workplace lighting

Building services integrated in design Special workplace for phonecalls and meetings Plants in the work environment Realistic view outside, no coatings Island office desks Colored furniture Well cleaned workplaces No high air velocities Highly insulated building envelope Control system with conventional symbols Thermostat in each room Floorheating/-cooling HVAC system in ceiling Inlet not positioned above a workplace Smooth transition between outside and inside Turn window Second skin façade Minimize visibility building services Positioning of the office in nature Special rooms for phonecalls and meetings Colored walls Low color temperature Control system which shows the desired temperature and the actual temperature Windows at eye level while sitting Opportunity to go for a walk in nature during break Workplace lighting

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5.2.3

Kesseling method The Kesselring method is commonly used to rate different design variants which are derived from morphological charts. This method also distinguishes the functionality- and realizability demands. Both functionality and realizability of each variant are rated in a Kesselring diagram. The example scenario’s from the previous paragraph are shown in Figure 28. Design scenario’s that are rated below or on the left of the red line are ruled out because the quality of these scenario’s is too low. Eventually, the variant which has the highest score in the diagram will be chosen as optimum. In this example, this is scenario 2.

Figure 28

5.3

Kesselring diagram – Comparison of the different design scenario’s based on functionality and realizability

Discussion

The lowest level of abstraction which was derived from the ladder interviews is the attribute level. The attributes from the interviews represent both features of the indoor environment and functions. One example is the ‘operable window’, which can be seen as a feature. However, multiple solutions can be proposed since there exist multiple variants of operable windows. When considering the example ‘personal control’ there are way more possibilities. It can be personal control of electrical lighting, temperature, ventilation rate, solar shading and so on. Therefore, it is important that the step from attribute to design solution is taken carefully. The morphological design method is therefore proposed to guide this step in the design process. This design method is considered as very useful in the context of this research because it provides opportunities to find solutions for complex design tasks. Although mentioned multiple times in this chapter, the morphological design method is merely used to illustrate how the results from this research could be used in practice.

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Another important note is that the design scenario’s and solutions as proposed in this chapter, are purely based on the perception of building users – as derived from the ladder interviews. For example, it could be that people feel like it is important that the inlet of the ventilation is not situated above their heads for their health, while it is not necessarily true.

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6. Conclusion and discussion

6

Conclusion and discussion

This report deals with the relation between the indoor environment and wellbeing and performance of building occupants in offices. Both the indoor environment and the human wellbeing and performance are very complex concepts. In this chapter conclusions and a general discussion of the overall research are presented. In addition, opportunities for future research are discussed. It should be noted that this research specifically considers an evaluation of the design process. Wrong usage of the systems in the indoor environment and execution errors were disregarded in this research.

6.1

Conclusion

The research question was investigated by answering each of the five sub-questions by performing a literature study, ladder interviews and questionnaires. From the results and discussion the stated research question and hypothesis can be answered. Research question Does a holistic approach towards the design of the indoor environment in offices result in increased satisfaction and productivity among building occupants compared to the current design practice? The results from this research indicate that the principles for a holistic design approach, as developed in this research, have the potential to increase satisfaction and productivity among building occupants. However, more research is necessary to investigate whether there exists a causal relation. The hypothesis stated: A holistic design approach provides opportunities for improvement of the indoor environment in offices in regard to building users compared to the current design practice. The results from the ladder interviews have shown that a lot of building features which are considered as important by building occupants are commonly not integrated in the design of the indoor environment. Since the holistic design approach does address all these features, it will result in a better match between what people want or expect from the indoor environment and the reality. Therefore the hypothesis is accepted. General conclusions -

-

6.2

The application of the laddering technique is proven successful in the context of the indoor environment (see chapter 3) The current design approach addresses only a few of the aspects which are considered as important by office workers (see chapter 3) All the indoor environmental features which resulted from the ladder interviews have the potential to effect humans positively in terms of wellbeing, satisfaction, health and productivity (see chapter 4) Productivity, job satisfaction and satisfaction with the building are influenced by different combinations of predictive variables compared to burnout and health (see chapter 4)

Discussion ladder interviews

Psychological and social aspects in the indoor environment are essential for humans in the work environment. However, designers commonly do not have the knowledge and skills to integrate these aspects in their designs. This research responds to this gap by linking the theories from psychology to

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specific building (services) features. The results enable designers to combine psychological and social elements with the current design approach, this results in a holistic design for the indoor environment. The current design approach focuses on human wellbeing by addressing thermal comfort, acoustics and visual comfort. With the use of the results from the ladder interviews it is possible to conclude that these aspects are very important for humans, especially in regard to concentration and health. However, way more important aspects were identified which are not considered in the current design standards. According to the results, building occupants want to understand and manage their indoor environment. The thermostats and controls need to be easy and clear and they have to provide feedback and information on performed actions. Furthermore, people have a strong desire to feel ‘free’ or not to have the feeling of being ‘trapped’ in the work environment. The outdoor environment and view from the window are very important in this context. Besides, an operable window is of great value for people. Air which visibly comes from outside is perceived as more fresh compared to air from the ventilation systems. The consequence is that occupants actually feel more fit and energetic when natural ventilation is applied. In relation to social interaction and teamwork, an open office or combination office is considered as very effective. In order for people to feel at ease or at home in the work environment, the atmosphere is very determinative. Color usage, natural elements (plants, flowers) and warm colored electrical lighting are perceived as influential for the atmosphere in the indoor environment. A last aspect which a lot of respondents mentioned as an important aspect of the indoor environment is tranquility. Tranquility is associated with the features proper and tidy, calm appearance, nature and view from a window.

6.3

Discussion questionnaire

The influence of the holistic design approach on wellbeing and satisfaction was verified in this study with the use of a questionnaire. A regression analysis was performed to analyze the results. In this paragraph the results are discussed in relation to findings from the literature review. Satisfaction and wellbeing According to the habitability pyramid of Vischer, occupant satisfaction and wellbeing are both in line with psychological and physical comfort [Vischer, 2007]. The regression analysis shows that burnout and subjective health, which are measures of wellbeing, are influenced by meaningfulness and relaxation in the indoor environment. On the other hand, job satisfaction and satisfaction with the building are influenced by meaningfulness, manageability and naturalness of the indoor environment. These results indicate that meaningfulness of the indoor environment is influential for both satisfaction and wellbeing. However, the concepts satisfaction and wellbeing do differ significantly from each other according to the differences in predictive variables. This suggests that meaningfulness, relaxation, manageability and naturalness of the indoor environment are all important in regard to the theory of Vischer. Effectiveness of the work environment and job satisfaction Bond and Galinsky state in their research that the effectiveness of the work environment strongly correlates with job satisfaction when considering value drivers that focus on the ‘whole person’ [Bond and Galinsky, 2006]. According to the results in this research, effectiveness and functionality of the work environment do not correlate with job satisfaction. In fact, these findings seemingly contradict each other. It can be questioned whether the questions which were used to measure effectiveness and functionality focused on the whole person. Since these questions included ‘suitability of the work environment for performing work’, ‘concentration in the work environment’ and ‘ability to perform work

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well in the work environment’, it is expected that the value drivers in this research cannot be compared to value drivers for effectiveness which focus on the whole person. Sense of coherence and job satisfaction Furthermore, research has shown that there is a strong relationship between sense of coherence and job satisfaction [Strümpfer and de Bruin, 2009] [Rothmann and Venter, 2010]. Sense of coherence was not determined in this study with the use of verified scales. However, sense of coherence can be defined in terms of manageable, meaningful and comprehensible. These aspects were included in the questionnaire as features of the indoor environment. The results have shown that meaningfulness of the indoor environment is a very strong predictor of job satisfaction (β = .508). Both manageability and comprehensibility of the indoor environment did not seem to influence job satisfaction significantly. Facility satisfaction and perceived productivity According to Bakker, employees who are satisfied above average with the facilities perceive their work environment as a positive stimulator of their own productivity [Bakker, 2010]. When facility satisfaction is comparable to the suitability of a workplace to perform work, this finding is in line with the results of this research. The regression analysis illustrated that effectiveness and functionality of the workplace is a positive stimulator of productivity. From these results can be concluded that productivity increases when there is a fit between the required and available facilities in the work environment.

6.4

Further research

The results from this research contribute to a first step towards a holistic approach to the design of the indoor environment. After discussing and evaluating this research, several opportunities for future research can be defined. As a continuation of this project, the theoretical findings from the ladder interviews and questionnaire can be used to create a design for the indoor environment. One can imagine a comparative research in which one indoor environment is designed according to the current practice and another indoor environment which is designed with the additional use of the guidelines and recommendations from this report. If all the other circumstances are kept similar, it would be possible to determine after a few years whether the building occupant perceives a positive effect on overall wellbeing. If, eventually, the results still provide strong evidence on the importance of integration of psychological and social aspects in the indoor environment, it would be recommended to investigate whether it is possible to include these aspects in sustainability assessments such as BREEAM and LEED. Another valuable opportunity for research is to perform a comparable study on a very large scale. If a large set of different office buildings and their building occupants are included, a direct relation can be drawn between specific properties of the indoor environment and the effect on humans. A result of such a research could for example be that understandable thermostats are most important for the productivity of humans. Likewise, can be derived whether age, gender, function and business are influential in the perception of the indoor environment. A last comment considers the translation of the findings from this research to a financial model. The results in this report indicate the opportunities to enhance productivity with an effective design for the indoor environment. However, the sample size of the research and the usage of self assessed productivity demand additional research in order to draw reliable conclusions which are useful in business models.

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References

References Antonovsky, A., ‘Health, Stress and Coping’. San Fransisco: Jossey‐Bass Publishers, (1979). ASHRAE/ANSI Standard 55, ‘Thermal Environment Conditions for Human Occupancy’, (2004).

Augé, M., Howe, J., ‘Non‐places : introduction to an anthropology of supermodernity’. London: Verso Books, (1995). Bakker, I., ‘De Breinwerker’. Naarden: Publisher FMN, (2010). Bell, P.A., Greene, T.C., Fisher, J.D., Baum, A., ‘Environmental Psychology’, Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers, (2001). Bond, J.T., Galinsky, E., ‘How can employers increase the productivity and retention of entry-level, hourly employees?’, Families and Work Institute, (November 2006). Bont, C. de, Snelders, D., Schoormans, J. , ‘Laddering: dataverzameling en dataverwerking’, Onderzoek, 11 (8/9), 16-20, (1993). Breda, A.D. van, ‘Resilience theory: A literature review’, (2001). Dankert, R., ’Balanceren tussen uitvoering en bewuste afwijking van beleid’, Proefschrift Technische Universiteit Delft, (June 2011). Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B., Mostert, K., ‘Burnout and work engagement: A thorough investigation of the independency of both constructs’, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 15, no. 3, 209-222, (2010). Dilani, A., ‘Psychosocially supportive design; A salutogenic approach to the design of the physical environment’, World Health Design, (July 2008). ‘Electronic textbook StatSoft’, http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~rgm/scratch/statsbook/stcoran.html, (retrieved on 25 Jan 2014). Gutman, J., ‘A means-end chain model based on consumer categorization processes’, Journal of Marketing, 1 (46), 60-72, (1982). Hensen, J.L.M., ‘On the thermal interaction of building structure and heating and ventilating system’, PhD thesis, University of Technology Eindhoven, (1991). Herzberg, F., B. Mausner, B. Snyderman, ‘The Motivation to Work’, John Wiley, New York, (1959). Karjalainen, S., Koistinen, O., ‘User problems with individual temperature control in offices’, Building and Environment, Vol. 42, p. 2880–2887, (August 2006).

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References

Maaijen, H.N., ‘Thermal Comfort and User Behaviour in Office Buildings’, Literature Review TU/e, (2011). Ouweland, E. van den, ‘Towards a new approach to the design of the physical indoor environment in offices – A literature review’, University of Technology Eindhoven, (July 2013). Reynolds, T.J., Gutman, J., ‘Laddering theory, method, analysis and interpretation’, Journal of Advertising Research, (March 1988). Reynolds, T.J., Olson, J.C., ‘Understanding consumer decision making’, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, (2001).

RICS research, ‘Breaking the Vicious Circle of Blame – Making the Business Case for Sustainable Buildings’, Findings in Built and Rural Environments, (June 2008). Rothmann, S., Venter, M., ‘Sense of coherence, locus of control and self ‐efficacy as predictors of job satisfaction’, International Journal of Psychology, Vol. 35 , Pag. 293‐293, (Aug 2010). Strümpfer, D.J.W., Bruin, G.P. de, ‘Antonovsky’s sense of coherence and job satisfaction: Meta-analysis of South African data’, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology/SA Tydskrif vir Bedryfsielkunde, Vol. 35, Pag. 767, (2009). Veitch, J.A., Charles, K.E., Farley, K.M.J., Newsham, G.R., ‘A model of satisfaction with open‐plan office conditions: COPE field findings’, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 27, no. 3, p. 177‐189, (September 2007). Vischer, J.C., ‘The effects of the physical environment on job performance: towards a theoretical model of workspace stress’, Stress and Health, Vol. 23, p. 175‐184, (2007).

‘Werkplek is zelden een bron van inspiratie’, Telegraaf, 20-02, (2009). World Health Organization (WHO), ‘Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference’, New York, (April 1948). Yamazaki, Y., Togari, T., Sakano, J, ‘Toward Development of Intervention Methods for Strengthening the Sense of Coherence: Suggestions from Japan’, Asian perspectives and evidence on health promotion and education, p. 118‐132, (2011).

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I. Pictures office buildings

Appendix I

Pictures office buildings

Royal HaskoningDHV Rotterdam

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Royal HaskoningDHV Amersfoort

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Eneco Rotterdam

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Acanthus

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Oliphant

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Klokgebouw

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Kropman

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II. Photo collages

II

Photo collages

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II. Photo collages

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II. Photo collages

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III. Interview techniques

III

Interview techniques

The two basic problems of laddering [Reynolds and Gutman, 1988] 1. The respondent does not know the answer to a question 2. The issues have become too sensitive for the respondent to feel comfortable to answer Techniques which can be used to solve problems [Reynolds and Gutman, 1988] 1. Evoking the situational context. Laddering works best when respondents are providing associations while thinking of a realistic occasion in which they would use the product. 2. Postulating the absence of an object or a state of being. One way of “unblocking” respondents when they cannot move beyond a certain level is to encourage them to consider what it would be like to lack an object or to nut feel a certain way. 3. Negative laddering. If a respondent has a hard time describing why he/she does something, it might help to ask why they do other things not instead. 4. Age-regression contrast probe. Sometimes it makes it easier for the respondent to answer by making a comparison between now and the past. This way can be determined what has changed in time that causes to start using a product. 5. Third-person probe. Ask the respondent why he/she thinks that other people’s motives are to do certain things. 6. Re-directing techniques. Silence or repetition of the answer of the respondent force the respondent to continue to think about the question and come to a more thorough answer.

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IV. Categorization

IV

Categorization attributes, consequences and values

In this appendix, the answers from the respondents are categorized. The answers with comparable meanings were grouped and these groups were given names. Eventually, a level of abstraction (attribute, consequence and value) was assigned to each group. A = attribute C = consequence V = value (component, number) = part of the ladder interview and respondent number A1 Beïnvloedbaar A1.1 Individueel beïnvloedbaar Individueel beïnvloedbaar (ventilatie, 1) Persoonlijk regelbaar (ventilatie, 9) Geen persoonlijke bediening (ventilatie, 9) Zelf in kunnen stellen (ventilatie, 10) Zelf beïnvloeden (ventilatie, 11) Zelf invloed uitoefenen (ventilatie, 19) Zelf kunnen regelen (ventilatie, 20) Als ik met meerdere in een ruimte werk dan wil ik graag een persoonlijk ventilatie systeem (ventilatie, 20) Zelf zonwering instellen(zonwering, 1) Zelf bepalen hoeveel licht (zonwering, 2) Zelf regelbaar (zonwering, 4) Zelf bepalen hoeveel licht (zonwering, 5) Zelf kunnen bepalen (zonwering, 6) Zelf kunnen bepalen (zonwering, 7) Zelf bepalen (zonwering, 9) Zelf in kunnen stellen (zonwering, 10) Zelf bepalen hoeveel licht (zonwering, 10) Zelf kunnen beïnvloeden (zonwering, 13) Zelf hoeveelheid licht instellen (zonwering, 13) Zelf kunnen bedienen (zonwering, 15) Zelf controle hebben (zonwering, 19) Zelf in kunnen stellen (zonwering, 21) Individueel regelbaar (plaatsing regelsysteem, 1) Geen persoonlijke beïnvloeding (plaatsing regelsysteem, 2) Zelf invloed uitoefenen maar niet teveel (plaatsing van regelsystemen, 3) Wel zelf kunnen instellen (plaatsing regelsysteem, 5) Individueel regelen te veel afleiding en hogere verwachtingen (plaatsing regelsysteem, 6) Niet per werkplek klimatiseren (plaatsing regelsysteem, 9) Individueel regelbaar (plaatsing regelsysteem, 10) Niet individueel beïnvloedbaar (plaatsing regelsysteem, 12) Per werkplek instelbaar (plaatsing regelsysteem, 16) Individueel beïnvloedbaar (plaatsing regelsysteem, 17) Individuele beïnvloeding (plaatsing regelsysteem, 18) Klimatisering per werkplek (plaatsing regelsysteem, 19)

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IV. Categorization

Zelf kunnen regelen (plaatsing regelsysteem, 20) Regeling per ruimte of per werkplek (afhankelijk van of je in hokje zit of niet) (plaatsing regelsysteem, 20) Zelf kunnen bepalen hoe de verwarming ingesteld staat (verwarming, 3) Individueel regelbaar (verwarming, 7) Zelf kunnen beïnvloeden (verwarming, 9) Zelf temperatuur bepalen (verwarming, 10) Persoonlijke beïnvloeding (verwarming, 11) Individueel regelbaar (verwarming, 14) Persoonlijke beïnvloeding (koeling, 8) Zelf bepalen welke temperatuur (koeling, 8) Zelf bedienen (koeling, 9) Zelf invloed uit kunnen oefenen (ramen, 12) Zelf invloed uitoefenen (ramen, 19) Zelf kunnen regelen (ramen, 20) Bepalen welke temperatuur (ontwerp regelsysteem, 2) Bepalen hoe hard ventilatie blaast (ontwerp regelsysteem, 2) Individueel aanpasbaar (ontwerp regelsysteem, 16) Bureaulamp (elektrische verlichting, 9) Werkplekverlichting (elektrische verlichting, 13) Individuele verlichting vind ik niks (elektrische verlichting, 16) Werkplekverlichting (elektrische verlichting, 18) A1.2 Handmatig bedienbaar Handmatig bedienbaar (zonwering, 2) Met de hand kunnen bedienen (zonwering, 5) Knop (zonwering, 6) Handmatig bedienbaar (zonwering, 10) Handmatig instelbaar (verwarming, 5) Handmatig te verstellen (verwarming, 21) Handmatig instelbaar (ontwerp regelsysteem, 13) A1.3 Per ruimte regelen Per ruimte beïnvloedbaar (plaatsing regelsysteem, 2) Meeste collega’s zijn niet technisch, in elke ruimte wel iemand die het kan gebruiken (plaatsing van regelsysteem, 3) Per ruimte regelbaar (plaatsing regelsysteem, 4) Bediening per ruimte (plaatsing regelsysteem, 5) Regeling per ruimte fijn (plaatsing regelsysteem, 6) Bediening per ruimte (plaatsing regelsysteem, 8) Per werkplek bedienen met basistemperatuur per ruimte (plaatsing regelsysteem, 7) Beïnvloeding per ruimte (plaatsing regelsysteem, 9) Per ruimte beïnvloedbaar (plaatsing regelsysteem, 13) Per werkplek en per ruimte beïnvloedbaar (plaatsing regelsysteem, 15) Per ruimte klimatiseren (plaatsing regelsysteem, 21)

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IV. Categorization

A1.4 Invloed kunnen uitoefenen Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (ventilatie, 3) Geen invloed uit kunnen oefenen (ventilatie, 3) Beïnvloedbaar (ventilatie, 10) Beïnvloedbaar (ventilatie, 15) Actief iets eraan kunnen doen (ventilatie, 18) Vochtigheid in kunnen stellen (ventilatie, 20) Iets meer beïnvloeden (ventilatie, 20) Geen sensors (zonwering, 2) Beïnvloedbaar (zonwering, 3) Geen sensoren (zonwering, 7) Geen sensoren (zonwering, 8) Sensoren met handmatige overrule (zonwering, 9) Centrale regeling met sensoren met beïnvloeding (zonwering, 11) Beïnvloedbaar (zonwering, 12) Geen sensoren (zonwering, 12) Standen per raam bedienbaar (zonwering, 15) Iets kunnen camoufleren of iets er tegen kunnen doen (zonwering, 16) Maar wel overrulebaar (zonwering, 17) Beïnvloedbaar (zonwering, 17) Verstelbaar systeem, bijvoorbeeld luxaflex of rolgordijn (zonwering, 18) Regelbaar (zonwering, 20) Beïnvloedbaar per zone (koeling, 4) Beïnvloedbaar (koeling, 4) Goed reguleren en instellen (ontwerp regelsysteem, 9) Goed instelbare stoel en bureau (interieur, 10) Bureau en stoel instelbaar (interieur, 12) Beïnvloedbaar (verwarming, 12) Actief iets eraan kunnen doen (ramen, 18) Geen sensoren (elektrische verlichting, 9) A2 Last van luchtkwaliteit en tocht A2.1 Vochtigheid Geen droge lucht (verwarming, 1) Juiste vochtigheid (ventilatie, 1) Vochtigheid (ventilatie, 8) Droge lucht (koeling, 8) A2.2 Last van lucht en tocht Tocht (verwarming, 2) Geen tocht (verwarming, 7) Meer tocht (verwarming, 8) Geen lucht (verwarming, 8)

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IV. Categorization

Geen tocht (verwarming, 13) Geen luchtstromen en tocht (verwarming, 15) Geen tocht (verwarming, 16) Geen lucht (verwarming, 19) Geen lucht (koeling, 2) Tocht (koeling, 2) Geen lucht (koeling, 3) Geen lucht (koeling, 3) Geen tocht (koeling, 3) Geen tocht (koeling, 4) Geen koeling dmv lucht (koeling, 6) Niet blazen (koeling, 6) Geen tocht (koeling, 6) Lucht beweegt meer (koeling, 9) Tocht (koeling, 9) Geen tocht (koeling, 10) Koude luchtstroom (koeling, 10) Geen tocht (koeling, 11) Geen tocht (koeling, 12) Geen blazende lucht (koeling, 13) Geen tocht (koeling, 14) Geen tocht (koeling, 15) Koude lucht (koeling, 16) Zo min mogelijk turbulentie (koeling, 18) Niet weggeblazen worden (koeling, 18) Geen tocht (koeling, 18) Niet blazen (koeling, 19) Koude luchtstroom (koeling, 19) Geen tocht (koeling, 20) Tocht (koeling, 21) Niet op een plek met volle kracht blazen (koeling, 21) Geen tocht (ventilatie, 8) Te lokale luchtverversing (ventilatie, 9) Geen tocht (ventilatie, 17) Geen tochtplek (interieur, 9) A2.3 Last van airco Geen airco (koeling, 8) Losse unit airco (koeling, 9) Airco unit vind ik niks (koeling, 16) Geen airco unit (koeling, 18) Geen airco (koeling, 19) A3 Geen geluidsoverlast Geen geluidsoverlast (werkplekconcept, 1) Geluidsoverlast (werkplekconcept, 2) Telefoneren in andere ruimte (werkplekconcept, 3) Geen geluidsoverlast (werkplekconcept, 3) Geluidsoverlast (werkplekconcept, 8)

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81

IV. Categorization

Geen geluidsoverlast (werkplekconcept, 9) Niet veel geluidsoverlast (werkplekconcept, 10) Geen geluidsoverlast (werkplekconcept, 12) Teveel herrie (werkplekconcept, 19) Veel geluidsoverlast (werkplekconcept, 20) Stilte (werkplekconcept, 20) Geen geluid (koeling, 3) Geen herrie van de systemen (koeling, 7) Geen herrie (koeling, 10) Geen herrie (koeling, 13) Geen herrie (koeling, 14) Geen geluid (koeling, 15) Gezoem (koeling, 16) Maakt lawaai (koeling, 19) Geen geluid (ventilatie, 6) Geluidsoverlast (verwarming, 8) Installaties maken geluid (verwarming, 8) Andere geluiden niet zo hard (verwarming, 8) Geen herrie (verwarming, 13) Geen gezoem (verwarming, 16) Stoort je minder aan kleine geluiden (interieur, 8) Maakt lawaai (zonwering, 8) A4 Gemakkelijk / Simpel / Begrijpelijk A4.1 Simpel en duidelijk Symbolen duidelijk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 1) Symbolen duidelijk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 2) Begrijpelijk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 2) Niet te moeilijk (ontwerp van regelsystemen, 3) Rood is warm en blauw is koud (ontwerp regelsysteem, 4) Simpel (ontwerp regelsysteem, 5) Duidelijk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 6) Duidelijk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 7) Eenduidige symbolen (ontwerp regelsystemen, 7) Begrijp je waar ze voor staan (ontwerp regelsystemen, 7) Simpel en duidelijk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 8) Niet te ingewikkeld (ontwerp regelsysteem, 10) Beter te begrijpen (ontwerp regelsysteem, 10) Symbolen duidelijk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 10) Simpel (ontwerp regelsysteem, 11) Begrijpelijk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 11) Symbolen duidelijk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 15) Simpel (ontwerp regelsysteem, 15) Simpel (ontwerp regelsysteem, 16) Staan niet zoveel moeilijke symbolen op (ontwerp regelsysteem, 16) Duidelijk en simpel (ontwerp regelsysteem, 17) Simpel en eenvoudig (ontwerp regelsysteem, 20)

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IV. Categorization

Duidelijk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 20) Gescheiden functies (interieur, 3) Functie aanduiding (interieur, 3) Ik ben wel van de lowtech oplossingen (ventilatie, 16) A4.2 Gemak Gebruiksgemak (ontwerp regelsysteem, 1) Minder moeite met het gebruik (ontwerp van regelsysteem, 3) Gemakkelijk en duidelijk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 4) Gemakkelijk bedienbaar (ontwerp regelsysteem, 4) Gebruiksgemak (ontwerp regelsysteem, 5) Gemakkelijk te begrijpen (ontwerp regelsysteem, 6) Gemakkelijk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 19) Gemakkelijk bedienbaar (verwarming, 2) Gemakkelijk bedienbaar (zonwering, 7) Niks zo makkelijk als ramen open zetten, geen machine nodig (ventilatie, 16) A4.3 Feedback Voorspelbare temperatuur binnen (plaatsing regelsysteem, 4) Mensen weten precies waar ze aan toe zijn (plaatsing regelsysteem, 4) Feedback (ontwerp regelsysteem, 7) Reactietijd niet te lang (ontwerp regelsysteem, 7) Thermostaat praat met je (ontwerp regelsysteem, 16) Actie/reactie (ontwerp regelsysteem, 16) Meteen feedback op wat je doet (ontwerp regelsysteem, 16) Je ziet het vlammetje als hij aan gaat (ontwerp regelsysteem, 16) Als je aan de knop draait hoor je hem ook harder gaan (ontwerp regelsysteem, 16) Feedback (ontwerp regelsysteem, 17) Voorspelbaar (ventilatie, 13) Werkt snel (ventilatie, 17) Meteen effect (ventilatie, 17) Merkbaar (ventilatie, 17) Voorspelbaar (ventilatie, 18) Merkt direct dat het werkt (ventilatie, 18) Gevoelsmatig grootste effect (ventilatie, 18) Effect meteen merkbaar (ventilatie, 21) Voorspelbaar (ramen, 18) Merkt direct dat het werkt (ramen, 18) Gevoelsmatig grootste effect (ramen, 18) A5 Gelijkmatigheid Homogene temperatuurverdeling (verwarming, 1) Geen wisselende temperaturen (verwarming, 1) Gelijkmatige temperatuurverdeling (verwarming, 7)

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83

IV. Categorization

Gelijkmatige verwarming (verwarming, 15) Gelijkmatig en symmetrisch (verwarming, 17) Goede spreiding van de warmte door de ruimte (verwarming, 19) Overal even warm, nu bij ramen koud en midden warm (verwarming, 19) Niet een puntbron (verwarming, 20) Gelijkmatigheid in de warmte (verwarming, 20) Geen puntbron (elektrische verlichting, 1) Gelijkmatige verlichting (elektrische verlichting, 7) Homogene verlichting (elektrische verlichting, 13) Gelijkmatig (elektrische verlichting, 14) Basistemperatuur per gebouw (plaatsing regelsysteem, 1) Homogene temperatuur (plaatsing regelsysteem, 2) Verschillen tussen plekken in het gebouw kleiner (plaatsing regelsysteem, 4) Als je gaat lopen niet continu andere temperatuur (plaatsing regelsysteem, 8) Homogene temperatuur (koeling, 3) Goede verspreiding van lucht (koeling, 4) Geen grote verschillen (koeling, 4) Goede verspreiding van lucht (koeling, 4) Geen grote verschillen (koeling, 4) Geleidelijke koeling (koeling, 8) Homogeen binnenklimaat (koeling, 9) Gelijkmatige koeling (koeling, 10) Diffuus koelen (koeling, 13) Homogene temperatuur (koeling, 13) Gelijkmatige temperatuur (koeling, 15) Hoe gelijkmatiger hoe beter (koeling, 17) Schommelingen van heel warm naar heel koud (koeling, 18) Groot verschil tussen binnen en buiten (koeling, 18) Goede verdeling (koeling, 19) Gelijkmatigheid (koeling, 20) Niet van een kant koelen (koeling, 20) Gelijkmatige verdeling van koude lucht (koeling, 21) Homogene temperatuur en ventilatie (ventilatie, 4) Geen grote verschillen in de ruimte (ventilatie, 4) Gelijkmatig (ventilatie, 17) Geen temperatuurverschillen (ventilatie, 17) A6 Te openen raam Raam open (ventilatie, 1) Raam open (ventilatie, 2) Raam open (ventilatie, 5) Raam open kunnen zetten (ventilatie, 7) Te openen raam (ventilatie, 8) Ramen moeten open kunnen (ventilatie, 9) Te openen raam (ventilatie, 10) Te openen raam (ventilatie, 11) Te openen raam (ventilatie, 12) Te openen raam (ventilatie, 13)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

84

IV. Categorization

Te openen raam (ventilatie, 14) Te openen raam (ventilatie, 15) Ramen open (ventilatie, 16) Raam open zetten (ventilatie, 17) Raam open zetten (ventilatie, 18) Raam open kunnen zetten (ventilatie, 19) Raam open kunnen zetten (ventilatie, 19) Als ik alleen in een ruimte werk dan wil ik graag een te openen raam (ventilatie, 20) Ik ben toch wel van het raam open zetten (ventilatie, 21) Raam moet open kunnen (ramen, 2) Te openen raam (raam, 12) Te openen raam (ramen, 15) Raam open kunnen zetten (ramen, 18) Te openen raam (ramen, 19) Te openen raam (ramen, 20) Lekker met je raam open werken (ramen, 21) A7 Uitzicht Naar buiten kunnen kijken (zonwering, 1) Uitzicht naar buiten (zonwering, 2) Beweging kunnen zien buiten (zonwering, 2) Compleet zicht naar buiten (zonwering, 6) Uitzicht behouden (zonwering, 8) Uitzicht naar buiten (zonwering, 9) Uitzicht op groen (ramen, 10) Uitzicht naar buiten (zonwering, 11) Screens met uitzicht (zonwering, 12) Uitzicht (zonwering, 14) Vrij uitzicht (zonwering, 17) Zicht blijft behouden (zonwering, 18) Uitzicht naar buiten (zonwering, 19) Uitzicht naar buiten (zonwering, 20) Uitzicht naar buiten (zonwering, 21) Goed uitzicht (ramen, 1) Uitzicht (ramen, 2) Uitzicht (ramen, 3) Uitzicht (ramen, 4) Uitzicht (ramen, 6) Uitzicht (ramen, 7) Veel uitzicht (ramen, 8) Uitzicht (ramen, 9) Uitzicht naar buiten (ramen, 11) Uitzicht (ramen, 13) Geen zichtbarrière (ramen, 13) Uitzicht (ramen, 17) Breder uitzicht (ramen, 17) Uitzicht op stad (ramen, 19) Wijds uitzicht (ramen, 20) Uitzicht naar buiten (ventilatie, 7)

Master thesis

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85

IV. Categorization

Naar buiten kunnen kijken (ventilatie, 12) Uitzicht (ventilatie, 14) A8 Geen storend licht Geen flikkering (elektrische verlichting, 1) Geen schaduwwerking (elektrische verlichting, 1) Niet te felle verlichting (elektrische verlichting, 1) Niet te fel (elektrische verlichting, 2) Niet te kil en niet flikkeren (elektrische verlichting, 6) Geen schaduwwerking (elektrische verlichting, 7) Geen reflecties op beeldscherm (elektrische verlichting, 7) Niet direct op bureau (elektrische verlichting, 12) Te hard licht (elektrische verlichting, 16) Niet te fel en wit licht (elektrische verlichting, 10) Geen overlast door hinderlijke reflecties op het beeldscherm (zonwering, 5) Geen hinder van de zon (zonwering, 9) Geen hinder van zon (zonwering, 11) Zon binnen (zonwering, 15) Geen zon op beeldscherm (zonwering, 16) A9 Warme en heldere verlichting Neutrale verlichting (elektrische verlichting, 3) Helder wit licht (elektrische verlichting, 3) Warm licht (elektrische verlichting, 5) Fel licht (elektrische verlichting, 6) Beetje warm elektrisch licht (elektrische verlichting, 8) Heldere verlichting (elektrische verlichting, 9) Warmere verlichting (elektrische verlichting, 9) Niet te warm en niet te fel (elektrische verlichting, 12) Schemerig (elektrische verlichting, 17) A10 Netjes en opgeruimd Niet rommelig (werkplekconcept, 1) Opgeruimde werkplek (ramen, 4) Niet rommelig (ramen, 14) Beetje gestructureerd (ramen, 14) Rommelig (ramen, 16) Werk beter structureren (verwarming, 5) Nette en opgeruimde werkplek (interieur, 7) Rommelig (interieur, 21) Ordent de gedachten in mijn hoofd (zonwering, 9) Overzichtelijk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 19) A11 Uitstraling Architectuur (ventilatie, 12)

Master thesis

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86

IV. Categorization

Niet zichtbaar (koeling, 1) Installaties zijn lelijk (koeling, 1) Geen zichtbaar koelsysteem (koeling, 11) Niet zichtbaar (koeling, 14) Niet in het zicht (koeling, 15) Esthetisch mooi (koeling, 16) Strakke vormgeving (koeling, 20) Esthetische voorkeur (koeling, 20) Uitstraling (elektrische verlichting, 1) Mooi (elektrische verlichting, 2) Mooi (elektrische verlichting, 4) Mooi (elektrische verlichting, 6) Mooier en zachter (elektrische verlichting, 10) Moderne uitstraling (elektrische verlichting, 15) Esthetisch element in het interieur (elektrische verlichting, 16) Uitstraling belangrijk (elektrische verlichting, 17) Uitstraling (elektrische verlichting, 20) Industrieel (interieur, 1) Informele uitstraling (interieur, 2) Daklicht mooi (interieur, 6) Geen statige uitstraling (interieur, 7) Minder steriele uitstraling (interieur, 9) Niet industrieel (interieur, 10) Niet oubollig (interieur, 15) Niet te klassiek (interieur, 16) Neutrale uitstraling (interieur, 16) Minimalistische uitstraling (interieur, 16) Vormgeving overheerst die niet mijn smaak is (interieur, 16) Beleving (interieur, 18) Industrieel (interieur, 19) Stijlvol vormgegeven (interieur, 19) Industrieel (interieur, 20) Ruwe afwerking (interieur, 20) Niet zichtbaar of mooie vormgeving (verwarming, 2) Mooi en strak (verwarming, 5) Rustige uitstraling op de werkplek (verwarming, 5) Esthetisch mooi (verwarming, 9) Mooi (verwarming, 10) Fijn om te werken in gebouw met goede uitstraling (verwarming, 10) Niet zichtbaar (verwarming, 14) Niet in het zicht (verwarming, 15) Mooi vormgegeven (verwarming, 16) Verwarming niet zichtbaar (verwarming, 19) Uitstraling (ramen, 3) Rustige uitstraling (ramen, 16) Rustige uitstraling (ramen, 18) Moderne uitstraling (zonwering, 4)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

87

IV. Categorization

Screens zijn mooi (zonwering, 14) Wil werken in representatief gebouw (zonwering, 14) Professionele uitstraling naar klanten (zonwering, 14) Beleving (zonwering, 15) Esthetisch beste oplossing (zonwering, 16) Uitvalscherm past niet bij kantoorgebouw (zonwering, 18) Esthetisch (zonwering, 20) LCD schermpje is mooier (ontwerp regelsysteem, 9) Een representatieve plek (werkplekconcept, 9) Beleving (werkplekconcept, 19) A12 Herkenning en ervaring Lijkt niet op airco (koeling, 1) Lijkt op mijn smartphone (ontwerp regelsysteem, 1) Herkenning (ontwerp regelsysteem, 1) Herkenning van thuis (ontwerp regelsysteem, 4) Herkenbaarheid (ontwerp regelsysteem, 9) Deze knop ken ik (ontwerp regelsysteem, 16) Heb ik thuis ook (ontwerp regelsysteem, 16) Ervaring met klimatiseren per ruimte en dat vind ik ideaal (plaatsing regelsysteem, 3) Herkenbaar (plaatsing regelsysteem, 5) Daar heb ik geen ervaring mee (plaatsing regelsysteem, 9) Slechte ervaringen met verwarming van boven (verwarming, 4) Herkenbaar (verwarming, 20) Betrouwbaar (verwarming, 21) Kiep-draairaam heb ik thuis ook (ramen, 16) Conventioneel (ramen, 16) Bevalt goed (ramen, 16) Luxaflex ben ik gewend, hadden we thuis (zonwering, 18) Lijkt meer op daglicht (elektrische verlichting, 18) Ik ken deze lampen (elektrische verlichting, 21) A13 Grote ramen Ramen van vloer tot plafond (ramen, 1) Groot raam (ramen, 2) Grote ramen (ramen, 5) Veel raam, weinig wand (ramen, 8) Grote ramen (ramen, 9) Groot raam (ramen, 10) Groot raam (ramen, 11) Grote ramen (ramen, 13) Heel grote ramen (ramen, 16) Grote ramen (ramen, 17) Grote ramen (ramen, 18)

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88

IV. Categorization

Grote ramen (ramen, 19) Niet tot beneden glas (ramen, 20) Grote ramen (ramen, 20) Glaspartij niet tot de grond (ramen, 21) Hoge ramen (werkplekconcept, 17) A14 Omgeving A14.1 Natuur Water en groen kunnen zien (ramen, 1) Water zien (ramen, 2) Van natuur genieten (ramen, 4) Ver uitzicht OF natuur (ramen, 8) Water kunnen zien (ramen, 9) Groen (ramen, 10) Connectie met de natuur (ramen, 10) Uitzicht op bergen (ramen, 14) Groen uitzicht (ramen, 16) Meest ideale omgeving lijkt mij een bos (ramen, 21) Planten (interieur, 1) Natuur naar binnen halen (interieur, 1) Groen (interieur, 5) Nepnatuur (interieur, 8) Planten (interieur, 8) Planten (interieur, 9) Planten (interieur, 10) Groen (interieur, 10) Planten (interieur, 12) Planten (interieur, 13) Planten (interieur, 14) Planten (interieur, 15) Planten (interieur, 17) Planten (interieur, 18) Grote planten en veel daglicht (interieur, 21) Groen (zonwering, 11) Groen (ventilatie, 12) A14.2 Buiten Buiten naar binnen halen (ventilatie, 2) Buitenlucht (ventilatie, 6) Verbonden met buiten (ventilatie, 6) Contact met buiten (ventilatie, 7) Kunnen zien wat voor soort weer het is buiten (ventilatie, 7) Buitenlucht (ventilatie, 8) Gevoel dat je contact hebt met buiten (ventilatie, 12) Binnenstad (ventilatie, 12) Dichtbij buiten (ventilatie, 15) Lucht van buiten (ventilatie, 16) Iets van buiten horen (ventilatie, 17)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

89

IV. Categorization

Contact met buiten (ventilatie, 17) Buiten naar binnen halen (ramen, 2) Meer contact met buiten (ramen, 7) Beter zicht op het weer (ramen, 7) Veel van buiten kunnen zien (ramen, 8) Contact met buiten (ramen, 10) Buiten naar binnen halen (ramen, 13) Contact met buiten (ramen, 15) Geen binnen buiten gevoel, grens vervaagd tussen binnen en buiten (ramen, 16) Het gevoel dat er gebouwd wordt (ramen, 19) Gevoel verbonden te zijn met de buitenwereld (ramen, 20) Betrokkenheid met buiten (zonwering, 4) Meer het gevoel buiten te zijn (zonwering, 9) Contact met buiten (zonwering, 12) De wolken kunnen zien (zonwering, 16) Belangrijk dat ik contact heb met het weer (zonwering, 16) Dynamiek van buiten (wolken etc) (zonwering, 17) Contact met buitenomgeving (zonwering, 18) Contact met de buitenwereld (zonwering, 21) Overgang tussen binnen en buiten kleiner maken (interieur, 4) Kunnen zien wat voor weer het is (interieur, 6) Verbonden met buiten (interieur, 6) Buiten naar binnen halen (interieur, 9) Gevoel buiten te zijn (interieur, 12) Dynamiek van buiten (interieur, 17) A15 Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren Centraal geregelde ventilatie (ventilatie, 3) De ventilatievoud kan beter centraal ingesteld worden door iemand die er verstand van heeft (ventilatie, 3) Beste combi van gebouw centraal klimatiseren en finetunen per ruimte met +/- 2 (plaatsing regelsysteem, 9) Per gebouw klimaat regelen (plaatsing regelsysteem, 9) Niemand kan er iets aan doen (plaatsing regelsysteem, 10) Regeling per gebouw met radiatorknoppen per ruimte (plaatsing regelsysteem, 10) Centrale regeling met finetunen per ruimte (plaatsing regelsysteem, 11) Per gebouw klimatiseren (plaatsing regelsysteem, 11) Centrale regeling met +/- 2 graden per ruimte (plaatsing regelsysteem, 12) Per gebouw en finetunen per ruimte (plaatsing regelsysteem, 14) Combinatie van klimatiseren per werkplek en per gebouw (plaatsing regelsysteem, 18) Geautomatiseerd (ontwerp regelsysteem, 6) Sensors (elektrische verlichting, 10) Centrale verlichting (elektrische verlichting, 12) Werkplekverlichting met centrale basisverlichting (elektrische verlichting, 15) Basisverlichting met accentverlichting (elektrische verlichting, 16) Basisverlichting (elektrische verlichting, 16)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

90

IV. Categorization

Algemene verlichting ondersteund door werkplekverlichting (elektrische verlichting, 19) Algemene verlichting met werkplekverlichting (elektrische verlichting, 20) Geautomatiseerd is prima (zonwering, 17) Centrale regeling nooit juiste temperatuur (verwarming, 2) A16 Kleur Kleur (interieur, 1) Kleurgebruik (interieur, 2) Kleur (interieur, 3) Kleur (interieur, 4) Geen grijze muis zijn (interieur, 4) Kleur (interieur, 5) Teveel kleur (interieur, 8) Kleurgebruik (interieur, 8) Kleurgebruik (interieur, 9) Kleurgebruik (interieur, 10) Fris en kleurrijk (interieur, 11) Kleur maar niet teveel (interieur, 12) Kleurgebruik (interieur, 14) Kleurgebruik (interieur, 15) Te weinig kleurgebruik (interieur, 16) Wit (interieur, 17) Kleurgebruik wel belangrijk maar niet teveel (interieur, 18) Witte kleuren (interieur, 20) Bedompt, grijs en kleurloos (werkplekconcept, 16) Geen gekleurd glas (ramen, 7) Lichte kleur kozijnen (ramen, 18) Warme kleur (elektrische verlichting, 2) Warme tinten (interieur, 10) Warmere kleur verlichting (elektrische verlichting, 17) Warme kleurtemperatuur (elektrische verlichting, 18) A17 Kantoortuin en combikantoor Meerdere soorten werkplek in een ruimte (meerdere werkzaamheden in 1 ruimte kunnen doen) (interieur, 1) Kantoortuin en cellen (werkplekconcept, 1) Aanwezigheid van cellen in kantoortuin (werkplekconcept, 3) Kantoortuin (werkplekconcept, 4) Open werkplekken met cellen (werkplekconcept, 7) Kantoortuin met gesloten ruimtes (werkplekconcept, 8) Open werkplek icm hokjes (werkplekconcept, 9) Open kantoor met hokjes (werkplekconcept, 11) Open werkplek met concentratieplekken (werkplekconcept, 12) Open werkplek icm concentratiewerkplek (werkplekconcept, 13) Open werkplek (werkplekconcept, 14) Open kantoor met concentratieplekken (werkplekconcept, 15)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

91

IV. Categorization

Combinatie open werkplek met cellen (werkplekconcept, 16) Kantoortuin (werkplekconcept, 17) Geen kantoortuin (werkplekconcept, 20) Werkeilanden en hokjes (werkplekconcept, 21) A18 Veel informatie / mogelijkheden A18.1 Veel informatie Temperatuur en luchtvochtigheid bekend (ontwerp regelsysteem, 1) Temperatuur kunnen zien (ontwerp regelsysteem, 2) Veel informatie (ontwerp regelsysteem, 3) Dan weet je welke temperatuur enzo je voorkeur heeft (ontwerp regelsysteem, 2) Temperatuur weergeven (ontwerp regelsysteem, 5) Voldoende informatie maar niet teveel (ontwerp regelsysteem, 8) Gemeten temperatuur kunnen zien (ontwerp regelsysteem, 12) Veel informatie (temperatuur, ventilatie) (ontwerp regelsysteem, 14) Veel informatie en beïnvloedingsmogelijkheden (ontwerp regelsysteem, 16) Meteen voldoende info (ontwerp regelsysteem, 19) Voldoende informatie (ontwerp regelsysteem, 20) Thermostaat geeft meer informatie (ontwerp regelsysteem, 21) A18.2 Veel mogelijkheden Veel instelmogelijkheden (ontwerp regelsysteem, 1) Veel mogelijkheden/standen (ontwerp regelsysteem, 2) Voldoende accuraat en temperatuur goed in te stellen (ontwerp regelsysteem, 9) Digitale thermostaat (ontwerp regelsysteem, 9) Alles instelbaar alleen geen programma’s (ontwerp regelsysteem, 10) Programmeren mogelijk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 13) Preciezer instellen (ontwerp regelsysteem, 13) Veel informatie (temperatuur, ventilatie) (ontwerp regelsysteem, 14) Nieuw en elektronisch (ontwerp regelsysteem, 15) Zo complex mogelijk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 18) Zoveel mogelijk regelbaar en veel informatie (ontwerp regelsysteem, 18) Elektronisch (ontwerp regelsysteem, 19) Precies in kunnen stellen (ontwerp regelsysteem, 21) Verschillende standen (zonwering, 17) Voldoende verstelmogelijkheden (zonwering, 20) Meerdere mogelijkheden om open te zetten (ramen, 17) Kiep- en draaistand op raam (ramen, 18) A19 Locatie systeem Niet uit het plafond (verwarming, 2) Van onderen verwarmen (verwarming, 4) Warmte vanuit vloer (verwarming, 8) Niet uit plafond (verwarming, 8) Ik zit niet in de buurt van wanden (verwarming, 8) Vloerverwarming (verwarming, 12) Vloerverwarming (verwarming, 15) Vloerverwarming (verwarming, 16) Vloerverwarming (verwarming, 17) Vloerverwarming (verwarming, 18)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

92

IV. Categorization

Als dat van boven komt gaat het koelen op je lichaam (verwarming, 21) Vaak hangen die blazers op de verkeerde plek (verwarming, 21) Niet koelen van boven (koeling, 9) Zonwering aan buitenzijde (zonwering, 14) Licht uit plafond (elektrische verlichting, 14) A20 Hygiëne en onderhoud Gemakkelijk schoon te maken (ventilatie, 2) Kanalen niet vies (ventilatie, 10) Geen filter die moeilijk schoon te houden is (ventilatie, 21) Je zit al met zoveel vervuiling buiten (koeling, 9) Goed schoon te maken als het geïntegreerd zit (koeling, 11) Gemakkelijk schoon te houden (ramen, 16) Onderhoudsvriendelijk (ramen, 18) Lastig schoon te maken (zonwering, 18) Dweilen meteen droog (verwarming, 20) A21 Constant – Altijd hetzelfde Per gebouw een constante temperatuur (plaatsing regelsysteem, 4) Constante luchtstroming (koeling, 8) Constant klimaat (ventilatie, 8) Permanente verfrissing (ventilatie, 19) Er moet een basisniveau zijn wat altijd werkt voor de ventilatie (ventilatie, 19) Liever iets constants (zonwering, 8) Regelmaat (werkplekconcept, 8) Constante temperatuur (ontwerp regelsysteem, 14) Constante temperatuur over de ruimte (verwarming, 20) A22 Straling Stralingskoeling (koeling, 10) Stralingsplafond (koeling, 17) Koelplafond (koeling, 19) Stralingswarmte (verwarming, 12) Geen straling (verwarming, 13) Straling (verwarming, 17) Geen radiatoren (verwarming, 20) Radiator is prima (verwarming, 21)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

93

IV. Categorization

A23 Meubels Designstoelen (interieur, 8) Grappige meubels (interieur, 16) Tafel (elektrische verlichting, 16) Stoelen (werkplekconcept, 14) C1 Fysieke gesteldheid C1.1 Gezondheidsklachten Geen droge ogen en trekkerige huid (verwarming, 1) Ogen uitdrogen (verwarming, 2) Geen last van stijve nek (verwarming, 7) Last van rug en nek (verwarming, 8) Verkouden (verwarming, 13) Dan word ik verkouden (verwarming, 16) Droge strot (verwarming, 19) Huid droger geworden sinds we in dit gebouw zitten (verwarming, 21) Krijg ik hoofdpijn van en last van je nek (verwarming, 21) Ogen uitdrogen (koeling, 2) Geen spierpijn (koeling, 4) Snel verkouden (koeling, 8) Geen droge ogen (koeling, 9) Geen stijve nek (koeling, 10) Verkouden (koeling, 16) Stijve nek (koeling, 11) Keelpijn (koeling, 19) Geen last van je nek (koeling, 20) Geen migraine (elektrische verlichting, 2) Minder last van migraine (elektrische verlichting, 2) Prettig voor je ogen (elektrische verlichting, 19) Betere leesbaarheid en geen hoofdpijn (elektrische verlichting, 21) Naar huis met spierpijn (werkplekconcept, 16) Minder spierspanning (werkplekconcept, 16) Geen droge ogen (ventilatie, 20) Prettiger voor mijn ogen dan kunstlicht (zonwering, 4) C1.2 Fit en energiek Fitter blijven (ramen, 1) Blijf ik fitter (elektrische verlichting, 1) Minder vermoeiend (elektrische verlichting, 7) Niet vermoeiend (elektrische verlichting, 19) Blijf je fitter (elektrische verlichting, 21) Wakker blijven en dag en nacht ritme (zonwering, 2) Versuf je minder (zonwering, 4)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

94

IV. Categorization

Leeft me op (zonwering, 6) Fit blijven (ventilatie, 7) Fit blijven (ventilatie, 9) C2 Geen afleiding/irritatie/klachten C2.1 Geen storende prikkels en irritatie Geen irritaties (verwarming, 1) Geen irritaties (verwarming, 2) Irritaties (verwarming, 8) Irritant en hinderlijk (verwarming, 13) Niet storend (verwarming, 15) Heb ik last van (verwarming, 16) Zorgt voor ongemakken (verwarming, 21) Geen airco klachten (koeling, 1) Geen overlast (koeling, 3) Geen klachten (koeling, 4) Niet door hebben hoe heet het is buiten (koeling, 5) Geen discomfort (koeling, 6) Geen irritaties (koeling, 7) Nauwelijks merkbaar (koeling, 8) Geen storende factoren (koeling, 10) Geen irritaties (koeling, 10) Niet storend (koeling, 15) Geen overlast (koeling, 15) Heb ik last van (koeling, 16) Merk je zo min mogelijk van de installaties (koeling, 18) Irritant (koeling, 19) Minder overlast (interieur, 3) Liggen geen dingen in de weg (interieur, 7) Geen klachten (interieur, 10) Geen klachten (interieur, 12) Niet teveel prikkels (interieur, 17) Storend (interieur, 21) Geen irritaties (ramen, 4) Geen geklaag, geen irritaties (ventilatie, 6) Geen frustraties (ontwerp regelsysteem, 6) Jezelf niet in de weg zitten (elektrische verlichting, 7) Wekt irritatie (elektrische verlichting, 9) Licht en donker wisselt af (zonwering, 8) Gaan continu op en neer (zonwering, 7) Kleding die verkleurd kun je niet meer verkopen (zonwering, 20) Geen irritaties (werkplekconcept, 12) Anderen niet tot last zijn (werkplekconcept, 16)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

95

IV. Categorization

Vermijden van ongemak (plaatsing regelsysteem, 16) C2.2 Geen afleiding Geen afleiding (werkplekconcept, 1) Geen afleiding (werkplekconcept, 2) Geen afleiding (werkplekconcept, 8) Geen storende of afleidende stimuli (werkplekconcept, 10) Geen afleiding (werkplekconcept, 12) Gemakkelijke afleiding (werkplekconcept, 16) Minder afleiding (werkplekconcept, 17) Teveel afleiding (werkplekconcept, 19) Snel afgeleid (werkplekconcept, 20) Geen irritatie/afleiding (verwarming, 2) Geen afleiding (verwarming, 5) Geen afleiding (verwarming, 8) Geen afleiding/storende factoren (verwarming, 8) Geen afleiding (verwarming, 9) Geen afleiding (verwarming, 13) Geen afleiding (verwarming, 14) Afleidend (verwarming, 19) Lekker werken zonder afleiding (koeling, 5) Geen afleiding (koeling, 13) Geen afleiding (koeling, 14) Niet afleidend (ramen, 3) Geen storende/afleidende details in het uitzicht (ramen, 8) Geen afleiding (ramen, 9) Afleiding (ramen, 16) Geen afleiding (ramen, 18) Geen afleiding (elektrische verlichting, 3) Geen negatieve afleiding (elektrische verlichting, 6) Minder afleiding omdat je minder ziet (elektrische verlichting, 17) Veel afleiding en minder snel tevreden (plaatsing regelsysteem, 6) Minder afleiding (plaatsing regelsysteem, 12) Afleidend (zonwering, 7) Geen afleiding (zonwering, 8) Niet afleidend (interieur, 12) Geen afleiding (interieur, 14) Geen afleiding (interieur, 17) Afleidend (interieur, 18) Teveel afleiding (interieur, 19) Niet afleidend (interieur, 20) Minder afleiding (interieur, 21) C3

Samenhang / Eenheid

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

96

IV. Categorization

Geen samenhang en integratie met geheel (koeling, 1) Integraal ontwerp (verwarming, 8) Uitstraling moet passen binnen het geheel (verwarming, 8) Geïntegreerd in architectuur (verwarming, 16) Past beter in geheel (ontwerp regelsysteem, 9) Alles in één systeem (ontwerp regelsysteem, 18) Samenhang en eenheid belangrijk (werkplekconcept, 13) Wel geïntegreerd in geheel (elektrische verlichting, 16) Geen samenhang met de rest van het gebouw (zonwering, 18) Interieur afstemmen op bedrijfscultuur (interieur, 15) Één eenheid en samenhang (interieur, 19) Vormt één geheel (interieur, 21) C4 Frisse lucht / geur Frisse lucht (ventilatie, 1) Frisse lucht binnen krijgen (ventilatie, 2) Frisse lucht (ventilatie, 5) Frisse lucht (ventilatie, 6) Frisse lucht (ventilatie, 7) Frisse lucht (ventilatie, 8) Bosgeur (ventilatie, 8) Veel meer verse lucht binnen (ventilatie, 9) Frisse lucht (ventilatie, 10) Schone lucht (ventilatie, 10) Geen muffe lucht (ventilatie, 10) Schonere lucht (ventilatie, 11) Frisse lucht (ventilatie, 11) Frisse lucht (ventilatie, 13) Frisse lucht (ventilatie, 14) Geur van buitenlucht (ventilatie, 14) Frissere lucht (ventilatie, 15) Frisse lucht (ventilatie, 21) Frisse lucht (koeling, 2) Geen airco ruiken (koeling, 2) Wat frisser (koeling, 9) Niet bedompt (ramen, 2) Frisse lucht binnen krijgen (ramen, 2) Frisse lucht en bosgeur (ramen, 21) C5 Natuurlijk Voelt natuurlijk (ventilatie, 1) Voelt natuurlijk (ventilatie, 13) Natuurlijk ventileren (ventilatie, 16) Logische handeling (ventilatie, 18)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

97

IV. Categorization

Meeste natuurlijke manier van ventileren (ventilatie, 21) Realistische weergave van dingen (ramen, 5) Geen realistische weergave van buitenwereld (ramen, 7) Geen realistisch beeld (ramen, 12) Geen coating (ramen, 12) Natuurlijke kleurstelling raam (ramen, 15) Realistische weergave (ramen, 15) Gemakkelijk natuurlijk ventileren (ramen, 16) Logische handeling (ramen, 18) Natuurlijk licht (elektrische verlichting, 8) Natuurlijk licht belangrijk (elektrische verlichting, 13) Natuurlijke verlichting (elektrische verlichting, 17) Creeëren het meest natuurlijk daglicht (elektrische verlichting, 21) Voelt niet natuurlijk (koeling, 18) Natuurlijke stroming (koeling, 19) Natuurlijk (interieur, 21) C6 Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen Naar eigen behoeften instellen (ventilatie, 1) Afstemmen op eigen behoeften (ventilatie, 18) Afstemmen op behoeften (ventilatie, 20) Naar eigen behoeften instellen (zonwering, 1) Zelf kunnen bepalen hoeveel licht afhankelijk van de werkzaamheden (zonwering, 3) Ieder eigen voorkeur instellen (zonwering, 4) Hoeveelheid licht afstemmen op behoeften en taken (zonwering, 6) Naar eigen wensen invulling geven aan lichtbehoefte (zonwering, 7) Beter licht afstemmen op werkzaamheden (zonwering, 7) In het licht werkt fijner dan in donker (zonwering, 19) Verschillende werkzaamheden: presentaties, flikkeringen op scherm, kleding verkleurd (zonwering, 20) Automatische systemen sluiten in een keer een hele wand af terwijl niet iedereen er last van heeft (zonwering, 21) Niet iedereen heeft dezelfde wensen (zonwering, 21) Finetunen van klimaat (plaatsing van regelsysteem, 1) Kunnen mensen zich erop kleden (plaatsing regelsysteem, 4) Naar eigen behoeften instellen (plaatsing regelsysteem, 7) Individuele verschillen (plaatsing regelsysteem, 7) Kun je wat warmer en kouder instellen (plaatsing regelsysteem, 9) Ik heel warm en de ander heel erg koud (plaatsing regelsysteem, 9) Zelf instellen naar behoeften (plaatsing regelsysteem, 10) Iedereen tevreden (plaatsing regelsysteem, 13) Af kunnen stemmen op behoeften van de groep (plaatsing regelsysteem, 14) Rekening houden met individuele verschillen (plaatsing regelsysteem, 14) Voorkeuren zijn individueel (plaatsing regelsysteem, 16) Fijn als je iets kunt met individuele behoeften (plaatsing regelsysteem, 16) Rekening houden met individuele verschillen (plaatsing regelsysteem, 17) Iedereen zelf instellen zoals hij/zij wil (plaatsing regelsysteem, 19)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

98

IV. Categorization

Je kunt het nooit voor iedereen goed instellen als je per gebouw klimatiseert (plaatsing regelsysteem, 21) Dingen kunnen aanpassen als je klachten hebt (ontwerp regelsysteem, 1) Dan kun je je voorkeur gelijk uitvoeren in een andere ruimte (ontwerp regelsysteem, 3) Meteen weten of het goed ingesteld staat op je eigen wensen (ontwerp regelsysteem, 7) Weten waarop je het systeem in moet stellen om het behaaglijk te hebben (ontwerp regelsysteem, 17) Stand instellen waarvan je weet dat die prettig is (ontwerp regelsysteem, 21) Klachten op kunnen lossen met het systeem (ontwerp regelsysteem, 21) Iedereen heeft eigen voorkeur (verwarming, 3) Iedereen andere behoeften (verwarming, 7) Als ik het koud heb warmer kunnen zetten (verwarming, 9) Afstemmen op persoonlijke voorkeuren (verwarming, 12) Temperatuur afstemmen op behoeften (verwarming, 14) Persoonlijke voorkeur (verwarming, 16) Sommige mensen hebben het snel koud en andere snel warm, zeker als je met mannen en vrouwen samen werkt (verwarming, 21) Individuele wensen (koeling, 4) Rekening houden met grote individuele verschillen

(koeling, 4)

Eigen verlichting ‘s avonds (elektrische verlichting, 8) Extra finetunen (elektrische verlichting, 9) Persoonlijke voorkeur (interieur, 10) Interieur afgestemd op werkzaamheden (interieur, 13) Werking goed afgestemd op de functie (interieur, 18) Afstemmen op eigen behoeften (ramen, 18) Afstemmen op behoeften (ramen, 20) Behoefte aan geborgenheid (ramen, 21) Iedereen andere kwaliteiten (werkplekconcept, 3) Ik ben iemand die constant rondloopt (werkplekconcept, 16) Doordat ik lang ben bureau en stoel goed instellen (werkplekconcept, 20) Behoefte aan eigen rommeltjes (werkplekconcept, 20) C7 Je niet opgesloten voelen Niet het gevoel opgesloten te zitten (zonwering, 1) Niet het gevoel opgesloten te zitten (zonwering, 2) Minder het gevoel binnen te zitten (zonwering, 8) Geen gecamoufleerde doos met alleen kunstlicht (zonwering, 16) Niet het gevoel hebben opgesloten te zitten (zonwering, 19) Niet opgesloten zitten (zonwering, 20) Minder gevoel van afgesloten zijn van de buitenwereld (zonwering, 21) Niet afgesloten (werkplekconcept, 1) Je moet mij niet veroordelen tot een hok (werkplekconcept, 16) Niet het gevoel opgesloten te zitten (werkplekconcept, 17) Niet het gevoel om opgesloten te zitten (interieur, 2)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

99

IV. Categorization

Niet het gevoel hebben dat je de hele dag binnen hebt gezeten (interieur, 4) Niet benauwend (interieur, 6) Niet het gevoel dat je werkt (verwarming, 6) Minder het gevoel dat je binnen opgesloten zit (ventilatie, 7) Illusie dat je niet binnen zit (ventilatie, 12) Uit het gebouw kunnen ontsnappen (ventilatie, 19) Minder het gevoel binnen te zitten (ramen, 8) Niet gevoel opgesloten te zitten (ramen, 11) Niet gevoel binnen te zitten (ramen, 13) Niet opgesloten zitten (ramen, 20) C8 Rust Rustgevend (zonwering, 1) Kijkt rustiger (zonwering, 4) Rustiger nadenken en meer ideeën (zonwering, 6) Rust (zonwering, 8) Rust en inspiratie (zonwering, 14) Rustig (werkplekconcept, 1) Niet teveel mensen (werkplekconcept, 2) Te druk (werkplekconcept, 8) Rustig werken (werkplekconcept, 9) Niet te vol (werkplekconcept, 10) Minder druk (werkplekconcept, 10) Niet te druk (werkplekconcept, 16) Rustigere werkomgeving (werkplekconcept, 16) Teveel mensen (werkplekconcept, 19) Niet werken in kippenhok (werkplekconcept, 19) Niet te druk (werkplekconcept, 20) Fijn en rustig werken (werkplekconcept, 21) Rustig (ramen, 2) Tot rust komen (ramen, 4) Rust (ramen, 5) Rust (ramen, 8) Rust (ramen, 8) Rustgevend (ramen, 9) Rustgevend (ramen, 10) Geeft onrust (ramen, 21) Voelt rustiger (interieur, 4) Kijkt rustiger (interieur, 6) Niet te druk (interieur, 8) Rust (interieur, 9) Rustgevend (interieur, 10) Niet te druk (interieur, 10) Geen onrust (interieur, 10) Niet onrustig (interieur, 14) Niet te veel indrukken (interieur, 14)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

100

IV. Categorization

Niet schreeuwerig (interieur, 17) Rust (interieur, 17) Te druk (interieur, 19) Komt teveel op je af (interieur, 19) Gebeurt teveel om je heen (interieur, 19) Rust in m’n hoofd (interieur, 20) Niet teveel prikkels (interieur, 10) Fris en rustig (interieur, 21) Straalt rust uit (interieur, 21) Werk zelf is al hectisch en rustige omgeving verlaagd dan werkdruk (verwarming, 5) Rustig interieur (verwarming, 16) Rustig kunnen werken (elektrische verlichting, 6) Kijkt rustiger (elektrische verlichting, 7) C9 Inspiratie / concentratie C9.1 Inspiratie en creativiteit Inspiratie (zonwering, 1) Inspiratie (zonwering, 2) Inspiratie als je ergens over nadenkt (zonwering, 6) Inspiratie (ramen, 1) Inspiratie en kunnen ontsnappen aan je werk (ramen, 6) Inspiratie (ramen, 7) Gedachten even kunnen verplaatsen en inspirerend (ramen, 13) Inspirerend (ramen, 14) Interessant (ramen, 16) Fascinerend (ramen, 16) Interessanter (ramen, 16) Stimulerend en inspirerend (ramen, 19) Creativiteit (interieur, 1) Creativiteit (interieur, 1) Buiten de begaanbare paden gaan (interieur, 1) Vanuit een ander perspectief bekijken (interieur, 1) Meer inzichten en ideeën (interieur, 1) Inspirerende elementen (interieur, 8) Inspirerend (interieur, 11) Stimulerend (interieur, 14) Creativiteit (interieur, 16) Inspiratie van anderen (werkplekconcept, 6) Inspiratie van omgeving ontbreekt (werkplekconcept, 8) Inspirerende elementen (werkplekconcept, 14) Rust en inspiratie (ventilatie, 14) Stimuleert creativiteit (elektrische verlichting, 8) C9.2 Concentratie Concentratie (werkplekconcept, 1)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

101

IV. Categorization

Concentratie (werkplekconcept, 1) Concentratie (werkplekconcept, 2) Beter concentreren (werkplekconcept, 3) Rustig geconcentreerd werken (werkplekconcept, 7) Beter concentreren (werkplekconcept, 9) Concentratiemogelijkheden (werkplekconcept, 13) Beter concentreren (werkplekconcept, 16) Slecht concentreren (werkplekconcept, 20) Beter concentreren (koeling, 3) Beter concentreren (koeling, 13) Betere concentratie (koeling, 14) Beter concentreren (koeling, 15) Niet goed kunnen concentreren (verwarming, 4) Minder concentratie (verwarming, 8) Beter concentreren (verwarming, 12) Beter concentreren (zonwering, 4) Haal je nieuwe concentratie uit (zonwering, 19) Beter concentreren

(ventilatie, 6)

Betere concentratie (elektrische verlichting, 6) Beter concentreren (interieur, 14) Gemakkelijker concentreren op je werk (interieur, 21) C10 Veel daglicht Veel daglicht (ramen, 1) Veel daglicht (ramen, 5) Veel meer licht (ramen, 9) Meer daglicht (ramen, 10) Meer licht (ramen, 18) Daglicht en beleving (ramen, 19) Veel daglicht (ramen, 20) Niet donker (zonwering, 2) Daglicht binnen laten (zonwering, 4) Daglicht (zonwering, 6) Daglicht (zonwering, 8) Veel daglicht (zonwering, 9) Niet donker binnen (zonwering, 10) Veel daglicht (zonwering, 10) Voldoende daglicht (zonwering, 11) Daglicht (zonwering, 12) Minder daglicht (ramen, 12) Veel daglicht (zonwering, 14) Daglicht (zonwering, 17) Veel daglicht weg (zonwering, 19) Daglicht (zonwering, 21) Daglicht binnen laten (zonwering, 21)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

102

IV. Categorization

Niet de hele dag in het donker zitten (zonwering, 21) Daglicht (interieur, 2) Veel daglicht (interieur, 6) Daglicht (interieur, 17) Lichte werkplek (interieur, 18) Daglicht van boven (interieur, 20) Daglicht (elektrische verlichting, 8) C11 Sfeer Warm licht is gezelliger (elektrische verlichting, 1) Sfeer (elektrische verlichting, 2) Niet te gezellig maar wel een beetje (elektrische verlichting, 3) Niet te huiselijk (elektrische verlichting, 4) Te veel sfeer (elektrische verlichting, 4) Te gezellig (elektrische verlichting, 4) Gezellig en huiselijk (elektrische verlichting, 5) Knus (elektrische verlichting, 8) Huiselijk gevoel (elektrische verlichting, 9) Sfeer creëren (elektrische verlichting, 9) Huiselijk (elektrische verlichting, 9) Warme uitstraling/ niet kil (elektrische verlichting, 10) Gezellig (elektrische verlichting, 10) Het moet niet te kil zijn (elektrische verlichting, 12) Sfeerlicht (elektrische verlichting, 17) Sfeer en warmte (elektrische verlichting, 20) Niet steriel en afstandelijk (elektrische verlichting, 2) Warmte (interieur, 1) Huiselijk en gezellig (interieur, 1) Goede sfeer (interieur, 1) Gezellig en sfeer (interieur, 5) Warmte (interieur, 5) Gezelligheid (interieur, 5) Niet te kil (interieur, 8) Warmte, gezelligheid (interieur, 8) Sfeer (interieur, 8) Huiselijker (interieur, 9) Sfeer (interieur, 9) Niet te kil (interieur, 10) Warmte (interieur, 12) Gezellig en functioneel (interieur, 13) Warm (interieur, 14) Sfeer (interieur, 15) Te kil (interieur, 16) Gezelligheid (interieur, 18) Goede sfeer (interieur, 18) Sfeer (interieur, 20) Betere sfeer (koeling, 4)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

103

IV. Categorization

Gezelligheid (werkplekconcept, 5) Gezelligheid (werkplekconcept, 10) Eigen sfeer (werkplekconcept, 17) Mensen mee laten gaan in die sfeer (werkplekconcept, 19) Huiselijk (verwarming, 6) Meer sfeer en gezelligheid (verwarming, 6) Goede werksfeer (verwarming, 8) Gezellig (ramen, 7) Gezellig (ramen, 10) Afstandelijk (plaatsing regelsysteem, 2) C12 Het naar je zin hebben / Plezier (in je werk) Het naar je zin hebben op je werk (werkplekconcept, 4) Lol in mijn werk hebben en sfeer (werkplekconcept, 6) Plezier in je werk (werkplekconcept, 10) Zin om naar je werk te gaan (zonwering, 6) Werkplezier (elektrische verlichting, 1) Zin om naar je werk te gaan (elektrische verlichting, 6) Zin om naar je werk te gaan (elektrische verlichting, 6) Met plezier naar je werk (ramen, 3) Plezierig (verwarming, 15) Plezierige interface (ontwerp regelsysteem, 16) C13 Gevoel Overal voel je je hetzelfde (plaatsing regelsysteem, 2) Bevestiging gevoel (ontwerp regelsysteem, 2) Bevestiging van gevoel van koude of warmte (ontwerp regelsysteem, 5) Het gevoel dat je iets beïnvloed (ontwerp regelsysteem, 7) Bevestiging gevoel (ontwerp regelsysteem, 1) Minder hiërarchisch gevoel (interieur, 8) Kwetsbaar (interieur, 17) Gevoel dat je kunt beïnvloeden (verwarming, 11) Lagere gevoelstemperatuur (koeling, 12) Geen benauwd gevoel (ventilatie, 12) Benauwd gevoel bij cubicle (werkplekconcept, 16) Gevoel van weg kunnen kijken (zonwering, 20)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

104

IV. Categorization

Gevoel van weg kunnen kijken (ramen, 20) C14 Milieu Milieuvriendelijker (plaatsing regelsysteem, 1) Verwarming niet te hoog zetten (plaatsing regelsysteem, 5) Energieverbruik in de hand houden (plaatsing regelsysteem, 18) Milieubewust (elektrische verlichting, 10) Duurzaam (elektrische verlichting, 15) Led (elektrische verlichting, 15) Beter voor milieu (ontwerp regelsysteem, 14) Slecht voor milieu (koeling, 18) Luxaflex gaat langer mee (zonwering, 18) C15 Eigen plek Plek om je terug te trekken (werkplekconcept, 1) Aparte ruimte (werkplekconcept, 2) Kun je je afzonderen (werkplekconcept, 2) Afgesloten ruimte met een paar mensen (werkplekconcept, 5) Mogelijkheid om je af te zonderen (werkplekconcept, 7) Mogelijkheid om je terug te trekken (werkplekconcept, 8) Gevoel van eigen plek (werkplekconcept, 8) Meer eigen werkplek (werkplekconcept, 17) Niet verloren in de ruimte (werkplekconcept, 17) Er moet een plek zijn (werkplekconcept, 17) Eigen ruimte (werkplekconcept, 19) Geen meerdere mensen bij elkaar (werkplekconcept, 20) Eigen kamer (werkplekconcept, 20) Je terug kunnen trekken (werkplekconcept, 21) Afscheiding per werkplek (interieur, 9) Geen flexplek (interieur, 9) Hier op deze plek gebeurt het (elektrische verlichting, 16) C16 Privacy Privacy (werkplekconcept, 1) Privacy (werkplekconcept, 5) Privacy (werkplekconcept, 7) Visuele privacy (werkplekconcept, 12) Privacy (werkplekconcept, 13) Privacy (ramen, 20) C17 Sociaal contact / communicatie C17.1 Sociaal contact Collegialiteit (werkplekconcept, 1) Sociale interactie (werkplekconcept, 1) Sociale interactie (werkplekconcept, 2)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

105

IV. Categorization

Sociaal contact (werkplekconcept, 3) Sociaal contact (werkplekconcept, 4) Sociaal contact (werkplekconcept, 5) Sociaal contact (werkplekconcept, 9) Toch contact opzoeken (werkplekconcept, 9) Aanwezigheid van een ontmoetingsruimte is belangrijk (werkplekconcept, 9) Contact met elkaar (werkplekconcept, 10) Sociaal contact is belangrijk (werkplekconcept, 13) Sociale interactie (werkplekconcept, 14) Persoonlijk contact (werkplekconcept, 14) Geen totale eenzaamheid (werkplekconcept, 16) Contact hebben (werkplekconcept, 16) Sociaal contact (werkplekconcept, 16) Gebrek aan menselijk contact (werkplekconcept, 18) Sociaal contact belangrijk (werkplekconcept, 18) Direct contact met collega’s (werkplekconcept, 21) Niet alleen in een kantoor zitten (werkplekconcept, 21) Sociale interactie (interieur, 2) Contact met collega’s (interieur, 21) Geen rekening houden met elkaar (plaatsing regelsysteem, 2) C17.2 (Beter) teamwerk Mensen zoeken elkaar eerder op (werkplekconcept, 1) Weten wat er speelt (werkplekconcept, 2) Samenwerken (werkplekconcept, 2) In groepsverband werken (werkplekconcept, 3) Iedereen op de hoogte van de stand van zaken (werkplekconcept, 3) Elkaar helpen (werkplekconcept, 3) Sneller iemand benaderen met vragen (werkplekconcept, 4) Eerder problemen op kunnen lossen (werkplekconcept, 4) Betere communicatie (werkplekconcept, 5) Goed kunnen communiceren (werkplekconcept, 6) Netwerk in orde (werkplekconcept, 6) Weten wat andere mensen doen (werkplekconcept, 6) Elkaar kunnen helpen (werkplekconcept, 6) Veel onderling contact (werkplekconcept, 7) Beter teamwerk (werkplekconcept, 7) Contact met collega’s (werkplekconcept, 9) Mensen kunnen ontmoeten (werkplekconcept, 9) Kunnen sparren over werk (werkplekconcept, 9) Contact met mensen op de vloer (werkplekconcept, 9) Gemakkelijk elkaar opzoeken (werkplekconcept, 10) Korte lijntjes (werkplekconcept, 12) Betere communicatie (werkplekconcept, 13) Saamhorigheid / teamwork (werkplekconcept, 14) In kleine groepjes dingen bespreken (werkplekconcept, 16) Als je een vraag hebt kun je snel informatie inwinnen bij collega’s (werkplekconcept, 21) Gesprekken, overleggen en telefoneren in andere ruimte (werkplekconcept, 21) Teamgeest beter (elektrische verlichting, 3)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

106

IV. Categorization

Knelpunten eerder communiceren (elektrische verlichting, 3) Een ontmoetingsplek maken (elektrische verlichting, 16) Gemak van communicatie (interieur, 8) C18 (Goed voor) bedrijf Beter voor organisatie (werkplekconcept, 1) Bedrijfscultuur gereflecteerd in uitstraling (werkplekconcept, 19) Open bedrijfscultuur (interieur, 2) Past niet bij bedrijfscultuur (interieur, 7) Jong en dynamisch bedrijf (interieur, 15) Beter voor bedrijvigheid (interieur, 16) Sluit aan bij bedrijfscultuur (interieur, 19) Kostenbesparing (ontwerp regelsysteem, 5) Goed voor bedrijf (ventilatie, 6) Goed voor bedrijf (elektrische verlichting, 6) Handiger voor bedrijf (plaatsing regelsysteem, 9) Loopt opbrengsten mis (zonwering, 20) C19 Warm / koud Niet te warm en niet te koud (verwarming, 2) Te warm en te koud (verwarming, 4) Radiator geeft de meeste warmte af (verwarming, 9) Kunnen voelen waar de warmte vandaan komt (verwarming, 9) Geen last van te warm/te koud (verwarming, 10) Warmte stijgt (verwarming, 12) Niet bewust zijn van warmte/koude (verwarming, 17) Warme voeten (verwarming, 18) Kou trekt niet op, zeker als je stil zit belangrijk (verwarming, 20) Te koud (verwarming, 21) Blijft warmte buiten (zonwering, 14) Ongevoelig voor te warm of te koud (koeling, 18) Te koud (koeling, 19) C20 Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch Functioneren (ventilatie, 2) Goede ventilatie (ventilatie, 3) Prestatie (ventilatie, 3) Werkt gemakkelijker en efficiënter (verwarming, 6) Efficiënt (verwarming, 17) Praktisch (verwarming, 20) Goede luchtcirculatie (koeling, 9)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

107

IV. Categorization

Het systeem valt uit na een tijdje (elektrische verlichting, 9) Als het maar functioneel is…. (elektrische verlichting, 11) Functioneel (elektrische verlichting, 13) Functioneel (elektrische verlichting, 16) Leesbaarheid (elektrische verlichting, 19) Cellen zijn functioneel (werkplekconcept, 16) Niet functioneel (interieur, 19) Praktisch (plaatsing regelsysteem, 20) Handigheid (ontwerp regelsysteem, 20) C21 Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk Ruimte (ramen, 2) Ruimtelijkheid (ramen, 5) Transparant (ramen, 11) Dingen terug kunnen vinden (ramen, 14) Ruimtelijk gevoel (ramen, 19) Open werkplek (werkplekconcept, 2) Open (werkplekconcept, 6) Te dicht op elkaar met schotjes (werkplekconcept, 8) Je ziet elkaar niet (werkplekconcept, 8) Glazen wanden (werkplekconcept, 9) Meer ruimte (werkplekconcept, 10) Geen schotjes (werkplekconcept, 10) Voldoende ruimte (werkplekconcept, 12) Geen tussenschot (werkplekconcept, 13) Cubicles vind ik niks (werkplekconcept, 16) Hoge plafonds (werkplekconcept, 17) Ruimtelijk en chique (werkplekconcept, 17) Geen legbatterij (werkplekconcept, 17) Niet teveel mensen op elkaar (werkplekconcept, 17) Meer ruimte (werkplekconcept, 17) Barricade tussen twee werkplekken (werkplekconcept, 17) Geen cubicle (werkplekconcept, 18) Open werkvloer (werkplekconcept, 18) Ruimtelijk (werkplekconcept, 18) Hoge ruimtes (interieur, 6) Openheid (interieur, 8) Open opzet (interieur, 18) Fijn om veel ruimte om je heen te hebben (interieur, 18) Ruimtelijk (interieur, 18) Vaak hoog (interieur, 19) Ruimtelijk gevoel (interieur, 19) Open (interieur, 19) Ruimtelijk gevoel (interieur, 19) Hoogte van de ruimte (interieur, 20)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

108

IV. Categorization

Ik heb overzicht nodig (interieur, 21) Transparant houden (zonwering, 19) Niet dicht (zonwering, 20) C22 Tijdwinst Kost minder tijd (ontwerp regelsysteem, 3) Meer tijd voor je werk (ontwerp regelsysteem, 3) Niet uit hoeven te zoeken hoe t werkt (ontwerp regelsysteem, 6) Niet teveel tijd aan hoeven te besteden (ontwerp regelsysteem, 6) Geen omkijken naar (ontwerp regelsysteem, 14) Niet over na hoeven denken (ontwerp regelsysteem, 20) Geen tijd verloren aan apparaten (ontwerp regelsysteem, 20) Meteen aan het werk kunnen gaan (ramen, 4) Gaat ten koste van werk (zonwering, 6) Geen rekening houden met temperatuur met je kleding (verwarming, 9) Niet alles opnieuw hoeven te inrichten en instellen (interieur, 9) Meteen aan de slag kunnen (werkplekconcept, 20) C23 Variatie / Afwisseling in werk(plek) Niet eentonig (werkplekconcept, 8) Te weinig variatie (werkplekconcept, 8) Los van je werkplek (werkplekconcept, 16) Even andere omgeving (werkplekconcept, 16) Afwisseling (werkplekconcept, 16) Een speciale plek om stukken te lezen (werkplekconcept, 16) Aanwezigheid inspiratiegebied (werkplekconcept, 19) Niet flexwerken (werkplekconcept, 20) Het breekt de ruimte op (interieur, 8) Niet zo saai (interieur, 9) Niet zo saai (interieur, 14) Levendigheid op kantoor (interieur, 14) Ergens anders kunnen gaan zitten (zonwering, 16) C24 Weten hoe iets werkt / Iets goed kunnen gebruiken Goed kunnen gebruiken (ontwerp regelsysteem, 2) Weten hoe het werkt (ontwerp regelsysteem, 4) Goed kunnen gebruiken (ontwerp regelsysteem, 7) Kun je ze goed gebruiken (ontwerp regelsysteem, 7) Weten hoe iets werkt (ontwerp regelsysteem, 8) Goed kunnen gebruiken (ontwerp regelsysteem, 8) Weet hoe het werkt (ontwerp regelsysteem, 9) Beter te gebruiken (ontwerp regelsysteem, 10) Goed bruikbaar (ontwerp regelsysteem, 10)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

109

IV. Categorization

Bruikbaar (ontwerp regelsysteem, 11) Weten hoe het werkt (ontwerp regelsysteem, 20) Weten hoe je het moet gebruiken (ontwerp regelsysteem, 20) C25 (Niet) prettig Kan ik niet tegen (verwarming, 2) Dat is eventueel prettiger (verwarming, 17) Daar wordt je naar van (verwarming, 21) Kan ik niet tegen (koeling, 2) Prettiger werken (koeling, 4) Prettig (koeling, 10) Onprettig (koeling, 21) Prettiger werken (elektrische verlichting, 4) Prettig werken (elektrische verlichting, 13) Werkt prettig (elektrische verlichting, 15) Gevoelsmatig prettiger (elektrische verlichting, 18) Die zijn prettig (elektrische verlichting, 21) Prettiger werken (werkplekconcept, 4) Vind ik niks (werkplekconcept, 16) Prettig klimaat (verwarming, 5) Prettig kunnen werken (verwarming, 7) Prettig (ventilatie, 11) Prettige werkomgeving (interieur, 13) Prettige omgeving (interieur, 13) Af en toe prettig (zonwering, 15) Werkt prettiger (zonwering, 21) Werkt prettig (zonwering, 21) Prettig werken (ramen, 21) Prettig binnenklimaat creëren (ontwerp regelsysteem, 21) C26 Positieve energie / Positief gevoel Collega’s zijn meer tevreden over je (ramen, 3) Nieuwe energie (ramen, 4) Haal je energie uit (ramen, 19) Zon is soms fijn (zonwering, 2) Word ik gelukkig van (zonwering, 2) Geen winterdepressie (zonwering, 10) Geeft energie (zonwering, 14) Vind ik fijn (zonwering, 15) Omgevingspsychologie toont aan dat dat een goede invloed heeft (zonwering, 16) Positief gevoel (zonwering, 17) Actiever gevoel (zonwering, 19)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

110

IV. Categorization

Vrolijk (interieur, 3) Meer energie eruit halen (interieur, 3) Vrolijkheid (interieur, 8) Krijg ik energie van en word ik vrolijk (interieur, 14) Vrolijk (interieur, 15) Geeft energie (ventilatie, 8) Fijn (elektrische verlichting, 17) Positief humeur (verwarming, 10) C27 Verleden Vroeger druk interieur bij ouders (verwarming, 16) Historische waarde (interieur, 1) Gebouw heeft ziel (interieur, 1) Historische waarde (ventilatie, 12) Ouderwets systeem (verwarming, 21) V1 Comfort Comfort (verwarming, 1) Comfort (verwarming, 3) Comfort (verwarming, 5) Comfort (verwarming, 7) Comfort (verwarming, 10) Comfort (verwarming, 12) Comfort (verwarming, 14) Behaaglijk (verwarming, 15) Behaaglijk (verwarming, 17) Behaaglijk (verwarming, 17) Behaaglijk (verwarming, 19) Behaaglijk (verwarming, 20) Behaaglijk (verwarming, 20) Comfort (koeling, 1) Comfort (koeling, 3) Comfort (koeling, 4) Comfort (koeling, 4) Comfort (koeling, 8) Comfort (koeling, 9) Comfort (koeling, 9) Comfortabel (koeling, 10) Comfort (koeling, 12) Comfort (koeling, 13) Comfort (koeling, 15) Behaaglijk (koeling, 17) Comfort (koeling, 18) Onbehaaglijk (koeling, 19)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

111

IV. Categorization

Behaaglijk (koeling, 20) Comfort (ventilatie, 1) Comfort (ventilatie, 4) Niet comfortabel (ventilatie, 9) Comfort (ventilatie, 10) Comfortabel (ventilatie, 11) Behaaglijk (ventilatie, 15) Behaaglijk (ventilatie, 17) Behaaglijk kunnen maken voor jezelf (ventilatie, 19) Comfort (zonwering, 1) Comfort (zonwering, 9) Comfort (zonwering, 10) Comfort (zonwering, 11) Comfort (zonwering, 14) Behaaglijk kunnen maken voor jezelf (zonwering, 19) Comfort (plaatsing regelsysteem, 1) Comfort (plaatsing regelsysteem, 4) Comfort (plaatsing regelsysteem, 4) Comfort (plaatsing regelsysteem, 5) Lager comfort (plaatsing regelsysteem, 6) Comfort (plaatsing regelsysteem, 7) Comfort (plaatsing regelsysteem, 8) Comfort (plaatsing regelsysteem, 14) Behaaglijkheid (plaatsing van regelsysteem, 16) Behaaglijk (plaatsing regelsysteem, 17) Behaaglijk (plaatsing regelsysteem, 19) Behaaglijk (plaatsing regelsysteem, 20) Comfort (ontwerp regelsysteem, 1) Comfort (ontwerp regelsysteem, 2) Comfort (ontwerp regelsysteem, 3) Comfort (ontwerp regelsysteem, 5) Comfort (ontwerp regelsysteem, 5) Comfort (ontwerp regelsysteem, 7) Comfort (ontwerp regelsysteem, 7) Comfort (ontwerp regelsysteem, 7) Comfort (ontwerp regelsysteem, 8) Comfort (ontwerp regelsystemen, 10) Comfort (ontwerp regelsystemen, 10) Comfort (ontwerp regelsysteem, 11) Behaaglijkheid (ontwerp regelsysteem, 17) Behaaglijk (elektrische verlichting, 2) Comfort (elektrische verlichting, 7) Comfort (elektrische verlichting, 14) Comfort (interieur, 9) Comfort (interieur, 10)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

112

IV. Categorization

Comfort (werkplekconcept, 12) Behaaglijk (ramen, 15) Behaaglijk kunnen maken voor jezelf (ramen, 19) V2 Werk goed uitvoeren Beter werken (verwarming, 1) Beter werken (verwarming, 2) Vak beter uitoefenen (verwarming, 4) Beter werken (verwarming, 5) Meer uit je baan halen (verwarming, 6) Werkdruk verlagen (verwarming, 6) Beter werken (verwarming, 9) Beter werken (verwarming, 13) Beter werken (verwarming, 14) Beter werken (verwarming, 15) Minder goed werken (verwarming, 19) Beter werken (zonwering, 1) Werk beter uitvoeren (zonwering, 2) Vak goed kunnen uitoefenen (zonwering, 3) Beter werken (zonwering, 4) Vak beter uitoefenen (zonwering, 4) Beter werken (zonwering, 5) Meer comfort en beter functioneren (zonwering, 6) Meer uit een project halen (zonwering, 6) Beter werken (zonwering, 7) Beter werken (zonwering, 8) Beter werken (ramen, 1) Beter werken (ramen, 1) Beter kunnen werken (ramen, 3) Meer inzet op je werk (ramen, 3) Beter werken (ramen, 4) Beter werken (ramen, 4) Beter werken (ramen, 7) Beter werken (ramen, 9) Sneller werken (ramen, 14) Beter werken (ramen, 14) Beter werken (ramen, 16) Beter werken (ramen, 18) Beter werken (elektrische verlichting,1) Beter werken (elektrische verlichting, 1) Beter werken (elektrische verlichting, 1) Beter werken (elektrische verlichting, 3) Productiever (elektrische verlichting, 3) Werk goed uit kunnen voeren (elektrische verlichting, 4) Beter kunnen werken (elektrische verlichting, 6) Beter werken (elektrische verlichting, 6) Beter werken (elektrische verlichting, 7)

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IV. Categorization

Beter werken (interieur, 1) Beter werken (interieur, 1) Je werk beter kunnen doen (interieur, 3) Beter kunnen werken (interieur, 3) Beter werken (interieur, 7) Beter werken (interieur, 8) Beter werken (interieur, 10) Beter werken (interieur, 10) Beter werken (interieur, 11) Beter werken (interieur, 12) Beter werken (interieur, 14) Beter werken (interieur, 17) Werk goed uitvoeren (interieur, 21) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 1) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 1) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 1) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 1) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 2) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 2) Beter teamwerk (werkplekconcept, 3) Beter werk verrichten (werkplekconcept, 3) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 4) Werk goed doen (werkplekconcept, 5) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 5) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 7) Vak goed uitoefenen (werkplekconcept, 7) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 7) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 9) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 9) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 10) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 12) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 12) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 13) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 13) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 14) Kan ik minder goed werken (werkplekconcept, 16) Beter werken (werkplekconcept, 20) Beter werken (koeling, 3) Beter functioneren (koeling, 6) Werkdruk verhogen (koeling, 6) Vak goed uitoefenen (koeling, 6) Vak beter uitoefenen (koeling, 7) Beter werken (koeling, 9) Beter werken (koeling, 10) Beter werken (koeling, 13) Beter werken (koeling, 14) Beter werken (koeling, 14) Beter werken (koeling, 15) Beter werken (koeling, 15) Minder goed werken (koeling, 19)

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IV. Categorization

Beter functioneren (ventilatie, 6) Beter functioneren (ventilatie, 6) Beter werken (ventilatie, 7) Beter werken (ventilatie, 9) Beter werken (plaatsing regelsysteem, 12) V3 Je prettig / lekker voelen Voel ik me prettiger bij (koeling, 1) Voel ik me lekkerder en gezonder (koeling, 10) Voel ik me prettig bij (koeling, 20) Voel ik me prettig bij (ventilatie, 1) Voel ik me lekker bij (ventilatie, 2) Voel ik me lekker bij (ventilatie, 5) Lekker voelen (ventilatie, 6) Me lekker voelen (ventilatie, 7) Jezelf beter voelen (ventilatie, 10) Voel ik me prettiger bij (ventilatie, 14) Voel je je prettiger (ventilatie, 15) Je veilig voelen (ventilatie, 19) Voel ik me prettig bij (ventilatie, 20) Voel ik me prettig bij (elektrische verlichting, 1) Voelt prettiger (elektrische verlichting, 9) Voel ik me prettig (elektrische verlichting, 9) Voel ik me prettig bij (elektrische verlichting, 10) Voel ik me prettig bij (elektrische verlichting, 17) Voel ik me prettig bij (interieur, 1) Voel ik me lekker bij (interieur, 2) Goed in m’n vel zitten (interieur, 2) Voel ik me lekker bij (interieur, 5) Voel ik me lekker bij (interieur, 5) Voel je je beter (interieur, 6) Voel ik me niet lekker bij (interieur, 7) Voel ik me prettiger (interieur, 9) Voel je prettiger (interieur, 9) Voel ik me lekker bij (interieur, 10) Prettig voelen (interieur, 10) Voel ik me beter bij (interieur, 14) Voel ik me prettig bij (interieur, 15) Voel ik me prettig bij (interieur, 17) Voel ik me prettig bij (interieur, 17) Voelt prettiger (interieur, 18) Voel ik me prettig bij (interieur, 19) Voel ik me prettig bij (interieur, 20) Voel ik me lekker bij (zonwering, 2) Lekker bij voelen (zonwering, 4) Voel ik me lekkerder bij (zonwering, 6)

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IV. Categorization

Voel jezelf lekker (zonwering, 10) Voel ik me prettig bij (zonwering, 14) Ik voel me er ook prettig bij als ik niet het gevoel heb dat ik de hele dag in een doos heb gezeten (zonwering, 16) Voel je je prettig bij (zonwering, 17) Voel ik me prettig bij (zonwering, 20) Voel ik me fijn bij (zonwering, 21) Voel ik me lekker bij (ramen, 2) Me lekkerder voelen (ramen, 4) Voel ik me lekker bij (ramen, 5) Voel ik me prettiger (ramen, 7) Me lekkerder voelen (ramen, 7) Voel je je prettig bij (ramen, 10) Jezelf lekker voelen (ramen, 10) Voel je je lekkerder (ramen, 11) Voel je je prettig bij (ramen, 18) Voel ik me prettig bij (ramen, 20) Prettig voelen (ramen, 20) Voel ik me prettig bij (ramen, 20) Voelt je prettig (ramen, 20) Voel ik me beter (ontwerp regelsysteem, 2) Me beter voelen (ontwerp regelsysteem, 6) Voel ik me lekker bij (werkplekconcept, 5) Voel ik me prettig bij (werkplekconcept, 18) Voel ik me prettig bij (werkplekconcept, 18) Voel ik me prettig bij (werkplekconcept, 19) Voel ik me prettig (verwarming, 8) Voel ik me prettiger bij (verwarming, 9) Voelt prettiger (verwarming, 12) Voel ik me prettig bij (verwarming, 13) V4 Je thuis voelen / Op je gemak zijn Me thuis voelen (interieur, 1) Meer thuis voelen (interieur, 2) Meer op mijn gemak (interieur, 6) Op je gemak voelen (interieur, 12) Thuis/op m’n gemak voelen (elektrische verlichting, 2) Me thuis voelen (elektrische verlichting, 5) Meer thuis voelen en niet depressief worden (elektrische verlichting, 6) Gevoel thuis te zijn (elektrische verlichting, 8) Voel ik me thuis (elektrische verlichting, 12) Voel ik me ongemakkelijk (werkplekconcept, 16) V5 Toekomst Toekomst (plaatsing regelsysteem, 1)

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IV. Categorization

Toekomst (elektrische verlichting, 10) Toekomst (elektrische verlichting, 15) Toekomst (ontwerp regelsysteem, 14) In dit systeem zit wel toekomst (ontwerp regelsysteem, 16) V6 Ontspanning Ontspannen (zonwering, 2) Ontspanning (zonwering, 8) Ontspanning (zonwering, 11) Ontspanning (zonwering, 14) Ontspannen (ramen, 2) Ontspanning (ramen, 5) Ontspanning (ramen, 6) Ontspanning (ramen, 8) Ontspanning (ramen, 8) Ontspanning (ramen, 10) Ontspanning (ramen, 10) Ontstressen (ramen, 10) Rust en ontspanning (ramen, 13) Ontspanning na werk gemakkelijker (interieur, 4) Ontspanning (interieur, 10) Ontspannen en relaxed (elektrische verlichting, 6) Ontspanning (ventilatie, 14) V7 Voldoening Voldoening (ramen, 3) Trots zijn om er te werken (ramen, 3) Voldoening (zonwering, 6) Voldoening (zonwering, 14) Voldoening (elektrische verlichting, 6) Voldoening (werkplekconcept, 14) Ik werk niet alleen om taakjes te volbrengen (werkplekconcept, 16) Voldoening (werkplekconcept, 16) V8 Zelfstandigheid Zelfstandigheid (ontwerp van regelsysteem, 4) Niet aan iemand hoeven vragen hoe het werkt (ontwerp regelsysteem, 4) Baanzekerheid (ventilatie, 6) Beter verantwoordelijkheidsgevoel (elektrische verlichting, 8) Vertrouwen (werkplekconcept, 8)

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IV. Categorization

Zeker van je plek (interieur, 9) V9 Zelfontwikkeling Zelfontwikkeling (verwarming, 6) Doorgroeien (elektrische verlichting, 6) Meer doorgroeimogelijkheden (ventilatie, 6) Zelf interessante projecten kunnen doen (werkplekconcept, 6) V10 Vrijheid Kunnen doen wat je wil (verwarming, 3) Vrijheid (zonwering, 8) Vrijheid (ramen, 8) Vrijheid (ramen, 19) Vrijheid (interieur, 19) V11 Gezondheid Gezondheid (interieur, 1) Beter voor gezondheid (koeling, 2) Gezondheid (koeling, 9) Meest gezonde koelingssysteem (koeling, 9) Gezondheid (koeling, 9) Gezondheid (koeling, 14) Gezondheid (koeling, 20) Gezondheid (ventilatie, 3) Gezondheid (ventilatie, 8) Gezondheid (ventilatie, 10) Gezondheid en comfort (verwarming, 8) Gezondheid (verwarming, 13) Gezondheid (verwarming, 19) Sneller ziek (verwarming, 21) Sneller ziek (verwarming, 21)

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V. Personal ladders

V

Personal ladders

This appendix presents the ladders per individual respondent. The ladders are given per component of the indoor environment. Note that these ladders are not the raw data since the answers are already categorized. For more specific meanings of the words, see appendix IV. For example, ‘comfort’ is the name of a category which covers all the answers which are comparable or similar to the word ‘comfort’. Respondent 1 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Gelijkmatigheid (A5) – Comfort (V1) • Vochtigheid (A2.1) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) – Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) – Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Herkenning en ervaring (A12) – Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) – Comfort (V1) • Uitstraling (A11) - Uitstraling (A11) – Samenhang/eenheid (C3) – Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) – Frisse lucht / geur (C4) – Natuurlijk (C5) – Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Te openen raam (A6) – Vochtigheid (A2.1) – Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Comfort (V1) • Uitzicht (A7) – Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) – Rust (C8) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Comfort (V1) • Grote ramen (A13) – Veel daglicht (C10) – Natuur (A14.1) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) – Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Grote ramen (A13) – Uitzicht (A7) – Fit en energiek (C1.2) – Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Geen storend licht (A8) - Fit en energiek (C1.2) – Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) – Geen storend licht (A8) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Geen storend licht (A8) – Sfeer (C11) – Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Uitstraling (A11) - Het naar je zin hebben / Plezier (in je werk) (C12) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Uitstraling (A11) - Verleden (C27) - Verleden (C27) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) – Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Natuur (A14.1) - Natuur (A14.1) – Gezondheid (V11) • Kleur (A16) – Sfeer (C11) - Sfeer (C11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Sfeer (C11) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Rust (C8) – Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) – Concentratie (C9.2) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) – Eigen plek (C15) – Privacy (C16) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) – Eigen plek (C15) - Concentratie (C9.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) – Sociaal contact (C17.1) – Beter teamwerk (C17.2) – (Goed voor) bedrijf (C18) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Netjes en opgeruimd (A10) – Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) – Milieu (C14) – Toekomst (V5)

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• • • •

Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Comfort (V1) Herkenning en ervaring (A12) - Herkenning en ervaring (A12) Veel mogelijkheden (A18.2) – Veel informatie (A18.1) – Gevoel (C13) Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) – Gemak (A4.2) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Comfort (V1)

Respondent 2 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Gemak (A4.2) – Centraal en automatische klimatisering (A15) – Warm / koud (C19) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Locatie systeem (A19) – (Niet) prettig (C25) – Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) • Uitstraling (A11) – Geen afleiding (C2.2) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - (Niet) prettig (C25) – Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) • Frisse lucht / geur (C4) - Frisse lucht / geur (C4) – Gezondheid (V11) • Kleur (A16) - Je thuis voelen / Op je gemak zijn (V4) • Uitstraling (A11) – (Goed voor) bedrijf (C18) – Sociaal contact (C17.1) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Rust (C8) – Geluidsoverlast (A3) - Concentratie (C9.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Eigen plek (C15) - Eigen plek (C15) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) • Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) – Sociaal contact (C17.1) – (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) - Frisse lucht / geur (C4) – Buiten (A14.2) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Hygiëne en onderhoud (A20) - Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) • Veel daglicht (C10) – Fit en energiek (C1.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Handmatig bedienbaar (A1.2) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) • Uitzicht (A7) - Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) - Uitzicht (A7) – Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) – Ontspanning (V6) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) - Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) • Grote ramen (A13) – Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) – Frisse lucht / geur (C4) • Te openen raam (A6) – Frisse lucht / geur (C4) – Buiten (A14.2) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Uitzicht (A7) – Natuur (A14.1) – Rust (C8) - Ontspanning (V6) • Geen storend licht (A8) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) • Kleur (A16) - Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) • Uitstraling (A11) – Sfeer (C11) - Comfort (V1) – Sfeer (C11) - Je thuis voelen / Op je gemak zijn (V4) • Veel daglicht (C10) - Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Kleur (A16) - Je thuis voelen / Op je gemak zijn (V4) • Uitstraling (A11) – (Goed voor) bedrijf (C18) – Sociaal contact (C17.1) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Rust (C8) – Geluidsoverlast (A3) - Concentratie (C9.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Eigen plek (C15) - Eigen plek (C15) - Geen afleiding (C2.2)

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•

Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) – Sociaal contact (C17.1) – (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2)

Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Per ruimte regelen (A1.3) – Gelijkmatigheid (A5) – Gevoel (C13) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) – Sfeer (C11) – Sociaal contact (C17.1) • Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) – Weten hoe iets werkt / iets goed kunnen gebruiken (C24) • Veel informatie (A18.1) – Gevoel (C13) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Veel mogelijkheden (A18.2) – Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Comfort (V1) Respondent 3 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) – Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Comfort (V1) – Vrijheid (V10) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Concentratie (C9.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Comfort (V1) • Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) – Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) - Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) - Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) - Gezondheid (V11) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) – Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Uitzicht (A7) – Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Uitstraling (A11) – Voldoening (V7) - Het naar je zin hebben / Plezier (in je werk) (C12) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) - Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) - Voldoening (V7) • Warme en heldere verlichting (A9) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Warme en heldere verlichting (A9) – Sfeer (C11) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Kleur (A16) – Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) – Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Kleur (A16) – Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) - Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) Concentratie (C9.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Per ruimte regelen (A1.3) - Herkenning en ervaring (A12) • Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) – Gemak (A4.2) • Veel informatie (A18.1) - Veel informatie (A18.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Tijdwinst (C22) - Tijdwinst (C22) • Veel informatie (A18.1) - Veel informatie (A18.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Comfort (V1)

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Respondent 4 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Locatie systeem (A19) - Herkenning en ervaring (A12) - Warm / koud (C19) – Concentratie (C9.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Comfort (V1) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) Comfort (V1) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) – Sfeer (C11) (Niet) prettig (C25) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Comfort (V1) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Uitstraling (A11) - Uitstraling (A11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) Veel daglicht (C10) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) – Rust (C8) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Buiten (A14.2) - Fit en energiek (C1.2) - Concentratie (C9.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Uitzicht (A7) – Natuur (A14.1) - Rust (C8) - Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Uitstraling (A11) – (Niet) prettig (C25) • Sfeer (C11) – Sfeer (C11) - Sfeer (C11) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Netjes en opgeruimd (A10) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Netjes en opgeruimd (A10) – Tijdwinst (C22) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Kleur (A16) – Kleur (A16) – Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) – Buiten (A14.2) – Rust (C8) – Ontspanning (V6) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) - (Niet) prettig (C25) - Het naar je zin hebben / Plezier (in je werk) (C12) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Per ruimte regelen (A1.3) – Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Comfort (V1) • Constant – Altijd hetzelfde (A21) – Feedback (A4.3) - Feedback (A4.3) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Comfort (V1) • Herkenning en ervaring (A12) - Weten hoe iets werkt / Iets goed kunnen gebruiken (C24) • Gemak (A4.2) – Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Gemak (A4.2) – Zelfstandigheid (V8) – Zelfstandigheid (V8) Respondent 5 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Uitstraling (A11) – Uitstraling (A11) – Rust (C8) - Netjes en opgeruimd (A10) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Handmatig bedienbaar (A1.2) - (Niet) prettig (C25) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Comfort (V1) • Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

122

V. Personal ladders

Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) – Frisse lucht / geur (C4) – Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Handmatig bedienbaar (A1.2) - Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Geen storend licht (A8) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Grote ramen (A13) – Veel daglicht (C10) – Natuurlijk (C5) – Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Grote ramen (A13) – Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) – Rust (C8) – Ontspanning (V6) • Warme en heldere verlichting (A9) – Sfeer (C11) - Je thuis voelen / Op je gemak zijn (V4) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Natuur (A14.1) – Sfeer (C11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Kleur (A16) – Sfeer (C11) – Sfeer (C11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Eigen plek (C15) – Privacy (C16) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) – Sfeer (C11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) - Beter teamwerk (C17.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Per ruimte regelen (A1.3) - Herkenning en ervaring (A12) - Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) Comfort (V1) • Veel informatie (A18.1) – Gevoel (C13) - Comfort (V1) • Veel informatie (A18.1) – Milieu (C14) - (Goed voor) bedrijf (C18) • Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) – Gemak (A4.2) - Comfort (V1) Respondent 6 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Sfeer (C11) - Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) - Sfeer (C11) - Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) – Zelfontwikkeling (V9) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) – Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) – Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Buiten (A14.2) - Buiten (A14.2) - Frisse lucht / geur (C4) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) – Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) – Concentratie (C9.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) – (Goed voor) bedrijf (C18) - Zelfontwikkeling (V9) – Zelfstandigheid (V8) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Handmatig bedienbaar (A1.2) - Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Comfort (V1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) - Het naar je zin hebben / Plezier (in je werk) (C12) • Veel daglicht (C10) – Fit en energiek (C1.2) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Uitzicht (A7) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) – Rust (C8) – Voldoening (V7) • Uitzicht (A7) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) – Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) - Ontspanning (V6) • Warme en heldere verlichting (A9) – Concentratie (C9.2) • Geen storend licht (A8) – Rust (C8) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) – Zelfontwikkeling (V9) - Voldoening (V7) • Geen storend licht (A8) – Rust (C8) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) – Zelfontwikkeling (V9) - (Goed voor) bedrijf (C18) - Het naar je zin hebben / Plezier (in je werk) (C12) - Ontspanning (V6)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

123

V. Personal ladders

•

Uitstraling (A11) – Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) - Je thuis voelen / Op je gemak zijn (V4) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) – Het naar je zin hebben / Plezier (in je werk) (C12)

Interieur en werkplekconcept • Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) – Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) - Je thuis voelen / Op je gemak zijn (V4) • Uitstraling (A11) – Veel daglicht (C10) - Rust (C8) – Buiten (A14.2) - Buiten (A14.2) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) – Zelfontwikkeling (V9) – Sfeer (C11) - Het naar je zin hebben / Plezier (in je werk) (C12) Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Per ruimte regelen (A1.3) – Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Comfort (V1) • Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) – Gemak (A4.2) – Tijdwinst (C22) - Tijdwinst (C22) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) Respondent 7 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) – Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Comfort (V1) - (Niet) prettig (C25) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Gelijkmatig (A5) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) • Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) – Frisse lucht / geur (C4) - Fit en energiek (C1.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Uitzicht (A7) – Buiten (A14.2) - Buiten (A14.2) - Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) – Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) – Tijdwinst (C22) • Gemak (A4.2) - Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Uitzicht (A7) – Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Uitzicht (A7) – Sfeer (C11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Kleur (A16) – Natuurlijk (C5) – Buiten (A14.2) - Buiten (A14.2) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Geen storend licht (A8) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) – Rust (C8) - Comfort (V1) • Geen storend licht (A8) - Fit en energiek (C1.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Netjes en opgeruimd (A10) – Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie • Uitstraling (A11) - (Goed voor) bedrijf (C18) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Eigen plek (C15) – Privacy (C16) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Eigen plek (C15) – Rust (C8) - Concentratie (C9.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

124

V. Personal ladders

Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Per ruimte regelen (A1.3) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Comfort (V1) • Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Weten hoe iets werkt / Iets goed kunnen gebruiken (C24) - Comfort (V1) • Feedback (A4.3) - Feedback (A4.3) – Gevoel (C13) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Comfort (V1) • Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Weten hoe iets werkt / Iets goed kunnen gebruiken (C24) - Comfort (V1) Respondent 8 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Locatie systeem (A19) - Locatie systeem (A19) • Locatie systeem (A19) - Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) –Comfort (V1) - Gezondheid (V11) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Concentratie (C9.2) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) • Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) • Samenhang / Eenheid (C3) - Samenhang / Eenheid (C3) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) – Sfeer (C11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Last van airco (A2.3) – Vochtigheid (A2.1) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Constant – Altijd hetzelfde (A21) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) – Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Comfort (V1) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Constant – Altijd hetzelfde (A21) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) – Buiten (A14.2) - Frisse lucht / geur (C4) - Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) • Te openen raam (A6) – Buiten (A14.2) - Vochtigheid (A2.1) – Gezondheid (V11) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) – Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Constant – Altijd hetzelfde (A21) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Uitzicht (A7) – Veel daglicht (C10) – Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) – Rust (C8) – Vrijheid (V10) – Ontspanning (V6) • Buiten (A14.2) - Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) – Rust (C8) – Vrijheid (V10) – Ontspanning (V6) • Grote ramen (A13) - Uitzicht (A7) • Natuur (A14.1) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) – Rust (C8) - Ontspanning (V6) • Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Sfeer (C11) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) – Zelfstandigheid (V8) - Je thuis voelen / Op je gemak zijn (V4) • Natuurlijk (C5) - Veel daglicht (C10) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Meubels (A23) – Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) • Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) – Gevoel (C13) - Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Kleur (A16) – Sfeer (C11) - Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) • Natuur (A14.1) – Sfeer (C11) - Variatie / Afwisseling in werk(plek) (C23)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

125

V. Personal ladders

• • •

Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) Rust (C8) - Variatie / Afwisseling in werk(plek) (C23) - Variatie / Afwisseling in werk(plek) (C23) Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) - Eigen plek (C15) - Constant – Altijd hetzelfde (A21) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) – Zelfstandigheid (V8)

Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Per ruimte regelen (A1.3) – Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Comfort (V1) • Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Veel informatie (A18.1) - Weten hoe iets werkt / Iets goed kunnen gebruiken (C24) - Weten hoe iets werkt / Iets goed kunnen gebruiken - Comfort (V1) Respondent 9 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Warm / koud (C19) – Warm / koud (C19) – Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Tijdwinst (C22) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) – Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Uitstraling (A11) – Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Last van airco (A2.3) - Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Comfort (V1) • Locatie systeem (A19) - Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) – Gezondheid (V11) • Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) - Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Frisse lucht / geur (C4) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Comfort (V1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Gezondheid (V11) - Hygiëne en onderhoud (A20) - Gezondheid (V11) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Comfort (V1) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) - Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Frisse lucht / geur (C4) - Fit en energiek (C1.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Geen storend licht (A8) Comfort (V1) • Uitzicht (A7) – Netjes en opgeruimd (A10) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Veel daglicht (C10) – Buiten (A14.2) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Grote ramen (A13) - Veel daglicht (C10) • Uitzicht (A7) – Natuur (A14.1) – Rust (C8) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Warme en heldere verlichting (A9) – Sfeer (C11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Sfeer (C11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Natuur (14.1) – Buiten (A14.2) – Sfeer (C11) – Uitstraling (A11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Eigen plek (C15) - Eigen plek (C15) – Tijdwinst (C22) – Rust (C8) • Eigen plek (C15) – Zelfstandigheid (V8) - Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Comfort (V1) • Kleur (A16) - Variatie / Afwisseling in werk(plek) (C23) – Sfeer (C11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

126

V. Personal ladders

• • •

Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) – Rust (C8) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) – Concentratie (C9.2) Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) Sociaal contact (C17.1) - Uitstraling (A11)

Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Per ruimte regelen (A1.3) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) • Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) - (Goed voor) bedrijf (C18) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Herkenning en ervaring (A12) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) • Veel mogelijkheden (A18.2) - Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Veel mogelijkheden (A18.2) • Uitstraling (A11) – Samenhang/eenheid (C3) • Herkenning en ervaring (A12) - Weten hoe iets werkt / iets goed kunnen gebruiken (C24) Respondent 10 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Straling (A22) - Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Warm / koud (C19) - Comfort (V1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Uitstraling (A11) – Uitstraling (A11) – Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) - (Niet) prettig (C25) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) - Gezondheid (V11) • Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Straling (A22) - Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Comfort (V1) • Hygiëne en onderhoud (A20) – Frisse lucht / geur (C4) - Gezondheid (V11) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) - Frisse lucht / geur (C4) - Frisse lucht / geur (C4) - Comfort (V1) • Veel daglicht (C10) - Veel daglicht (C10) - Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Handmatig bedienbaar (A1.2) - Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Comfort (V1) • Uitzicht (A7) – Natuur (A14.1) – Rust (C8) – Ontspanning (V6) • Uitzicht (A7) – Natuur (A14.1) – Sfeer (C11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Grote ramen (A13) - Veel daglicht (C10) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Buiten (A14.2) – Natuur (A14.1) - Ontspanning (V6) - Ontspanning (V6) • Geen storend licht (A8) – Uitstraling (A11) – Sfeer (C11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) – Milieu (C14) – Toekomst (V5) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Natuur (A14.1) - Natuur (A14.1) – Rust (C8) - Ontspanning (V6) • Uitstraling (A11) – Sfeer (C11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Kleur (A16) - Kleur (A16) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Rust (C8) – Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Rust (C8) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Comfort (V1) Werk goed uitvoeren (V2)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

127

V. Personal ladders

• •

Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) – Sfeer (C11) - Het naar je zin hebben / Plezier (in je werk) (C12) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) Rust (C8) - Rust (C8) – Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2)

Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) - Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) • Veel mogelijkheden (A18.2) - Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Weten hoe iets werkt / Iets goed kunnen gebruiken (C24) - Comfort (V1) • Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Weten hoe iets werkt / Iets goed kunnen gebruiken (C24) - Comfort (V1) Respondent 11 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) – Gevoel (C13) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) – Gezondheid (V11) • Uitstraling (A11) – Hygiëne en onderhoud (A20) – Frisse lucht / geur (C4) - Gezondheid (V11) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) – Comfort (V1) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) - Frisse lucht / geur (C4) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) – Veel daglicht (C10) - Comfort (V1) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) – Geen storend licht (A8) - Comfort (V1) • Uitzicht (A7) – Buiten (A14.2) – Natuur (A14.1) - Ontspanning (V6) • Grote ramen (A13) - Uitzicht (A7) – Buiten (A14.2) – Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Kleur (A16) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) - Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) • Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Weten hoe iets werkt / Iets goed kunnen gebruiken (C24) - Comfort (V1) Respondent 12 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Locatie systeem (A19) – Warm / koud (C19) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) Comfort (V1) • Straling (A22) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Gevoel (C13) - Comfort (V1) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) - Buiten (A14.2) – Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) • Uitzicht (A7) – Gevoel (C13)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

128

V. Personal ladders

• • • • • • •

Natuur (A14.1) – Uitstraling (A11) Buiten (A14.2) – Verleden (C27) Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) – Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) Uitzicht (A7) – Veel daglicht (C10) - Buiten (A14.2) Natuurlijk (C5) – Veel daglicht (C10) - Natuurlijk (C5) – Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) Geen storend licht (A8) - Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) Warme en heldere verlichting (A9) – Sfeer (C11) - Je thuis voelen / Op je gemak zijn (V4)

Interieur en werkplekconcept • Kleur (A16) – Sfeer (C11) - Je thuis voelen / Op je gemak zijn (V4) • Kleur (A16) – Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Natuur (A14.1) – Buiten (A14.2) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) - Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Privacy (C16) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Comfort (V1) Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Respondent 13 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Concentratie (C9.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) – Gezondheid (V11) • Straling (A22) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Concentratie (C9.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Comfort (V1) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) - Frisse lucht / geur (C4) - Natuurlijk (C5) – Feedback (A4.3) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) • Uitzicht (A7) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) – Rust (C8) – Ontspanning (V6) • Grote ramen (A13) - Buiten (A14.2) – Uitzicht (A7) - Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) - Gelijkmatigheid (A5) – Natuurlijk (C5) – (Niet) prettig (C25) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Sfeer (C11) - Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) - (Niet) prettig (C25) • Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) • Natuur (A14.1) – (Niet) prettig (C25) • Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) – Privacy (C16) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) – Concentratie (C9.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

129

V. Personal ladders

Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Per ruimte regelen (A1.3) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) • Veel mogelijkheden (A18.2) - Handmatig bedienbaar (A1.2) - Veel mogelijkheden (A18.2) Respondent 14 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Uitstraling (A11) – Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) Comfort (V1) • Uitstraling (A11) – Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) – Concentratie (C9.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Gezondheid (V11) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) - Frisse lucht / geur (C4) – Buiten (A14.2) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Uitzicht (A7) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) – Rust (C8) – Ontspanning (V6) • Uitzicht (A7) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) – Rust (C8) – Ontspanning (V6) • Uitstraling (A11) – Uitstraling (A11) – Uitstraling (A11) – Voldoening (V7) • Veel daglicht (C10) - Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Locatie systeem (A19) - Warm / koud (C19) - Comfort (V1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Uitzicht (A7) – Natuur (A14.1) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Locatie systeem (A19) - Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Comfort (V1) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Netjes en opgeruimd (A10) - Netjes en opgeruimd (A10) - Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Rust (C8) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Rust (C8) - Concentratie (C9.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Kleur (A16) – Sfeer (C11) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) - Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) • Natuur (A14.1) - Variatie / Afwisseling in werk(plek) (C23) - Variatie / Afwisseling in werk(plek) (C23) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Comfort (V1) • Veel informatie (A18.1) – Veel mogelijkheden (A18.2) • Constant – Altijd hetzelfde (A21) – Tijdwinst (C22) – Milieu (C14) – Toekomst (V5) • Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) -(Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) – Voldoening (V7) • Meubels (A23) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Respondent 15 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Locatie systeem (A19) - Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Het naar je zin hebben / Plezier (in je werk) (C12) • Locatie systeem (A19) - Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Comfort (V1) • Uitstraling (A11) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Uitstraling (A11) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Comfort (V1)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

130

V. Personal ladders

• •

Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Concentratie (C9.2) Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Comfort (V1)

Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) - Frisse lucht / geur (C4) – Buiten (A14.2) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) – Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Geen storend licht (A8) (Niet) prettig (C25) - Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) - (Niet) prettig (C25) • Milieu (C14) - Milieu (C14) – Toekomst (V5) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Kleur (A16) - Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) • Natuur (A14.1) – Sfeer (C11) • Uitstraling (A11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • (Goed voor) bedrijf (C18) - Samenhang / Eenheid (C3) Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Veel mogelijkheden (A18.2) - Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Weten hoe iets werkt / Iets goed kunnen gebruiken (C24) Respondent 16 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Locatie systeem (A19) – Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) • Locatie systeem (A19) – Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) Gezondheid (V11) • Uitstraling (A11) - Samenhang / Eenheid (C3) – Rust (C8) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Verleden (C27) • Last van airco (A2.3) - Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) • Last van airco (A2.3) – Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) - Gezondheid (V11) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) – Natuurlijk (C5) – Buiten (A14.2) – Gemak (A4.2) - Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) • Geen storend licht (A8) - Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Variatie / Afwisseling in werk(plek) (C23) • Buiten (A14.2) – Buiten (A14.2) – Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) - Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Grote ramen (A13) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) - Buiten (A14.2) – Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) • Herkenning en ervaring (A12) - Herkenning en ervaring (A12) - Herkenning en ervaring (A12) – Natuurlijk (C5) - Hygiëne en onderhoud (A20) • Uitzicht (A7) – Natuur (A14.1) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Geen storend licht (A8) - (Niet) prettig (C25) • Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) - Uitstraling (A11) – Meubels (A23) - Eigen plek (C15) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) • Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) - Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) Samenhang / Eenheid (C3)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

131

V. Personal ladders

Interieur en werkplekconcept • Netjes en opgeruimd (A10) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) – Uitstraling (A11) – Rust (C8) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Uitstraling (V11) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) • Meubels (A23) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) - (Goed voor) bedrijf (C18) • Sfeer (C11) – Kleur (A16) • Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) - Je thuis voelen / Op je gemak zijn (V4) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) - Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) – Gevoel (C13) • Kleur (A16) - (Niet) prettig (C25) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) – Sociaal contact (C17.1) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) – Voldoening (V7) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) – Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) • Rust (C8) - Rust (C8) – Concentratie (C9.2) • Variatie / Afwisseling in werk(plek) (C23) - Variatie / Afwisseling in werk(plek) (C23) - Variatie / Afwisseling in werk(plek) (C23) - Variatie / Afwisseling in werk(plek) (C23) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Comfort (V1) • Toekomst (V5) - Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) – Het naar je zin hebben / Plezier (in je werk) (C12) - Veel informatie (A18.1) – Veel mogelijkheden (A18.2) • Toekomst (V5) - Feedback (A4.3) - Feedback (A4.3) - Feedback (A4.3) - Feedback (A4.3) • Herkenning en ervaring (A12) - Herkenning en ervaring (A12) - Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) – Feedback (A4.3) Respondent 17 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Locatie systeem (A19) – Gelijkmatigheid (A5) – Straling (A22) - (Niet) prettig (C25) - Warm / koud (C19) - Comfort (V1) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) – Straling (A22) - Comfort (V1) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) – Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Comfort (V1) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) – Feedback (A4.3) - Feedback (A4.3) - Feedback (A4.3) – Buiten (A14.2) – Buiten (A14.2) • Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) – Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) • Uitzicht (A7) – Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Veel mogelijkheden (A18.2) – Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) • Veel daglicht (C10) - Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) - Buiten (A14.2) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Grote ramen (A13) – Uitzicht (A7) • Sfeer (C11) - Warme en heldere verlichting (A9) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) • Natuurlijk (C5) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) Interieur en werkplekconcept Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

132

V. Personal ladders

• • • • • • •

Natuur (A14.1) – Gevoel (C13) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) Veel daglicht (C10) – Buiten (A14.2) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) Kleur (A16) – Rust (C8) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) – Rust (C8) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) – Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) – Grote ramen (A13) - Uitzicht (A7) – Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) – Rust (C8) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Eigen plek (C15) – Sfeer (C11) - (Niet) prettig (C25) - Eigen plek (C15) - Eigen plek (C15)

Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) Comfort (V1 • Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Comfort (V1) Respondent 18 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Locatie systeem (A19) – Warm / koud (C19) - Comfort (V1) • Locatie systeem (A19) – Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) – Milieu (C14) – Toekomst (V5) • Last van airco (A2.3) - Milieu (C14) – Toekomst (V5) • Last van airco (A2.3) – Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Gelijkmatigheid (A5) – Natuurlijk (C5) - Warm / koud (C19) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Comfort (V1) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) – Feedback (A4.3) - Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) • Te openen raam (A6) – Natuurlijk (C5) – Feedback (A4.3) - Feedback (A4.3) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) – Hygiëne en onderhoud (A20) • Herkenning en ervaring (A12) – Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Uitzicht (A7) – Buiten (A14.2) • Uitstraling (A11) - Samenhang / Eenheid (C3) • Grote ramen (A13) - Veel daglicht (C10) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Kleur (A16) – Rust (C8) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Kleur (A16) - Herkenning en ervaring (A12) - Veel daglicht (C10) - (Niet) prettig (C25) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Veel daglicht (C10) • Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) – Uitstraling (A11) - Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Natuur (A14.1) – Sfeer (C11) - Sfeer (C11) • Kleur (A16) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) - Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3)

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

133

V. Personal ladders

Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) – Milieu (C14) – Toekomst (V5) • Per ruimte regelen (A1.3) - Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Comfort (V1) • Veel mogelijkheden (A18.2) – Veel informatie (A18.1) - Samenhang / Eenheid (C3) Respondent 19 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Uitstraling (A11) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Comfort (V1) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) – Gezondheid (V11) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) – Straling (A22) – Natuurlijk (C5) - Comfort (V1) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) – Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Last van airco (A2.3) - Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) – Warm / koud (C19) - Comfort (V1) • Constant – Altijd hetzelfde (A21) - Constant – Altijd hetzelfde (A21) - Gezondheid (V11) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) – Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Comfort (V1) • Raam open kunnen zetten (A6) - Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) Comfort (V1) • Veel daglicht (C10) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) • Uitzicht (A7) – Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) – Concentratie (C9.2) - Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) • Grote ramen (A13) - Veel daglicht (C10) - Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) – Vrijheid (V10) • Uitzicht (A7) – Buiten (A14.2) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) - Positieve energie / Positief gevoel (C26) • Centraal en automatisch klimatiseren (A15) - Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) – Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) - Fit en energiek (C1.2) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Uitstraling (A11) - Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) – Vrijheid (V10) • Uitstraling (A11) - Samenhang / Eenheid (C3) - (Goed voor) bedrijf (C18) • Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Rust (C8) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) - Rust (C8) • Eigen plek (C15) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Uitstraling (A11) - Variatie / Afwisseling in werk(plek) (C23) - Inspiratie en creativiteit (C9.1) – Sfeer (C11) - (Goed voor) bedrijf (C18) Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) Comfort (V1) Master thesis

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V. Personal ladders

•

Veel mogelijkheden (A18.2) - Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) – Gemak (A4.2) - Veel informatie (A18.1) - Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20)

Respondent 20 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Herkenning en ervaring (A12) - Hygiëne en onderhoud (A20) - Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) • Locatie systeem (A19) - Warm / koud (C19) - Comfort (V1) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Constant – Altijd hetzelfde (A21) - Comfort (V1) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Comfort (V1) • Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) – Gezondheid (V11) • Uitstraling (A11) - Uitstraling (A11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) – Vochtigheid (A2.1) - Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) – Gezondheid (V11) Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) – Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - (Goed voor) bedrijf (C18) • Uitzicht (A7) – Gevoel (C13) - Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Grote ramen (A13) – Privacy (C16) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Uitstraling (A11) - Warme en heldere verlichting (A9) – Sfeer (C11) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Uitstraling (A11) – Sfeer (C11) - Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Kleur (A16) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) – Rust (C8) • Rust (C8) – Concentratie (C9.2) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) – Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Geen afleiding (C2.2) – Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Eigen plek (C15) – Geen geluidsoverlast (A3) - Rust (C8) • Variatie / Afwisseling in werk(plek) (C23) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Tijdwinst (C22) Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) - Comfort (V1) • Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) – Tijdwinst (C22) - Werkt goed / Functioneel / Praktisch (C20) - Weten hoe iets werkt / Iets goed kunnen gebruiken (C24) • Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) – Veel informatie (A18.1) Respondent 21 Ventilatie, koeling, verwarming • Locatie systeem (A19) – Locatie systeem (A19) – (Niet) prettig (C25) - Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) – Gezondheid (V11) • Herkenning en ervaring (A12) - Verleden (C27) - Handmatig bedienbaar (A1.2) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Warm / Koud (C19) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) – Gezondheid (V11) • Gelijkmatigheid (A5) - Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - Last van lucht en tocht (A2.2) - (Niet) prettig (C25)

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V. Personal ladders

Ramen, zonwering, elektrische verlichting • Te openen raam (A6) – Natuurlijk (C5) - Frisse lucht / geur (C4) - Hygiëne en onderhoud (A20) – Feedback (A4.3) • Individueel beïnvloedbaar (A1.1) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) – Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) • Uitzicht (A7) – Veel daglicht (C10) - Je niet opgesloten voelen (C7) - (Niet) prettig (C25) • Veel daglicht (C10) - Veel daglicht (C10) – Buiten (A14.2) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3) • Grote ramen (A13) – Rust (C8) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) • Natuur (A14.1) - Te openen raam (A6) – Frisse lucht / geur (C4) - (Niet) prettig (C25) • Herkenning en ervaring (A12) – Natuurlijk (C5) - (Niet) prettig (C25) - Fit en energiek (C1.2) Gezondheidsklachten (C1.1) – Gezondheid (V11) Interieur en werkplekconcept • Natuur (A14.1) – Natuurlijk (C5) - Frisse lucht / geur (C4) • Veel daglicht (C10) - Natuurlijk (C5) – Rust (C8) • Uitstraling (A11) – Rust (C8) – Samenhang / Eenheid (C3) – Geen afleiding (C2.2) – Concentratie (C9.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Netjes en opgeruimd (A10) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Overzichtelijk en ruimtelijk (C21) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) • Kantoortuin en combikantoor (A17) - Eigen plek (C15) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - Sociaal contact (C17.1) - (Beter) teamwerk (C17.2) - Werk goed uitvoeren (V2) Plaatsing en ontwerp van regelsysteem • Per ruimte regelen (A1.3) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) • Veel mogelijkheden (A18.2) - Afstemmen op individuele behoeften en verschillen (C6) - (Niet) prettig (C25) • Veel informatie (A18.1) - Simpel en duidelijk (A4.1) - Invloed kunnen uitoefenen (A1.4) - Geen storende prikkels en irritatie (C2.1) - Je prettig / lekker voelen (V3)

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VI. Correspondence analysis

VI

Correspondence analysis

Consequences and values - General analysis Dimension 1: Inertia 0,327 Dimension 2: Inertia 0,214 Total: Inertia 0,541

Consequences and values - General analysis – Without outliers Dimension 1: Inertia 0,283 Dimension 2: Inertia 0,207 Total: Inertia 0,490

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

137

VI. Correspondence analysis

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

138

VII. Correlation analysis

VII

Correlation analysis

VIII. Questionnaire

VIII

Questionnaire

Master thesis

E. van den Ouweland

140

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University Eindhoven University of Technology Department of the Built Environment Unit Building Physics and Services

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