2-3 November 2011 ISBN978- 602- 19028- 0 - 6
Serninar Nasi onalT eknikMesin X JurusanMesinFahultasTebrik UB
PROSIDING OptimalisasiPeran Teknik Mesin Dalam MeningkatkanKetahananEnergi Ketua Peyunting Dr.Eng Yudy SuryaI,ST."lt4.Eng. SekretarisPenyunting Dr. SlametWahyudi,ST.,MT. PenelaahAbli Prof. Dr. h hatil
The *atentenfs and opinionexpressedin the papersare fDoseof the authotsffiernselvesand not necessanilyrefred the qinion of the editotsaN organlzerc.Any menlionof conpany ortrade name by orgffiizers. doesnot imply endorsement
ISBN: 978- 602-19028- 0 - 6
d tugineefingFaculty,BrawijayaUnivedty of Malang Cqynght @Nl 1, Depaftenanttu|c,dtart,ical by any meanswtthoutwrittenpermission Notto be cqnmereiallyrcprocluced Prtntedin Malmg, lndmesia,November2011 sNTrMXli
2-3November 2011 ISBN978- 602- 19028- 0 - 6
Seminar NasionalTeknikMesinX JuntsanMesinFahtltasT efutik UB
KATA PENGAI\ITAR Denganmengucapsyukuralhamdulillahke hadiratAllah Yang Esa yang tiada tuhan selain-Ny4kami selakuPanitiaSeminarNasionalTahunanTeknik Mesin X Tatrun2011 prosiding JurusanMesin FakultasTeknik UniversitasBrawijayaMalangdapatmenyelesaikan abshakini. CintaKasih-Nyayangtak terhinggamendorongkami untuk semangatdalamkegiatan belajarmengajaryang tak pemahputus sampaimasukliang lahat, khususnyadalamhal ini ilrnu-Nyayangkrtatekunibersamayaitu rckayasaketeknikan. Prosidingini diharapkanmampumenampungpara peneliti, praktisi, pemerintahdan hasil-hasilpenelitiannya.Prosidingini juga merupakan mahasiswauntukmengkomunikasikan jawabbidangteknikmesindalammenyumbangkan pemikiran,ide dan sebuahwujudtanggung hasilpenelitiansehinggamampudiaplikasikanke masyarakatdangunamendukungketahanan energydi Indonesia Bertolakdad hal tersebutmalcaJurusanMesin FakultasTeknik UniversitasBrawijaya Malangmenggelareventakdemik SeminarNasionalTahunanTeknik Mesin X Tahun2011 yangbertajuk: *OptimalisasiPeranTeknik MesindalamMeningkatkan KetahananEnergit Diharapkandenganadanyasemina nasionalini, para akademisipemerintahpeneliti dan atau praktisi dapat menambahwawasanmereka serta menerapkanpengetatruannya tersebut dalam durna engineering untuk mengoptimalkanketahananenergi nasional. Selanjutnyaakanterbinasuasana akademisyangnantinyadapd dikembangkan menjadiwujud padaumunyakongkrit di masyarakat meridhoijerih payahkita semua.Amien. SemogaAllah YangMahaPengampun Malang l Nopember20ll
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2-3November 2011 rsBN978- 602- 19028- 0 - 6
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DAFTARISI KATA PENGAT\TAR DAFTARISI............
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KEYNOTE SPEAKER Tantangan Keilmuwan teknikmesindi bidangnuclearreoctorsafety Deendarlianto................ RancangBangundanAplikasi EngineRusnas500 cc I Nyoman Jujur..........
........... I ............. 10
BIDANG KON\IERSI EIVERGI PeningkatanEfisiensi PembakaranTungku Kayu Bakar TradisionalDengan Modifikasi Disain BambangYmianto, Nazarudin Sinaga........ ,...................24 Studi Pemanfaatan Briket Kulit JambuMete DenganKombinasiSekamPadi Dan Tongkol JagungSebapi BahanBakarAlternatif LydiaM Salam,H Baharuddin ltfire,M. Fachry.1.R............. ............29 Efek Ash CampuranBatubaraMutu RendahTerhadapPotensiPembeftukanSlaggingdan FoulingPadaBoilerPT. SemenTonasa 1smai1......... ............37 Pengembangan BahanBakarBriket dari CampuranKulit MetedanSekamPadi Muchammad
..........42
PengaruhAir Fuel RatioTerhadapEmisi GasBuangBerbatranBakarLpg PadaRuangBakar ModelHelle-Shaw Cell I Crasti NgurahPutuTenrya, MadeHardiarw ................47 padaTangentiallyFiredPulverired-CoalBoiler KajianNumerikAliran UdaraPembakaran Wqwan AriesWidodo, Is Bunyamin Suryo,Giri Nu9roho................. .....................52 Perbandingan SimulasiDenganAsumsiIdealgasDenganKondisiRealgasBfrectpadaKasus Combustion AlbertMeigoP*E.YRomieO.Bura,BatnboryKismonoHadi..., ........57 Karakeristik Pernbakaran Briket LimbafoTongkolJagungDan SekamPadiDenganBerbagai Perbandingan TongkolJagungDan SekamPadi AttdiMorykaaProf,,Dr.Ir. EfendyArif,M.Eng....... .......................66 EfekKatalisator@roquet)TerhadapEmisiGasBuangMesinBensin Aijanto, AndhikaMalnrdika...........
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2-3 November 2011 ISBN978- 602- 19028 - 0- 6
DeflagrasiLPG-UdaraYangMelalui MediaPorcus Desmon Purba,Tri AgwtgRohmat................. JayanSentanuhady,
...................... 83
PerbandinganAntar Berbagai Model Laju PenguapanTetesanPertamaxDengan Data Eksperimen Englms AehmadKosasih ...........91 Studi ElsperimentalPengaruhKonsumsiBahanBakarDan LamanyaWaktu TerhadapLaju PadaAlatPengeringIkan DenganMemanfaatkan Pengeringan EnergiBriket Batubara AnekaFirdaus,ST.MT,DianFerdinand,,Sf............... .......................96 AnalisisPemanfaatan Gas Metana(CHl) Dari Limbah SampahTPA Tamangapa Sebagai Tenaga(20I l) Pembangkit Ir. LutherSule,MI......... ...........108 Studi ElsperimentalOptimalisasiCampuranBahanBakarSolarDenganCrudeJatophaOil (CJO)TerhadapKarakteristikMotor DieselDidactaltalia TestBed T 85 D H.Teguh&tdi.SA,AmrifanSaladinMohruni,Arifin.......... ................. I 12 PemilihanAlgorifrna Dan Model PotensialPada SimulasiDinamika Molekular Tabung NanoKarbonSebagaiMediaPenyimpanHidrogen Supriyadidot Nasruddin ..........120 KarakteristikPembakaran TungkuGasifierTipe Cross-DraftBerbahanB4karBiomassa AdjarPratoto,AgusSutanto....... .................. 126 PotensiUnmineableCoalbedSebagaiPenyimpanEmisi GasKarbondioksida Barlin ....................131 Analisa PerpfudahanPanasAkibat RadiasiPadaRunah SecaraKonvelsi PaksaDengan Menggunakan VariasiWarnaCatPutilLAbu-Abu,KuningDan TanpaCat EflitaYohan4................. ........... 134 Kajian EksperimenSistem PendinginLemari Radio Base System (RBS) Berbasis Termoelektrik NandyPutra,A'rasyFahruddin,WayanNata,Ridholrwansyah... ...,,139 TheHAZOPOf HVAC StarEnergr HarjantoG, Samsul Kamal,Prajitno
...........147
OptimasiSistemPendinginJoule-Thomson DenganMenggunakanCampuranHidrokarbon Melalui SimulasiProgaramMatlab8.5DanRe$rop 8.0 RizkyArif Hidoyat .....................157 AnalisaPerbandingan KinerjaMesinPendinginMenggunakan Mc-22 SebagaiPenggantiR-22 YuwardiYtrsuf, Ni KetutCaturwdti, ImronRosyadi...... ..................... 165
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Analisis SaluranUdara PendinginanMotor Lishik Pada Lokomotif Diesel Elekhik Traxr Asia Handoka............................169 Yunendar JoonedHendrarsahi, MuhamadFarisNaufalAusten, Analisa Kmakteristik PerpirdahanPanasEvaporatorTipe Double Tubular Pipe Pada Unit PendinginSistemAbsorpsi Difusi Amonia-Air Denganvariasi BebanPendingindan Daya Generator ......,...177 Ktisma Mahara..,.... Ary BachtiarKrishnaPutrq Prabowo, SurfaktanPadaNanoFluidaAllO:-Air TerhadapKinerjaLoop Heat PengaruhPenambahan Pipe(LI{P) ....181 Fahrudin,NandyPutra WayanNataSeptiadi,,A'roy Variasi PengujianAlat CryosurgeryBerbasisElemenPeltierGandaDenganPenggunaan Probe .....'.....189 NandyPutra,HamdalahH, KapaCossaJ, Ridholrwansyah PanasKonveksiPaksaPadaSelinderEllip DalamUdara : PengaruhAspect Perpindatran Ratio ............. 195 Kaprowi5ahi............ FaseMaterial yangMelibatkanEvaporasidan SublimasiPadaPengering ProsesPerubatran Beku VakumEkshak[Jbur-ubur .........201 MuhamadYulianto,M. IdrusAlhamid,Nasruddin,EngkosA. Kosasih....... PengaruhModel TurbulensiPadaAnalisisKomputasiSintetikJet Untuli SistemPendingin KomponenMilaoelektronik ................208 Rirt*oDefriadi................ Harinaldi,DamoraRhakasywi, Kincir Angin PorosHorisontaldenpn SuduPlatDatar BudiSugiharto
.....215
StudiEkperimentalPengaruhJumlahLubangLaluanUdara PadaAlat PengeringIkan Baung Briket BatubaraTerhadapLaju Pengerinpn Tipe RakMenggunakan ..........220 RobbyUszaPerdwta.....,.......... IsmailThamrin, ExperimentalStudy on the Flow Patternand PressureDifferenceFluctuationduring the in a HorizontalAnnulusPipe SteamCondensafion ..................231 TriAgungRohmat............. Indarto,Purttomo, Sukamta, PengaruhPosisiSilinder Teriris Tipe-D sebapi PengonfrolPasifdi DepanSilinderUtama SirkulerTerhadapGayaDragSilinderUtamaSikuler Triyogi Yuwono,WswanAries Widodo,DapotBoni TuaRaja Gagukdot fuhlia Ansisti ..........236 Prsmestt.... PengaruhVariasi KekasaranPennukaanpadahofil Bola terhadq Disbibusi Tekanandan Separasi .................241 NowianyAmaliyh
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Analisa Frekuensidalam PenguluranKecepatanAliran Dua Fasapada SaluranTertutup GelombangUlfrasonik Menggunakan MuhamtrcdAgungBrarruntln,Ktosani,DziW Firdausi,..... ..........249 Studi Eksperimen Performansi Ejector Aliran Dua Fase de'ngan Fluida Kerja Kmbondiolsida(CO2)danNitrogen(N2) Wawan AriesWidodo, Is Btmyamin 5uryo.......... ........,..253 Pengendalian PasifterhadapBoundaryLayerdidalamFlat-WalledDiffirser dengpnSuction danBlowing melaluiRectangrlarSlot Sutardi, Rinmggo1f................ ...................259 Studi KarakteristikAliran didalamBoundaryLayer TurbulendidalamAsymmetricFlatWalledDiffuser20' FirchiI. Sutardi, .....................266 Pemodelan Liquid JetGasPumpyangBekerjaSebagaiVacuumEjector DaruSugati,Indarto,Purnomo, Sutrisno.
................... .271
PengaruhModel TurbulensipadaAnalisis KomputasiKontrol Akif Aliran terhadapDrag AerodinamikaReversedAhmedBody Budiarso,Harinaldi,RustsnTarakha, SabarP.Simanungkalit...... ...276 PengaruhPenambahan SilinderPengganggu terhadry KoefisienTekananSilinder Sirkular TersusunTandempadaSaluranSempitBerpenampang Bujur Sangkar Wawan AriesWidodo, ArdhanuUsdhiantoko ................284 KarakteristikAliran danPerpindahan PanaspadaBaffles Ary BachtiarKhrisnaPutra,Djatmiho,SooWhmAhn...............
.....290
Effect of Installinga threadnrd on pressuredrop reductionin a channelwith two circular clinder in tandemarrangement Wawan AriesWidodo, AlfinAttdrianPermana..... .........294 EfekPeldakanInjeksiGelembungMilco TerhadapHambatanTotal KapalModel M. Baqi,Youar Grmawan,
....300
Studi Elsperimerral PengaruhPenambalnnDisturbanceBody TerhadapKaakteristik Aliran Yang Melintasi SebuahSilinder Sirkular Yang TersusunSecaraTandemDalam SaluranSempit Wqwan ArtesWidodo, PratistaHariyotto... ..................306 PengaruhKecepatanUdarapadaWavy fin dan TubeHeatExchangerterhadapKarakteristik Aliran danPerpindahan Panas Prabowo, Ary Bactiar,Temaja, Renatho....,. .................312 AdsorpsiIsosterikCO: BertekananTinggi PadaKarbon Aktif denganPersamaan Model T6th AwaludtnManin,BambangSuryman, Muhammad ldrusAlhamid,Namddin.....................318 SNTIMXIvi
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PengaruhKecepatanAir Pada PemberfukanGelembungPada Aliran Air Yang Searah JarumNosel ....323 Warjito ManusSetyantono, Studi KarakteristikFluida Kerja HydrokarbonRamahLinglungan pada Siklus Rankine Organik(SRO)bertenagaSurya Harinaldi ..................328 RuliNuffanta,M. IdrusAlHamid,Nasrudin, KonsumsiEnergidalamTrarsisi Aliran Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille Prajitno,Sutrimo,Indarto,Purnomo
........334
ThePerfonnanceOf Saturn-20GasTurbineAs PrimeMover Of ElectricGenerator .........338 KhairulMuhajir............ Effect of DynamicTwistedMixer on Ammonia MassDistribution at NH:-SCR Catalffic Filter for DieselEngineAfterheatmentsystemby NumericalSimulation ..........347 5yaifu1........ Monitoringof TheUnionCenhifugalPump A.RiantoS Greg.Harjanto,
.....353
Studi KarakteristikKerja Hot Well Pump (FIWP)PadaPembangkitListrik TenagaPanas Bumi @LTP) .........360 Khasoi dan ChrisYttdhoHardianto KajianefekoksigenberlebihpadamotorDiesel AbrarRizadan8udiantoto..............,.
.........365
Studi ExperimentalDan Numerik PengaruhVariasi CerobongMasuk Tirrbine Ventilator TerhadapUnjuk Kerja TurbineVentilator ..........368 Fatah,TriyogiYuwonodan WawanAries Widodo Ivfrsbahihul AnalisisKebuhrhanDayaPompaUntukDisfibusi Air Bersih AlwiAlbaar,JadidHamimAde............ SaidHi. Abbas,
...................373
AnalisisUnjuk Kerja KompresorSentrifugaldanRuangBakarTurbinGasMiko ltoto X-l ..............382 StevenDarmawan,Elbndiiluilarunmg........... Ahmadlrdra Siswantara, ManajemenTermalHeatSinkpadaModul KendaliMotor Kendraan Hibrid TintonDwi Atmaja,GhalyaPikra danKristianlsmai|..,...........
.......390
KinerjaMesinPendiaginSistemVrv-Ii DanVrv-Iii DenganKapasitas40 rlp ....................395 IndahRahmowat'................. Catu'watiNK Yuswardi, Pengujian Teknik Mengemudi Hemat Energi Pada Kendaraan PenumpangUntuk MendukungProgramSmartDriving di Indonesia ..........400 Sinaga........ Nazaruddin
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Seminar NasionalTefutihMesin X JurusanMesin FakuhasTebri k UB
2-3Novernber 201l ISBN978- 602- 19028- 0 - 6
Berkendaraan TerhadapTingkatKonsumsi Kaji EksperimentalPengaruhBeberapaParameter KapasitasSilinder1500- 2000CC BahanBaka KendaraanPenumpang NazaruddinSinaga,TabahPriotgkoso,Della Widalana,KosimAbdurrohmot.....................409 AnalisaUji Tarik Kapal OptimalisasiKonsumsiBatnn BakarKapalSkalaPenuhBerdasarkan Model danIvI &aqi........... ...............416 Gmawana MarcusAlberthTalahatu, l000cc AplikasiBrownGas(HHO)padaMobilBermesinKarburatorKapasitas .................420 I l,lyonanSutantra...... Sampurno, HarusLG,A.Hakima, SistemRefrigerasiCascadedenganRefrigeranCampuranKarbonDioksidadanEthaneuntuk Temperatur -80oC ...................420 M. IdrusAlhamid........... Nasrudin, Darwin RB.Syaka, DeliveryServicesdenganCoolBoxMulti Funpi RamahLingkungan FoodBeverage ................429 lbnuHakim,Mangsur Imansyah Optimasi Multi Objektif dari SistemPengkondisianUdara untuk Top Coat Booth pada IndushiOtomotif ...........435 Petiko........ Nasruddin, PengaruhKekasaranDinding Pipa PadaAkurasi PengukuranAliran Gas DenganTurbine Meter .:............................443 WarjitodanBhreKtrmaraHangga1fijaya......... PipaOsilasi3/tlnci KarakteristikPompaAir EnergiTermalMenggunakan FA RusdiSambada..... Motor Bbm PadaSepeda Alal Penghemat Rancangan Musni Herbalubun AhmadSeng,Mtrt
............448 .......452
PotensiAngrn dan T\rrbinAngin Tipe Dariusuntuk PembangkitListik yang Pemanfaatan RamahLingkungan ..................459 HasyimAsy'ari,ArisBudimotJamaludin.. KekuatanSistemGlobal Listrik TenagaNuklir TerhadapPergeseran PerananPembangfuit ..........464 Suharto...... Pendinginan Air Aliran Paksa Peningkatan EfisiensiLisfik Sel SuryaDenganlvlenggunakan ........410 Rahmat 5ubarfuh............ Analisis PerformansiKolektor Surla Jenis TqbularDenganMenggunakanPasir Sebagai MediaPenyimpanPanas ...-..........475 KetutAstawa,I MadeDvti BudianaPenindra,I l{yomotArya Warsita.
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2-3 November 2011 rsBN978- 602- 19028- 0 - 6
U4iuk Kerja Model Kincir Angin BerporosVertikal denganSudu-suduBerbentukLayar UntukTip VariasiPorsiLingkaranSudu Rines..,.,..... Kaji Aplikasi MetodeMonteCarlopadaKomputasiBebanTermalRadiasiSurya HendiRiyotto................
........486
Kincir Angin Kaji Eksperimental Nevada....... Anandika BudiSugiharto,
.......493
PotensiEnergrListrik TenagaArus Bawah Laut Di Selat Bangka KabupatenMinahasa Utara-Sulawesi Utara Davidsert Mapalieya.. .........498 Rompas, JenlyManongkoa, Parabelem pembuatan bladerotor turbinangintipe Aplikasibahankompositseratrami padaperancangan propelertigabladedengandaya3000watt ............504 VerdyA. Koehuqt,KristomusBoimau,WellemFridz Galla. CapabilityStudyOf GardenPlantin theAbsorptionof SolarHeatto OvercomeLocalHeat ............512 DarwinHarundanNurulHu.n4.............. AhmadSyuhada, KonversiEnergiGelombangDenganMetodeSuduOsilasi Nu9roho.......,....... Gesang :..................
......519
Head'Rendah SpesifikMenengatrdengan SimulasiCFDTurbinFrancisKecepatan .........524 Gusriwandi. PenghalangBerbentukSegitigaDi DepanSilinder DenganVariasi PengaruhPenempatan Aliran UdaraTerhadapkoefisienDrag Kecepatan Tista,I GustiAgmg Kde Suriadi, PutuPagehAstawa...................529 Si PutuGedeGunawan CairanCondensat PanaspadaKondensordalamPembuatan PengaruhPerpindahan ..................534 ArifinP, DumaHasan,WellyLikuPadang....... Syamsul untuk TanamanHidroponik AnalisisKinematikaDanDinamikaSmartGreenhouse MuhammdAtwi............ ...........542 R$uddin Slam,HammadaAbbas, arakbali sebagaiBahanbakmalterndif padamesininjelsi Keiianteknispemanfaatan .............549 I GustiKetut5ukadana................. PengaruhJumlatrBlade TerhadapUnjuk Kerja Model Turbin Angin Poros Vertikal Tipe Savonius ..,.......554 Hermswan. PerhitunganEkonomis Lead Acid Battery Base Elechic Vehicle dari Sudut Pandang Energr Penggunaan ...,..............560 KristianIsmail,AamMuluram
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Seminar NasionalTeknikMesinX JurusanMesi nF akultasTefutik UB
2-3November 201l ISBN978- 602- 19028- 0 - 6
Kaji TeoritisDanE*sperimentalKinerjaTangkiTekanPadaSistemDishibusiAir Nasaruilin5a1an..........
.........5@
BalranBakarLpg DanPertamaxTerhadapEmisi GasBuang AnalisaPengaruhPenggunaan PadaMotorMatic ........569 RizqiFitri Naryanto......... Sudarsono, Panasheat Exchanger PengaruhVariasiSudutStaticMixer TerhadapLaju Perpindahan ...........577 Purnami,DennyWidhiyqnuriyawan PengaruhVariasi Agen Gasifikasi Gas Karbon Dioksida dan TemperaturKerja Realctor Sludge terhadapKomposisiGashoduserpadaGasifikasiSewage Adi Subagia,MadeSucipta ....................582 I NyomanSupraptaWinaya, I Wayan Analisa Traksi Dan KebutuhanDaya EngineMinimum Untuk KendaraanTruk Angkutan BarangJalurDenpasar-Gilimanuk .........589 I KetutAdi Atmiko,lvlodeDwi Budima................. AAM SriKomaladewi, Kaji CFD PengaruhDiameter Branch TerhadapKinerja PemisahanAliran Campuran Minyak-Air di dalamT-junction .........594 DewiPuspitasari, Sugianto,Indarto,Khasani...... Minyak JelantahTerhadapKinerjaMotor BensinDuaLangkah PengaruhPenambahan Hary Wibowo,A.A.Puu Susastriawan ......601 PengaruhWaktu TransesterifftasiMinyak Biji Alpukat dan Variasi PersentaseMetanol TerhadapSifatFisik Biodiesel ....606 NurkholisHanidi, DmnyWidhiyanuriawan............ Minyak Biji Alpukat danKatalisKoh TerhadapSifat PengaruhTemperaturTransesterifikasi FisikBiodiesel ................611 NurkholisHamidi,DennyWidhiyanuriowut BIDANG KONTRUKSI Aplikasi Rotor Yang DipercepatSebagaiMetode Untuk Mereduksi Amplitudo Getaran MelewatiDaerahTak StabilPadaRobr Anisohopi .....................616 JhonMalta,EkaSatria,LovelySon,GetarEIbaPeriaka............... Studi KarakteristikGetaran Pada SistemSuqperuiPegasDaun dan PegasSpiral Akibat JalanDanKecepatanYangBervariasi PengaruhKondisiPermukaan J. Lubi,HarusLahou Gtntur....... ................622 WiwiekHendrowati, RancangBangunMekanismeMulti-Layer PiezoelectricVibration Energy HarvestingDan PengaruhEksitasiGetaranPadaEnergiYangDihasilkan Sutontra..... Bambang Daryoto W.,Irlyoman .....................627 WiwiekHendrowati,
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2-3November 2011 ISBN978- 602- 19028- 0 - 6
PengaruhVariasi Frekuensi dan Amplitudo Eksitasi terhadap Energi Bangkitan pada VibrationErrcrgyHarvesterdi Suspensi KendaraanRodaEmpat HarusLG, WiwiekHendrowati, A.AzizAchmad............... ................633 Modifikasi danUji KinerjaMesinPenyosohSorgumTEP-3 AsepYusuf, DjokoSuharto.......
..................638
Kapal CatamaranPembersihSampahPermulcaan SungaidenganConveyordan Keranjang Penampung Portable Stmaryo, Baqi.M.....-. ..............646 Perancangandan PembuatanMesin PembuatAlur Dinding Dalam Lubang Laras Pada SenapanAngin hoduk Industri Kecil Dalam UsahaPeningkatanKualitas dan Standarisasi KomponenUtamanya BRM.D. Widodo Sugiharto,R. Hatono,G.Santoso, .....650 Analisa PengaruhSudut STA Rangka SepedaBalap TerhadapEnergi Kayuh Melalui Pengukuran VolumeOksigenYangDibutuhkanOlehPengendara Sepeda I MadeLonden BatandanDinnyHarmant................. .....................656 Desaindan ManufakturKendaraanRiset hototipe VI DTM-II BerbasisTeknologiHibrida denganSistemKendaliCerdasPenuh DqtardonoA Slnnarsono, Didi Widy Utama,GandjarKiswanto,Ario SunarBaskaro... 661 (SpindleMoulder) SumbuPorosHorisontaldan Perancangan Mesin Profil Kayu Sederhana Vertikal AhmadYusran Aminy. .............668 NumericalSimulationof ContactStresses ofRail-Roadlnterface Almad&ndi danAsnawiLubis............
.....673
RancangBangunRescue RobotDenganKendaliWireless Mulhtar Rahman, RafiuddinSyamdanFakhruddin.
....678
Analisa Tinglet Stabilitas Bus Monocoque Medium Dengan MenggunakanSoftware Pro/ENGINEERWildFire4.0 Edy Yulianto,Arif Krisbudiman,Khairul Janhari, MahfudzAl Huda, Achmad hki Rahman, RntnaMayasari. .......682 Pemodelan KomputerSistemSuspensi BogieLokomotif MochannadAtlurAkbathmmdarAryoHodoka,TriHardono.....
.......-........-689
Analisis Sinyal Suara Silent Chain denganMetode Domain Frekuensidan Dekomposisi \Mavelet I. Pulwg Nwprasetio danFreddyWijcya......... ............696
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Seminar Nasional Teknik Mesin X JurusanMesin Fakuhas TefuikUB
2-3November 2011 rsBN978- 602- 19028- 0 - 6
NumericalSimulationof ContactStresses of Rail-RoadInterface Ahmad Suudidan AsnawiLubis JarusanTebik Mesin Fafultas Tehrih UnivelsitasLa npung Jalot Professt Senantri Brojowgro No.I Mo Lnpmg 35145Irdonesia
Abstracl Train accidentis one of transportationaecidentstlnt frequently happenin Indonesia.From engineering point ofview, tlu train accidenteategorywhichcorrcentedis derailmentas a causeoffailure function of rail or wheel.During its operation,rail-wheelsystemcould befailwe dueto contact,knownas rolling contactfatigue, and stick-slip behwiour betweenrail and wheel. Failures usually occurs (N wear and initial crack that propagate through rail or wheel, Thispaper reports result of a nonlinear numerical simulation of contact stressesof rail-wheel intetface.Irwestigationwas canied out in the region wherederailmmt happenedand fracture modeswasdocamented.Rail and wheelprolile was measuredbeforeand afterfailure. Failure modes is thensimulatednumericallyusingJiniteelementmethod,prticululy coltact stressesat rail-wheel interface. The resultsslwut that maximumcombined(wn Mises) stressocat at a distanceof 4mmfrom the interface toward batom of the rail and 5.5 mmfrom the interfacetowardtlp centreof the'wheeLWhereasthe maximum shearstressoccursexactlyat theinterfaceofthe rail-wheel. Kqvortt: nmeriul simulatio4cortactstresses,finite ebmentmethd,rail-wheelinterface l. INTRODUCTION (10 pg bold) Train tranqportdionis a rnasstransportation modausedin manydevelopcdmunary.The main anvantageof train ffersportdion is its powerto cury massirrcload for goods as wsll Bs for passengcrs In krdonesi4 however, train transportationis wry marginal and can only be found in Jara and Sumateraisland"In Sumdera itse$ there are three train s.rbnetwork which apat each otlrcr: north of Sumdera wd of Sumaiera,rod southof Sumatera Based m a docuur,nt of PT- I{ereb Api Indopsia in ?.005,inta*rucrure of train rail in Indonesiahad incr€asedby abod 0.16% during the periode of 200&'2(D5.This is a resnrltof increasing tb mrmbsr of nm-pime (branch) lbe increariag infras|rwlure by abort 10.57o/o. of intrashrehre of rail dndqg the fiw yeas psdo& is a resrlt of rcncwing processby PT. K€rsta Ad hdonesia Tiain trmspofiatim will bc continrnlly &veloped in fre fi*ure bdh for long disturce (Trans Sunrdera) as well as for local transportation,such as south of sumdera of Engineuing [Prcsentatim in Fmlty Univenity of Laryng on tbe 13 nffclt 2009, by h. Anshui Dja$al, orpert staf of Lampmg Governorl. The main problem in train transportationin Indonesiais tain accider[ In general,there ae five cdegoriesof train accidentin Indonesia[], i.e., qash of train with trairL crashof train with other vehicle in highway,derailnerq floods q
landslide and other accidsnt such as commit sdcide in rail. The first two categories mentionedaboveusuallyresrlt fum humanerru, while deraihpnl is causedby failure of raiVroa4 zuch as wearing of rail, crac* of rail, $nall differeacein wheeldiept€r, imperfectim in rail conrenctioq failure of elastic fastening erc. During the perio& of 2000 - 2009, derailment type accidsnt dominated train accident in Indonesia[21.In 2007,KNKT investigatedeight cases of derailment of nire cases [3]. This indicatedtrd a rpre comfrehensivereserch on structuralfailure ofrail/q/hell is needed. Weuing and crackd rail is causedby contact str€ssc at the railfuheel interfacewhen a hain move on tbe rail. A key frcfor to be able to gedict wearingaccuratelyis by investigatingthe disfribution of contact sbessesand stick-slip behaviour.The dishibution of omtact sEcssesat railArheell interfm is very complex md involrcd nonlinearity with changing status. Eryerimentalanlysis for contactstressesis very difficult and eiryensivqbecausestrain gagewill be furlt undercontactstr€ss€s. To overcomethis probleru numsrical simulation with finite elenrnt methodcar be the bestchoise. The fir$ study of contad of two bodies began at the end d 19th century. lt is a Germany researdier, Heinrich Hertz (in 1896), who first published a paper detailed about contact betreen two cyllnders. He shorcd that when two cylinders in contact
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SerninarNasional Tebtik Mesin X Jurusut Mesin Falathas Tefuik UB
2-3 November 2011 ISBN978- 602- 19028- 0 - 6
undera loadF, the cylinderswill deformwith surftoe failurr of wheel of train. Finite etement contac'tarea in form of ellipswith majoraxis model using ABAQUS progarn packagewas in linewith line connectedthe centreof two usedto seespallingdueto friction heatingat the cylindersand minoraxiein linewith tangent raillwheel interface. During its operation, in addition to at contacilpoint Herzt developedequation for stress state along the major axis of the mecfianical load in form d tnainweight and ellip of contac'tarea. The HerE'sequations movementforce, railArheelalso subjectedto were developedwith assumtionthat contad thermal load that happened at the moment area free from shear stress. The Hertz's of decceleration braking. Almost all the formula is still used today when study kinetic and potensial energy is converted contac{stress.The theoryis validfor eladic into heat in reguler brakingsystem. Sorne of heat propagatedinto dm wheel and results materials. Manyresearchers thencalollatedcontacl in ternperaturegradientin radial direction. The presenceof residual stress at whecl stressesat the interfaceof two sphericalor two cylinderswith contaciarea in form of during manufactrning process adds to circularor rectangufar Bspectively.Withthis complexitiesofstress behaviour.Thereare three form of contact,the dimensionof oontad problemsat wheel in rclatisr to residual stress area oan be determinedanaliticallyby [4]: spalling zudden fracture, and shelling. solving a simple equation.For a more Spalling is caused by changing in material complexof contad area,suchas railArheel microstructuresat small part of wheel in cqrtact interface,contactarea is in form of ellips (tread). Suddenfrdcturc is causedby contact becausethe curvaturesof the bodies in shesses.Changesirr shess pattem (originally contactare differentandthe planeof contad compression)could causesuddenfracfurs when area ane perpendiculars.For a case of atrain nrcving.Shellingis alsocausedby conhct elliptic contact,stress equationcannot be stess This could happenwhen small crack at but numerically. surfacepropogatesin the direction ofmaximum solvedanalitically, deSantoset al [4] crried ou semi-analyticalshearstress. analysisto determine the half-lengthof a;risof This paper reports rczults of nurnerical ellipticcontactarearuingellipticintegral.Stress simultion of contact shess of raiVwheel tensorat rail/wheelin thevicinityofcontactarea interface.By knowing shessstate,improvement wasobaincdin formof doublcintegralandthen in rail and whccl design of train aould be solvedusingnunrricalmetbod"Goryachw4et reconrmendedto reduce rates of wearing and wering and avoid derailmenl al [5] developed a modelto analyse fatiguefailure of raiVwheelsystembasedon contactand fracturemechanics approach. The modeldeveloped includesolutionfor raiVwheel 2. FINITE EL,EMENT MODELING ofprofile changedueto contact,ard calculation A wheelof train is usuallymountedrigidly on wearingprocessof rail as a firnctionof failure a steelacle.Becauseofheavy loadofshaft and accumulation at rail andwheel.Liu et al [6] small contact area at the railAvheel interftce, developeda frilure modeldue to high cycle s8essat contac*aroais very higfu To obtain an multiaxialfatigueto predictthe orientafionof accuratecontactbehaviou, 3D elenpnt is used initial crackplarc md fttiguelift of raiVwheel. in finite elemsntmodeling andwiththis elernent, They also develo@ 3D model elenpnt to shessrcsponseat contactarpacan be calculded analyse raiUwheelcontad. Stress response accurately.Cromefric and material nonlinearity wasusedto wereinclu&d in analysis. ohainedfiom numericalsimulation predictfttigse life of raiVwheel. Urt * d [4 Befce building 3D model, 2D rnodel is crried out a studyof cack fuigue popagation builded first starting from defining keypoints, at therim wheelof train by modeling3D finite followed by lineC andthenar€as.Wheeloftrain elerrnt fq raiUbtpelconta.tPovov,at al [8] was creded by draggingthe arcasalonga circle. caniedou stndyof the infiuenceof naterial Rail model was simply obtainedby ibagging an properties of fristion areaof rail cross-sectionalong a line in z-axis andloding on ooefficient of raiVwheelsysten Their studyshowedthat direction.Figue I slrowsthp gpomebyof a pair friction force directly propctionalto normal of raiVwheelin contact Dianrst€rof wheel was pressurE, asery€ctd. Talamini"et al [9] canied ohainsd from rneaslement in PT Kereta Api out numericalinvestigdimof slidingeffecton
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2-3 November 2011 ISBN978- 602- 19028- 0 - 6
Seminar Nasional Tebtik Mesin X Jurusan Mesin Fakultas Teknik UB
IndonesiaSuMivre Itr 2 TanjungKrang it was 774mrl.
two zupputs, Symm*ry boundarycondition in plane XY for rail was taken into account as shovmin Figue 2. Atc.ff
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Fig.2 Boundry conditionsfor rail and wheel in contad
Fig.l A pair ofraiVwheelin cmtact Material properties fffi rail and wheel is assumedthe same,i.e., carbonsEel of Young's modulus urd Poisson'sratio of 207GPadmt 0.3 respectively.kt this analysiqit was assumedthd marsrial bahaves linearly. Only these two propertiesneededin contactanallsis. In this rnodeling SOLID45 elementtype of ANSYS [0] is usedfor both rail andwheel.The elerpnt has tlre degrees of freedon! i.e., translation in the a y, and z dfuection Fs TARGET17O contacl type of and CONTAIT4 we used. Contac't elenrcnt TARGETITO is used for rail and modelled as segmentedtarget which cmsists of one target surface and eigtrt nodes.TARGETITOhas six degreesof fieedom, i.e., hanslationin the x, y, and z dilection, as well as temp€rafuq voltage, ard magnetic. Fu cmhct eleme'lrtd wheel, CONIAIT4 elernsntis used This elementhas eigbt nodes with tlrce degreesof fieedom for every node" i.e., transldion in the 4 y, trd z direction FiniE elernerfsfor wheel(tetahedrcn) were generded using fi,oemesh,while finite clccrn6 for rail (hsr!&cdral) were gpncred usingsweepmesh Boundry conditions of the model is zero displacementfor all nodes* both eodsofthe rail to sirrulate ttre length of spm of a rail betwesn
To avoid sness concenFation due to singulility at the point of ryplied loading the load was so applied that it wro distributed at shaft of wbeel. This was dme by using ANSYS conrnand"couple" so thatthe regionwherelmd applied does not poduce stress Load qplied was forcc don'nwud of 50kN. 3. RESULTS AI\ID DISCUSSION Figure 3 slrowssbess(von Mises) contourplot at raiVwheelinterface.ft can be seenfrom figure 3 that maximum shessoccun in the vicinity of contactsurfrcs. Stress(vonMises) distributionis shown clearly in Figue 4, rryhichreraals that mar
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2-3 November 2011 ISBN978- 602- 19028 - 0- 6
Seminar Nasional Tebtik Mesin X Jurusnz Mesin Fahtltas TefuikUB
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Fig.3 Shess(von Mises) contourplot at rail wheelin contact
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Figure 6 sr,""rrilI*fi#ibution measured from interface of rail/wheel in contact
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Fig.4stress tuonTffiiltribution for rail and wheel in contact. Fi$ue 5 showsshearstresscontourplot at a pair of raiVwheel in contact. Dishibution of shearshessis shownin Figrne6. ft can be seen that maximumshearstressoocursat tho interface and tend to decline as away from the interface. Maximum shearstressat the interfaceis 70.054 MPa for rail dan66.455MPa for wheel.
3. CONCLUSION Based on thc nurrerical simulation of raiVwheelinterfacejust perfmrned,the following conclusionscanbe drawn: l. Contact stress is manimum at rcgion nearcontactsurhc€, The stressbecarp smallerasawayfrom contactsrftce, 3' Ma:
Fig.5 Shearstnesscmt{xr plot d the rail/ufte€l interfrcc
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Kurniadi, T., dklL, 2002 Ringlascr llasil Investigasi Kecelakam Kereta Api di Indonesiatahun 2007. Ifumite Nasional Keselamuan Trmsportasi (KNKT), Deprtemen Perhubungan Republik kdonesia,November2007. Srfomo, H., dklc, 2008, Meneurpatkar kembali keselamatanrnenujutransporbsi
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yang Masyarakat bermartabat. TransportasiIndonesia,Jdcarta Evan, J., and S.D. Iv*,nicki,2002,Wheels on Rails - An u$ate Understandingand Managhg the Wheel/Rail Interface. Prcceding of the MecliE Seminar, Londo4 April. Santos,F. de C., AA. dos SantosJr, F. Bruni, dar L.T. Santos,2QQd,Evaluation of Subsurface Contast Stresses in Raihoad Wheels Using an Elastic [hlfSpace Model. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Science and EngineeringVol. )O(VI, No.4, OctobsrDecember. Goryacheva,LG., S.N. Soshenkov,dan E.V. Tonkaya, 2008, Modeling of Worn Profile Evolution and ContactFatiguein RaiVWheel Interaction. Symposiurn of Advancesin ContactMechanics:a tribute to Prof. J.J.Kalker, 22- 24 October,Delft, The Netherlands. Liu, Y., B. ShatrnarUdan S. Mahadevaq 2006, Fatigue crack initiation life
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prediction of railroad wheels. htemational Joumal of FatigueVol. 28, pp.747-756. Liu, Y., L. Liq dan S. Mahadevaru2007, Analysis of subsurfacecrack propagdion under rolling contact loading in railrcad wheelsusing FEM. EngineeringFracture MechEnicsY ol. 74, pp. 2659-2674. Povov,V.L., S.G. Psakhie,E.V. Shilko, A.L Dmitiw, K lfuothe, F. Bucher,dan L F;rt12002, Friction coefficient in rail wheel oontactsas a function of material and loading pararneters. Physical Mesomechanics Vol.5 No. 3 pp. 17 -24 Talamini, 8., J. Gordon, dan A.B. PerknarL 2005, Investigation of the Effects of Sliding on Wheel Tread Damage.Proceedingsof the Intemational Mechanical Engrneering Congress, November5-ll, Orlando,FLUSA. ANSYS on line help, 2008, Swanson AnalysisSyste4 USA
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