PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI

A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF SWEAR WORDS IN THE ANTOLOGI RASA NOVEL WRITTEN BY IKA NATASSA

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

By Adityo Prawinanto Student Number: 111214158

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI PLAGIAT



MOTTO

If you say this word is “bad” and that word is “good”, Shame on you! Nothing is wrong with words. The problem is on your mind. -Adityo Prawinanto-

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ABSTRACT

Prawinanto, Adityo. (2016). A sociolinguistic analysis of the use of swear words in the „Antologi Rasa‟ novel written by Ika Natassa. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University. The use of swear words unconsciously happens in the daily conversation among the youths and even among the adults people. It is a natural behavior because most people use some certain swear words in order to express their emotion, to reduce their frustrated feeling and to show solidarity to others. The researcher was attracted to dig out the use of some English swear words which are commonly used by the non-native English speakers through the novel. This thesis discusses the emergence of swear words in the Antologi Rasa novel written by Ika Natassa. Using some English swear words for the non-native English speakers in the daily life is regarded as prestigious behavior. However, sometimes the meaning of the words they uttered is ignored. The researcher aims to show several types of swear words and the reasons (motives) why the main character swears in the Antologi Rasa novel, in order to give deeper understanding to the non-native English speakers and the English learners. Hopefully, they will understand when and where the swear words are proper to use. This research used content analysis approach in order to ease the writer to conduct this research. In order to gain the answer, the first step was to sort and choose some parts of the English expressions in the novel containing of swear words. After that, the researcher classified the types and motives of swear words based on the related theories. From the discussion of the research, the researcher found four types of swear words used in the Antologi Rasa novel. In addition, the researcher also found three reasons for swearing used by the main character in the novel. However, it was only a preliminary project and a premature judgment. It was possible for this study to be improved in the following future. Keywords: swear words, character, the „Antologi Rasa‟ novel.

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ABSTRAK

Prawinanto, Adityo. (2016). A sociolinguistic analysis of the use of swear words in the „Antologi Rasa‟ novel written by Ika Natassa. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Penggunaan swear words (kata-kata umpatan) sering kali terjadi dalam percakapan sehari-hari tanpa disadari diantara anak-anak muda bahkan orang dewasa sekalipun. Hal tersebut merupakan perilaku yang wajar karena kebanyakan orang menggunakan swear words untuk meluapkan emosi, meredakan frustasi, dan menunjukkan solidaritas satu sama lain. Penulis tertarik untuk menggali lebih dalam penggunaan swear words dalam bahasa Inggris yang pada umumnya digunakan oleh pembicara yang bahasa aslinya bukan bahasa Inggris melalui sebuah novel. Penelitian ini mendiskusikan mengenai adanya beberapa swear words dalam sebuah novel Antologi Rasa yang ditulis oleh Ika Natassa. Penggunaan swear words bagi pembicara yang bahasa aslinya bukan bahasa Inggris dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dianggap sebagai hal yang mewah. Namun, makna dari kata-kata yang mereka ucapkan seringkali tidak dihiraukan. Penulis bermaksud memaparkan beberapa tipe dan tujuan dari penggunaan swear words melalui sebuah novel Antologi Rasa, untuk memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam bagi pembicara yang bahasa aslinya bukan bahasa Inggris atau pembelajar bahasa Inggris. Pada akhirnya, mereka akan benar-benar memahami kapan dan dimana kata-kata ungkapan layak digunakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan content analysis untuk mempermudah penulis dalam menyelesaikan penelitian ini. Untuk memperoleh hasil dari rumusan masalah, langkah pertama yakni memilah beberapa bagian dari ungkapan dalam bahasa Inggris yang ada dalam novel yang mengandung swear words. Kemudian, penulis mengklasifikasikan ke dalam tipe dan tujuan masing-masing berdasarkan teori yang digunakan. Dari pembahasan, penulis menemukan empat tipe dari swear words yang sering digunakan oleh tokoh utama dalam novel Antologi Rasa. Selain itu, penulis juga menemukan tiga motif dari swear words yang sering digunakan dalam novel. Namun demikian, penelitian ini hanyalah sebuah tugas dan pendapat awal yang dapat dilakukan oleh penulis. Sangat dimungkinkan penelitian ini perlu diperbaiki di masa yang akan datang. Kata kunci: swear words, character, the Antologi Rasa novel

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This piece of work is swansong as a student of Sanata Dharma University, and hereby, I humbly present my gratitude to all people who have backed me up during my effort in finalizing this research. My first and greatest gratitude goes to Allah SWT, for His never-ending blessing upon me and to keep me in a good shape like all the time which enables me to carry on my task. I would like to address my special thanks to my advisor, Agustinus Hardi Prasetyo, S.Pd., M.A. for his time, willingness, and guidance during my effort in finishing this research. I respectfully express my gratitude to my academic advisor, Yuseva Ariyani Iswandari, S.Pd., M.Ed. for giving support during studying in Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta. I also sincerely address my greatest thanks to my mother and my father, Sri Widyastuti and Supraminto, my beloved sister Wardani Prawinandi, my aunts dr. Irianiwati, Adianawati, S.Pd., and Susilowati for their marvelous love, support, patience, compassion, sacrifice financial and moral support. The same expression also goes to all my rivals, comrades, brothers and sisters in arms, Yosua Adi Wicaksana, Hanung Yulianto, Leonardus Indramarwan, Fa’adillah Malik Akbar, Gregorius Gyan Puruhito, Gilang Panji Sadewo, Muhammad Aditya, Mohammad Eka Amperawan, and Fransisca Badrarini, who have fought the same war as I did in the battlefield named English Language Education Study Program. I present them my deepest gratefulness for being my inspiration, motivation and strength.

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Finally, my special thanks go to Agnes Febrian Harlan for her time and willingness to support and to stand by me during my effort to finish this research, with great patience and always be there for me despite all the ups and downs that I have gone through, so that I can stand on my feet and never lose hope when I was about to quit. Adityo Prawinanto

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE .............................................................................................. ii MOTTO ................................................................................................................ iv STATEMENTS OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ................................................ v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ................................ vi ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... vii ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. xiii LIST OF APPENDIX ........................................................................................ xiv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 A. Research Background ............................................................................... 1 B. Research Problem ..................................................................................... 6 C. Problem Limitation ................................................................................... 6 D. Research Objectives .................................................................................. 6 E. Research Benefits...................................................................................... 7 F. Definition of Terms................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................... 11 A. Theoretical Description ........................................................................... 11 1. The Concept of Taboo ................................................................... 12 2. Taboo Words ................................................................................. 14 3. The Use of Taboo Words and Swear Words ................................. 17 4. Types of Swear Words .................................................................. 18 5. Motives of Using Swear Words .................................................... 24 B. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................... 27

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................ 30 A. Research Method .................................................................................... 30 B. Research Setting...................................................................................... 31 C. Research Subject ..................................................................................... 31 D. Research Instruments & Data Gathering Techniques ............................. 32 E. Data Analysis .......................................................................................... 34 F. Research Procedure ................................................................................. 35 CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ....................... 36 A. Findings................................................................................................... 36 B. Discussion ............................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................... 54 A. Conclusions ............................................................................................. 54 B. Recommendations ................................................................................... 56 REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 58 APPENDIX .......................................................................................................... 60

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LIST OF TABLES

Page Table 3.1

Format of the Data Sheet of the Types of Swearing and Motives for Swearing in the Antologi Rasa Novel ………………………

33

Table 4.1 The Data Findings of the Types of Swearing …………………..

37

Table 4.2 The Data Findings of the Motives of Swearing ……………….

38

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LIST OF APPENDIX

Appendix.

Types and Motives of Swearing in the Antologi Rasa Novel ....

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides the introduction of the research. It consists of six parts. The first part is research background. It deals with the explanation of the underlying reasons for choosing swear words as the topic of the research. The second part is research problems. This part can be seen in the research questions of this research. The third part is problem limitation. It limits the scope of the research related to the research questions that have been formulated. The fourth part presents the research objectives. This part answers the research questions of this research. The fifth part is research benefits, which explains the benefits and the contributions of the research for people or parties that have relationship with the topic. The last part of this chapter is definition of terms. In this part, there are definitions and explanations given for some terms which are important to understand this research. A. Research Background A novel is one way of communication because in the novel the authors might write their idea through the stories and let the readers guess the purposes of the stories. Frank Dance states “communication intentionally is a situation in which a source transmites a message to receiver with conscious intent to affect the latter‟s behavior” (as cited in Littlejohn & Foss, 2011, p. 3). In the novels, the authors are the sources who transmite their ideas of the stories as messages to the readers as the receivers. The messages can affect the readers‟point of view or 1

PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 2 perception as the latter‟s behavior because language has several functions while they are applied both in written or spoken. Chaika (1982, p. 2) states that people use language to reveal or conceal personal identity, character and background without realizing that they are actually doing so. Moreover, people have their own way to choose the language variation which might confirm one‟s identity. Consequently, some people may prefer to use language that has a strong impact when they are sad or angry. For example, people sometimes use certain kind of words that are considered as bad language. In every culture, the use of bad language is mostly considered as inappropriate or impolite. However, each culture has its own bad language and it must be different one another. One of the ways to express their feeling is by producing taboo or swear words. People usually produce taboo words to swear because this might be the strongest way to express their dissatisfaction, anger and frustration. The word taboo which was derived from the Tongan, tabu, was firstly introduced by Captain James Cook at the end of eighteenth century. According to Allan and Burridge (2006, pp. 2-3), taboo or tabu is a term that denotes an object or act which is dangerous and must be avoided. Taboo acts are activities that are not supposed to do, while taboo words are words that are not supposed to be uttered. Both are related one another because some taboo acts have corresponding taboo words, while others do not (Fairman, 2009, p. 27). The example of this case is the act of incest which is known as taboo such as the term motherfucker that denotes incest activity. However, there are other words which are considered as taboo while the action they denote is not considered as taboo. For instance, when

PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 3

people talk about sex. It is generally regarded as taboo while the act itself is not forbidden if it is done by the appropriate person in suitable place and time. Therefore, words that are related or linked to taboo act will automatically become taboo words (Allan & Burridge, 2006, p. 2). People tend to use some taboo words to swear while swearing itself is also considered as taboo act or attitude. Related to that case, it must be underlined that all swear words are taboo words, but not all taboo words can be used to swear. Besides, taboo words are always associated with inappropriate or impolite language and it should be avoided in daily conversations by language users around the world. It depends on the culture or society they belong because people have the right to speak anything they want which is called as freedom of speech. Pinker (2007, p. 1) states that freedom of speech is the foundation of democracy because without it citizens cannot share their observations on folly and injustice or collectively challenge the authority that maintains them. However, still freedom of speech cannot be guaranteed in every circumstance. In practice as well as in theory, the prosecution of obscene speech is just like a puzzle. Throughout history, some people have been killed for criticizing their leaders and it becomes the fate of freethinkers in many parts of the world (Pinker, 2007, pp. 1-2). In sociolinguistic study, the use of taboo and swear words belongs to the language variation topic. Besides, the existence of language itself cannot be separated from the society. According to Yule (2010, p. 254), sociolinguistics is a subfield of linguistics study which focuses on language which is dealing with social and cultural phenomenon in one society. It usually explores the field of


language, society, and things which are related to social sciences, especially psychology, anthropology, and sociology. The idea proposed by Yule is also in line with Trudgill. He states that the study of sociolinguistics is related to cultural phenomenon so that it can affect the way people speak or talk since it is determined by the social context (Trudgill, 2000, p. 32). Therefore, the use of taboo and swear words is studied in sociolinguistics. The existence of taboo words can be seen in various sources such as in movies, song lyrics, television shows, and novels. The existence of various taboo words in those sources is caused by the fact that some people believe that employing taboo words is an appropriate way to express a strong feeling and emotion, especially in the form of swearing. In this study, the researcher was interested to use a novel as the object of the research in order to discuss one of the types of written communication. The novel entitled Antologi Rasa, which was written by the one of the famous novelists in Indonesia, Ika Natassa, was chosen. Besides, the main reason for the researcher chose swear words as the topic of the study was because the researcher found that some of students in English Language Education Study Program (ELESP), Sanata Dharma University, use English swear words in the daily conversation such as fuck, shit, and hell. The problem was that most of ELESP students are actually the non-native English speakers, but they use English swear words in the daily communication. It has the same case with the use of swear words in one of the Indonesian novels, Antologi Rasa. The four characters in the novel are also Indonesian people. In other words, they are actually the non-native English speakers, but they use English swear words in the certain situation. From


that case, the researcher intended to investigate the classification of swear words and also the possible reasons why people swear in English, through analyzing the use of swear words in the Antologi Rasa novel, which are used by the main character. The main character was chosen because there are no differences among the swear words which are used by the other characters. Therefore, the main character can be a representative among the other characters. According to the researcher‟s opinion, the understanding of the use of swear words is really needed for non-native English speakers, especially English learners. Both the non-native English speakers and English learners need to understand the classification of swear words and also the reasons why some people swear while having conversation. Some theories related to swear words will be discussed further in the following chapter to support the researcher‟s idea in conducting this research. In the Antologi Rasa novel, the examples of swear words that mostly appear are fuck, hell, and shit such as in these following sentences, “Welcome to my fucked up life, darling.” (p. 18) and “What did I do wrong to be stuck in this shitty place?! “ (p. 19). The researcher regarded that it is weird that the non-native English speakers use swear words while they do not understand the reasons why some native speakers are swearing. This is why the researcher was interested to conduct a research about swear words deeper in the novel, so that it enables the readers of this paper and the Antologi Rasa novel itself to have deeper understanding about the use and the application of

swear words in their

communication skill both in written and in spoken expression.


B. Research Problem Since this study discusses swear words, the researcher formulated some questions to be discussed. Those questions are: 1.

What are the types of swear words used by the main character in the Antologi Rasa novel?

2.

What are the reasons for swearing used by the main character in the Antologi Rasa novel?

C. Problem Limitation As stated in the title, the limitation of this research was around the use of swear words in the Antologi Rasa novel, which is written by Ika Natassa. All the characters in this novel, both men and women, often use swear words. However, there are no differences between men and women characters in terms of using swear words. That is the reason why the researcher chose the main character only to be analyzed in terms of using swear words. Besides, the researcher wanted to categorize all the swear words in the novel into types of the use of swear words based on the related theories. The motives of the use of swear words are also discussed to answer the second research question. D. Research Objectives Based on the research problems above, this research is expected to come with two objectives. Those two objectives are stated as follows: 1.

To analyze and classify the types of the use of swear words used by the main character so that it enables the readers, teachers, and ELESP students to have the deeper understanding about those types.


2.

To analyze and classify the motives why the main character employed swear words in the novel so that enables the readers, teachers, and ELESP students to have deeper knowledge about the motives why people swear.

E. Research Benefits Considering the problem occurred and the objectives of this study, the researcher expected that this study might be able to give some benefits to: 1.

Readers There are three benefits for the readers after reading this study. Those

three benefits are: a.

The readers understand the types of the use of swear words.

b.

The readers understand the reasons of the use of swear words. Thus, the readers will have deeper knowledge about swearing words. It

will help the readers not to use swear words carelessly. They may not just imitate the use of swear words with lack of knowledge. 2.

English teachers, lecturers, and educators For English teachers, lecturers, and educators who read this study they can

share the knowledge of swear words in the right way to their students. Hence, it enables their students not to use swear words without having knowledge about the use of swear words whether in spoken or in written expression. 3.

Author By understanding the types and motives of the use of swear words, the

author was expected to follow the rules in using swear words while writing a new book in the future or she may let the readers understand what her purposes in


using swear words in her novel. Therefore, the novels that she is going to write will not just amuse the readers, but also give more knowledge to the readers in improving their skill in English, the deep understanding of swear words is included. 4.

ELESP USD By realizing that language is always developed, as the English

Department, it will be much better if the lecturers are up to date to English vocabularies; some swear words are included, so that they can share their understanding to the students who will become the candidates of teachers in the future. Besides, this research is useful for the English Education Study Program students who are interested in learning about swear words in depth. This research contains the accumulation knowledge about swearing words. Hopefully, by reading this research, the students will obtain more understanding about the types and possible reasons for the use of swear words in English. 5.

The Future Researchers The author hopes that this research can give sufficient information for

future swear words researcher. This research is able to guide the future linguistics researchers to find out the other swear word phenomena or other language phenomena in society. F. Definition of Terms This part explains the terms which are frequently used in the research in order to avoid misunderstanding. There are some terms which are considered as important terms. The terms and the definitions are explained as follows:


1.

Swear Word In this study, swear word is a word or phrase that is generally considered

blasphemous, obscene, vulgar, or otherwise offensive (Karjalainen, 2002). It is usually used both in written and spoken expression in the conversation. In western culture, swear words are commonly used by the youth to express their feeling or emotion whether it is self-conversation or with their community. 2.

Character Character is an intrinsic element in literary fiction. Character is an

imagined person in story. As stated by Gill (1997, p. 10), character is a person in a literary work. Besides, character can be defined as the aggregate of traits and features that form the nature of some person or animal. Character also refers to moral qualities and ethical standard and principles. It can be concluded that character can be defined as any person, animal, or figure represented in a literary work. There are actually many types of character that exist in literature, and each of it has its own development and function. In the Antologi Rasa novel, there are four characters, however, the researcher observed the language that is used by the the main character only. 3.

The Antologi Rasa Novel In this study, the Antologi Rasa novel is an Indonesian novel which is

written by an Indonesian novelist, Ika Natassa. The author of this novel wrote the stories through every character‟s point of view. Almost all the novel she wrote use both Bahasa Indonesia and English language as the characteristics of her novel.


From the definitions above, it can be synthesized that this research analyzes the classification or types and motives of swear words which are used by the main character, Keara, in the Antologi Rasa novel.


CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presents the literature review of the study. Therefore, it is divided into two parts, namely theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description focuses on the relevant theories underlying the study. Meanwhile, the theoretical framework focuses on answering the problem formulation of the study based on theoretical description which is used as the guideline or explain the thread of theories to formulate the orientation of the study. A. Theoretical Description Swearing is a natural behaviour of the use of language in spoken expression. While swearing, people mostly utter some certain words to express their frustration feeling which are called as swearwords. Generally, the use of swear words is prohibited in certain society. Even though the use of swearwords is prohibited and is considered as taboo by society, most people confess that they still swear in the certain situation. The use of swear words in communication becomes a language phenomenon that cannot be denied anymore. Crystal (1995) described “swearwords are a natural part of language, and they are undoubtedly one of the most efficient ways to do away with extra frustation or anger in difficult situations. It has even been suggested that swearwords may be a factor in reducing stress” (as cited in Karjalainen, 2002, p.3). Besides, swearwords generally refer to taboo subject which is also socially, culturally or religously

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12 proscribed. Before going further to the analysis of Swear and Taboo words in the Antologi Rasa novel, it is important to convey the concept of taboo and some topics related to it. The research which is included as the „Content Analysis‟ approach aims to show the readers, especially the English learners that there are some linguistics elements which are used in the Antologi Rasa novel related to the use of swear words. Therefore, there are some theories discussed in the research. Those theories are the concept of taboo, taboo and swear words, types of swear words, and the motives of why people swear. 1. The Concept of Taboo Taboo is usually connected with something which is avoided to do and is considered also as impolite to be uttered. Allan and Burridge (2006, p. 1) describe that taboo originates from social restriction on one's behavior which can bring about uneasiness, harm, and injury. Since it brings uneasiness, harm and injury, people in the society are supposed to avoid taboo, especially which has a vulgar sense. To give a clearer explanation, Trudgill (2000, p. 18) defines taboo in the following way. Taboo can be characterized as being concerned with behavior which is believed to be supernaturally forbidden or regarded as immoral or improper; it deals with behavior which is prohibited or inhibited in an apparently irrational manner. In language, taboo is associated with things which are not said, and in particular with words and expressions which are not used. Based on the statement above, it can be concluded that there is a strong relationship between taboo behavior and taboo language. Both are generally forbidden in the certain societies because they are considered as impolite in certain circumstances. Besides, Fairman (2009, p. 27) also states that every


13 society has its own particular taboo behavior and taboo words. Taboo acts are related to any activities that should be avoided or forbidden both by society and religion, while taboo words are related to any words that should not be used both in spoken and written form. Several taboo acts are mostly related to taboo words while others are not. One of the popular cases of this phenomenon is the act of incest. Mostly, incest is considered as taboo because it refers to the sexual activity that is strongly forbidden in a society. In the same sense, any words which refer to incest activity such as motherfucker will also be categorized as taboo because it indicates the activity. However, there is a certain word that is said as taboo while the indicated activity is not regarded as taboo act. When people talk about excretion, it is often considered as taboo while the act itself is not forbidden if it is done by the appropriate person in a suitable place and time. Therefore, words that are related or linked to taboo act will automatically become taboo words (Allan & Burridge, 2006, p. 2). Furthermore, taboo is described as something which is forbidden or disapproved of, placed under a social prohibition or ban resulting from social or other conventions and also a ritual restriction or prohibition of something that is considered holy or unclean (“Taboo”). According to Andersson, taboos are surrounded by feelings of guilt, repulsion, uncleannes or belief in supernatural forces (as cited in Karjalainen, 2002, p. 14). In other words, taboo prohibitions have no rational grounds and that they are unknown origin, signifying things that are, for some reason, unapproachable, uncommon or not generally accessible in our lives. Besides, taboos are not universal, but are created by each culture and


14 each language. It means that each culture has its own taboos. Freud (1983, p. 20) has decribed the concept of taboo in the following way: “The word „taboo‟ denotes everything, whether a person a place or thing or transitory condition, which is the vehicle or source of this mysterious attribute. It also denotes the prohibition arising from the same attribute. And, finally, it has a connotation which includes alike „sacred‟ and „above the ordinary‟, as well as „dangerous‟, „unclean‟ and „uncanny.‟” However, the concept of taboo is adapted from the cultural contexts which bound the culture and society. The context also includes the moral value which is accepted and embedded by every society. As a result, the present understanding about taboo somehow differs from the context in which that word was firstly accepted by the society. People have a tendency to hide or deny things they are afraid or ashamed of. For example, death, which is the fact of a natural or unavoidable thing in our lives. In most cultures, death is something that causes pain and sorrow among relatives, so that people tend to avoid talking about death. One of the effects that case is that by switching the subject in euphimistic terms. Jay (2009) explains that the fear of taboo is not naturally embedded within each individual. At the institutional level, there are some authorities which own a power to regulate and define the taboo and have right to punish those who break the prohibition (Allan & Burridge, 2006, p. 154). 2.

Taboo Words

a. The Concept of Taboo Words Le and Le (as cited in Fakuade, 2013, p. 120) argue that the level of prevention of taboo words in language are specific in the certain culture since the parameter of “taboo” from one culture to another depends on the cultural views


15 and beliefs of the linguistics communities towards a certain topic. Supporting that idea, Trudgill (1986, p. 29) states that taboo language is simply a matter of agreement where the normal employment of an item in language is possessed by specific social value and belief. In addition, Akmajian, Demers, Farner, and Harnish (2004, p. 303) also state that what is called as taboo is usually described by culture and not by anything which are usually attached in the language. In the same sense, Farb (in Fakuade et al., 2013, p. 120) states that any kinds of words including taboo words are at first only contain a mere collection of sounds but they are changing after the community gives them other connotation so that they cannot be employed in a certain speech situation. In detail, Farb explains that the words become taboo because the community encloses them with symbolic value which belongs to specific culture. Since taboo and the words which denote it are related to a specific culture, people should learn about what things they “should” or “should not” do in a particular society to understand the term. The process of distinguishing whether it is taboo or not usually begins when a person becomes a part of a particular society which shares the ideas through language. Moreover, the person should understand the norms which exist in her or his living place since there is no one in this world born with innate knowledge about taboo words. Therefore, the knowledge about language in one society is accomplished through socialization process (Jay in Doyle, 2006, p. 1).


16 The socialization process will allow the language users to know that every society has something that should not be said and certain words contain a strong connotation, so that those words cannot be used in a polite or formal situation. Uttering or doing taboo words is strongly against the social value because it will bring embarrassment and offensiveness to the members of the certain society. Embarrassment has a tendency to be connected with sexual activity. Offensiveness is identified with different substance like the body, and the distinctive forms of physical, mental, and social abnormality. Being more specific, Wardhaugh (2006, p. 239) defines taboo in the following way: Taboo is the prohibition or avoidance in any society of behavior believed to be harmful to its members in that it would cause them anxiety, embarrassment, or shame. It is extremely strong politeness constraints. Consequently, so far as language is concerned, certain things are not to be said or certain objects can be referred to only in certain circumstances. In the statement above, Wardhaugh tried to emphasize that a certain object can only be referred to the certain circumstances. It also means that the use of taboo words can create misunderstanding between two people who are involved in a conversation if they have different knowledge since they belong to different societies and different cultures. This idea is also brought by Freitas (2008, p. 26) who states that certain words and expressions may be considered as taboos for certain people, especially when these words and expressions are used by other social class members. An example of this case is the use of taboo words like nigger. The word nigger can be extremely offensive if white persons use it. However, it may be used freely by some groups of black people without feeling being offended. Therefore, it can be concluded that the parameter of certain words


17 or expressions which are thought to be taboo usually depends on the values in one society, the relationship between the speaker and listeners, and also the atmosphere where the words are uttered. Something that must be understood based on the theories related to the concept of taboo acts and taboo words is that people keep the taboo concept alive by continuing it in their children unconsciously. While children do not realize or even understand which words are inappropriate or taboo until they have said them and get a negative reaction such a warn from their environment, especially adults. Unconsciously, environment and society continue keeping the existance of taboo concept and taboo words. Besides, while people are talking about something which is regarded as taboo, shame is usually attached. 3.

The Use of Taboo Words and Swear Words After regarding the concept of taboo words and swear words, it can be said

that swearing words and taboo words are two different things. However, there is a similar concept related to swear and taboo words by looking at a certain way. Karjalainen (2002) states that even though all the swear words are taboo, not all taboo words are swear words. Cannibalism, for instance, is taboo in some cultures, but there is no swear word which is derived from that theme. On the other side, as stated before, swear and taboo words have different concept. Ljung (2011, p. 4) describes the criteria of swear words as follows: a.

Swearing (uttering swear words) is the use of swear words which is the taboo words are involved.

b.

Taboo words are use with non-literal-meaning.


18 c.

Many utterances that constitute swearing are subject to several lexical, phrasal, and syntactic constraints which suggest that most swearing qualifies as formulaic language.

d.

Swearing is emotive language: its main function is to reflect, or seem to reflect, the speaker‟s feeling or attitude. The second point of Ljung‟s criteria shows that taboo words have already

been transformed into swear words. Those taboo words might be used as metaphor to anything else which are possibly not taboo. However, one thing that must be underlined to be the basic concept of this research is that all swearing act is taboo act. It depends on the society‟s norms. Besides, the researcher of this study only discusses the swear words, especially the types and the motives, which refer to taboo words and taboo concept because those two terms have the same concept considering that swearing is a taboo act. 4.

Types of Swear Words Functional distinctions are made among the kinds of obscene language one

can usually use or hear. These distinctions are mainly based on the function of the words or expressions. The main focus here is the social complexities involved in using obscenities; pragmatic distinctions are more relevant to the arguments made in this research than etymological or grammatical ones. Jay‟s (1992) work is the most current research on dirty language (an expression he prefers to use), and he provides clear, useful definitions for the many terms used to label offensive language. Jay points out that pragmatic distinctions can be made because each


19 “curse event” is “coherent in that it fulfills specific types of needs and intentions of the speaker and listener” (p. 2). a.

Cursing Cursing enables someone to express strong emotions verbally in a manner

that non-curse words cannot express such as emotional, sexual, and aggressive gestures. Because they have strong emotions and speech, they learn to use cursing to express their emotions. Besides, people choose words that come from culturally powerful categories and use them in contexts in which they are appropriate to use. As stated by Jay and Kristin (2008), people use culturally defined curse words to represent their strongest feeling or emotions and forbidden thoughts, but they learn how to inhibit forms of cursing that are illegal or censored by employers. These expressions act like verbal assaults where a speaker targets a specific individual, group, or thing and clearly expects harm, pain, or other evil consiquences on him, her, or something. Generally, cursing is proscribed by the churches and most of societies for those reasons, so curses such as eat shit and die! are considered to be powerfully threatening utterances. In some cases, people choose curse words because: 1. They repeat curse words that other people commonly use. 2. They choose curse words that their culture proscribes for specific practices and contexts. 3. They choose curse words from a small semantic pool which is considered as taboo or disgusting, profane or obscene. 4. They choose curse words in order to affect other‟s feeling.


20 5. They choose swear words purposefully that have the semantic features needed in the context. 6. They choose words that fit the semantic and syntactic rules of grammar. b. Profanity Jay (1992) describes these expressions as using “religious terminology in a profane, secular or indifferent manner” (p. 3). There is no intention on the speaker‟s part to denigrate God or anything associated with religion. Rather, the speaker may be expressing his or her emotional reaction to a certain stimulus. Examples in this case would be Jesus Christ! Let‟s go; we‟re late or Good God! he‟s ugly! According to Battistella (2005, p. 72), profanity can be categorized as religious cursing because it usually includes the foul-mouthed use of what is considered to be sacred. Moreover, Jay in Doyle (2006, pp. 2-3) describes profanity as the expression involving the use of religious terms in a profane, secular or uncaring manner. The aim of the speaker is not to denigrate God or anything connected with religion but it may be used to express emotional response to certain motives. The words that belong to this type are Jesus Christ, hell, damn, goddamn. c. Blasphemy Blasphemous expressions, on the other hand, are a deliberate use of religious terminology to denigrate God, religious icons, and religious institutions. Blasphemy can provoke strong reactions where speakers labelled as blasphemers can be ostracized or mortally threatened. It can be seen such as when Salman


21 Rushdie continues to remain in hiding from potential assasins because Islamic clergy had labelled him a blasphemer. d. Taboo or obscenity All obscene language is taboo language because the expressions are restricted in some ways because it is used in public. These restrictions exist explicitly, for example: the television network censors who govern language on television, or implicitly such as some parents who use euphemisms to describe sexual body parts or body processes when they are explaining to their children. As stated before, taboo words are not supposed to be uttered anywhere, anytime. Moreover, everyone hears those words in public places such on the streets, which is difficult to understand the degree to which they are taboo or not. Obscenity refers to expressions that are prohibited from public use since they involve repulsion to the sense, abhorrent, impolite and detestable to morality (Jay, in Doyle, 2009, p. 1). Moreover, according to Batistella (2005, p. 72) profanity is defined as word or expression which involves sex differentiating anatomy or sexual and excretory function that usually uttered in rough manner. The words that belong to this type are „fuck‟ and „shit‟. Here is the example in a conversation. Sol : You flipped it on him. David : You got it, man. You're a „fucking’ genius Just make sure you serve this clown in the next round for me. The word „fucking‟ in the conversation belongs to obscenity type because it characterized sexual activity. However, in this conversation the word „fucking‟


22 does not actually mean “to have sexual intercourse” but it is used to exaggerate the word „genius‟. e. Vulgarism Generally, these are expressions which are considered crude, raw, and come from the streets. Vulgar language is used to debase or devalue the thing or individual reffered to or described. I have to take a crap and Wow, look at her tits! are two vulgar utterances that would in some contexts be regarded as insentive, distasteful, and offensive. Vulgarity and obscenity have the same reference especially to words or expressions that contain sexual anatomy and excretory function in a rough manner (Battistella, 2005, p. 72). The difference between vulgarity and obscenity is usually related to the level of prurience. In other words, vulgarity demonstrates the raw expression of street language (Jay, in Doyle, 2009, p. 1). Moreover, Jay (in Mercury, 1995, p. 30) asserts that vulgarity is used to humiliate or bring down the thing or individual referred to or described. The words that belong to this type are such as ass, tit, cock, dick, and cunt. f.

Expletives These are interjections that are clearly emotianally charged such as Shit!

Fuck!. Without addressing anyone specifically, speakers use expletives to release their frustations and emotions. Besides, they are also reflexive reactions to something that has unexpectedly happened to the speaker. For instance, we will utter the certain words when our toe hits the table.


23 Besides, Anderson and Trudgill (as cited in Lindahl, 2008, p. 4) also categorized swear words into four types. There are many types of swearing which are usually used in people‟s communication. Each type of swearing has its own distinctive characteristics that make it different from others. They are expletive, abusive, humorous, and auxiliary swearing. Each point is described as below: a.

Expletive swearing Expletive swearing is not directed to other people. It is used to express

personal emotions, such as anger, shock, and frustration. Besides, it can also be expressed the emotion of joy and sorrow. Expletive swearing actually does not have specific meaning. Some examples in expletive swearing are Fuck!, Hell!, Shit!, and Goddamn it!. b.

Abusive swearing Unlike the expletive swearing, abusive swearing is directed towards

others. This type of swearing includes name calling and other cursing expressions that are offensive and causing insult. The function is to attack the addressee verbally. Some examples of abusive swearing in this type are, You lucky bastard!, You are an asshole!, and Go to the fucking hell! c.

Humorous swearing Humorous swearing is a swearing that is directed towards others, but it is

not abusive. It tends to be idiomatic, playful, humorous, and not serious rather than offensive. Besides, it is not causing insult and it is used to reduce the tension in certain condition. An example from this type is Get your ass in gear!.


24 d.

Auxiliary swearing Swearing can also be in a form of auxiliary. Auxiliary swearing is used to

emphasize the intention through using some taboo words. In this case, the swearwords are not addressed to other people or situations. Yet, auxiliary swearing is a way of speaking that is sometimes known as „lazy speaking‟ and „often or always non-emphatic‟. Some examples from this type of swearing are This fucking X! and The bloody Y!. Considering Jay‟s and Anderson and Trudgil‟s classification of the types are almost similar, the researcher of this study used Anderson and Trudgil‟s concept as the basic theory to answer the research questions about the types of swearing words because it is more relevant to the use of swear words in the Antologi Rasa novel. 5. Motives of Using Swear Words Swearing is generally considered to be bad use of language, an unnecessary linguistic feature that corrupts our language, sound unpleasant and uneducated, and could well be disposed of. At the same time, however, most people seem to have difficulties living up to their high linguistic ideals regarding swearwords, and consequently, swearing lives on . Therefore, for the reason why people swear, Andersson clasified three different motives for swearing: psychological motives, social motives and linguistic motives (as cited in Karjalainen, 2002, p. 26).


25 a.

Psychological Motives Every day in lives, everything can always go wrong. Somebody get

frustated or even angry when unexpected events occur out of control or do not go according to plans. The common reaction is to release and to express our strong feelings by doing something or the certain ways. The real example is that when someone stumble over the rock, he/she will show reflex such as stamping his/her toe or simply let out a more or less forceful “argh”. However, following upon frustation or anger, arising from an unexpected reason, most people unconsciously resort to swearing for an immidiate vent of emotion and the swear words come out orally. Swearing is believed to be evolved as a tool of expressing emotions and releasing stress (Harran, 2010, p.3). Psychological motives in swearing are dealing with someone‟s emotions. In everyday life, people may get angry or frustrated on something unpleasant or unexpected. The reaction or strong emotion towards the frustration or anger is usually released through physical violence towards something or verbal swearing. Verbal swearing is considered to be harmless, to replace physical violence, and restore the stability of someone‟s emotions or feelings (Montagu in Karjalainen, 2002, p. 25). In line with Montagu‟s opinion, Jay states that the function of swearing is similar with the function of horn in someone‟s car. Therefore, it can be used to express someone‟s emotion or feeling, for instance anger, frustration, joy, and also surprise (2009, p. 155). Thus, the emotional


26 feelings that are involved in the psychological motives of swearing include nonemphatic feeling, anger, frustration, surprise, sorrow, and also joy. b.

Social Motives There are a number of social motives for swearing which might be

complex and quite deliberate. For example, we may swear to assert our identity in a group, to shock, to amuse, to insult, to indicate friendship, to mark social distance or social solidarity. Crystal (in Karjalainen, 2002) described that social swearing is the most common swearing pattern. When swearwords are used for these purposes, there is not necessarily any frustration or anger present. Social motives for swearing are closely related to someone‟s social relationships with others through interaction. As previously mentioned, swearwords may possess different functions when they are uttered in different social contexts (Holmes, 2013, p. 283). Therefore, there are many social motives for people to swear. People commonly swear, for instance, in order to amuse, insult, and also to shock someone. Moreover, it can also be used to indicate intimacy or friendship, strengthen a group identity, show social distance or solidarity, etc. c.

Linguistic Motives Most people have different opinions about language, different idiolects and

different stylistic norms they follow. People‟s view on swearwords may be different. Someone may think that those words are completely unacceptable and must be removed from society, other people may think they are acceptable in some occasions, and some others may argue that they are acceptable in all


27 situations. According to Andersson (as cited in Karjalainen, 2002, p. 30), people are free to employ any words in vocabulary as long as they are capable to convey the messages people want to communicate. For instance, both sentences of “What a very nice rocking chair” and “What a fucking nice rocking chair” are acceptable. People have various ways of speaking in expressing themselves using different lexicons, grammatical structures, and the like. Therefore, linguistic motives of swearing are not directed to others. They seem to appear as pure motives on linguistic subjects or to give emphasize on what people try to communicate. Indeed, linguistic motives can also show someone‟s way of speaking in daily life. This concept was applied as the main theory in answering the second research question related to the reasons or motives for swearing. Furthermore, another reference was also obtained from the previous study which was conducted by one of ELESP students. However, the previous research focused on the meanings and the offensiveness of swearing. While this research has different focus which is related to the types and the motives of swearing. B. Theoretical Framework This section summarizes and synthesizes all major relevant theories that help the researcher in conducting the research and answering the research questions. Moreover, in analyzing the data and answering the research questions, the researcher used some related theories as the groundwork. The main theories used in this study are mostly related to taboo, taboo words, and swear words. The


28 researcher aims to investigate two important points of the objectives. The types of swear words and why the character in the Antologi Rasa novel. In answering the first research question, the researcher used Andersson and Trudgill (in Lindahl, 2008, p. 4) theory that categorizes swear words into four types, which are: 1.

Expletive swearing is swearing that is not directed to others, usually used to express personal feeling or emotion, e.g. shit!

2.

Abusive swearing is swearing that is directed towards others and offensive, including bad name calling and cursing, e.g. You asshole!

3.

Humorous swearing is swearing that is directed towards others but is delivered in a playful way, not serious tone and offensive, e.g. Get your ass in gear!

4.

Auxiliary swearing is swearing that is complementary, not addressed towards others, and usually used as a way of speaking, e.g. It is fucking awesome! In describing why the main character of the Antologi Rasa novel swears,

the researcher used Andersson‟s theory that categorizes reasons of swearing into three parts. Those reasons are psychological motives, social motives and linguistic motives. 1.

Psychological motives: in swearing, usually psychological motives deal with the expression of the speaker‟s emotion, like anger, surprise, joy, sorrow, etc. For the example, someone may swear like shit when his/her knee accidentally kicks the table.


29 2.

Social motives: social motives in swearing deal with the intents of the speaker to maintain or destruct his/ her relationship with others, including an effort to show social identity, to amuse someone, to insult someone, etc. For instance, black people may say hey, nigga to their black friend to indicate the strong relationship between them.

3.

Linguistic motives: linguistic motives in swearing have something to do with giving emphasize on something being talked about by employing swearwords. For instance, what a fuckin good show it is.


CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter will discuss the research methodology applied in the research. The discussion is divided into six parts namely:

research method, research

setting, research participants or subjects, research instruments & data gathering techniques, data analysis, and research procedure. A. Research Method This research was a qualitative research. According to Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002), “Qualitative research focuses on understanding social phenomena from the perspective of the human participants in the study” (p. 22). Moreover, qualitative research gives depth understanding of the phenomenon rather than only shows numerical data. In conducting the research, the researcher did not make any deception since the purpose of qualitative research was to obtain data as natural as possible. The researcher conducted a content analysis in this research. Ary et al. (2002) mentioned that “Content Analysis is a technique that enables writers to study human behavior in an indirect way, through an analysis of their communication” (p. 472). The documents are usually written documents, namely books, magazines, articles, newspapers, novels, official documents, or pictures. However, songs, videos, films, gestures, novels or speeches can also be analyzed. In this research, the researcher used data from the novel which was written by Ika Natassa. The title of the novel was Antology Rasa. Those data were used to

30


31 answer the research questions. The researcher believed that content analysis is the suitable method in addressing the two formulated research questions because it will provide the researcher an overview of the phenomenon related to swear words. B. Research Setting This research was conducted at Sanata Dharma University as the requirement project of one of the compulsory subjects of the English Language Education Study Program, Thesis. The researcher obtained some books as the resources of the theories to answer the research questions in library where the access to some literature about linguistics is available. This setting was chosen in order to make the researcher easier to obtain the data and information needed for the research. Somehow, the place where this research was conducting is various such as boarding house, campus, library, café and anywhere at which the internet connection is available. Besides, the data were obtained in September 12, 2014. The data analysis itself was done in June 18, 2015. C. Research Subject The research subject of this research was a novel which was written by Ika Natassa. The title of the novel is Antologi Rasa and it is written in Bahasa Indonesia. However, the researcher found some swear words which were written in English. The author also used some English sentences in the conversation among the characters of the novel. Many swear words appeared in the certain pages and the researcher only focused on the use of swear words which are employed by the main character in the novel.


32 D. Research Instruments & Data Gathering Techniques In order to acquire the data to answer the two research questions, the researcher used two instruments namely human instrument and documents. 1.

Human Instrument An instrument is a tool or a device which is used to obtain the data. In this

research, the researcher was the instrument of the research which was called as human instrument. The research could not be conducted without human instrument because it was the key instrument of the research. According to Poggenpoel and Myburgh (2003), the key in obtaining the data in a qualitative research is the researcher. Moreover, the researcher becomes the facilitator of the research. He or she facilitates the communication in order to gather rich data. In this research, the researcher did not only obtain the data, but also analyzed the data. Moreover, in this study, the research was continually driven from the planning stage, collecting data, analyzing and interpreting data, until reporting as well as concluding the research. Moleong also states that the researcher is directly and personally involved in the research which is conducted (2004, p. 56). Therefore, in this research, the researcher was the main instrument as human instrument was very important and the researcher, as human instrument, was the data collector to answer the research question. In addition, data sheet was also employed as the secondary instrument. This data sheet was functioned to write down the classified data. The data sheet was in the form of table for presenting two matters which became the focus of the study, which were, the


33 types of swearing and the reasons for swearing. The format of the data sheet can be illustrated in the table below. Table 3.1. Format of the Data Sheet of the Types of Swearing and Motives for Swearing in the Antologi Rasa Novel Data No Page 1

30

Dialogue

SW

E S

Types A H B S S

A U S

Motives P S L M M M

Dinda : “God, darl, if I were you, I would have been fucked him already.” Keara : “I‟m done

√

Fucking

√

fucking men, darl. I want to marry this one.”

Abbreviation: SW

: Swear Word

AUS

: Auxiliary Swearing

ES

: Expletives Swearing

PM

: Psychological Motive

ABS

: Abusive Swearing

SM

: Social Motive

HS

: Humorous Swearing

LM

: Linguistic Motive

2. Documents The first instrument used by the researcher was document. In this research, the document was a novel written by Ika Natassa entitled Antologi Rasa. The


34 novel was used to take some swear words existing in the novel. Meanwhile, the researcher also used other documents to answer the research questions. Those documents were some books borrowed from the library. Besides, in order to ease the data gathering, the researcher then formulated the categories which were relevant to the investigation by coding. Fraenkel and Wallen (2006, p. 436) state that coding is a technique that is used in content analysis method. Coding is the analytic process through which data are fractured, conceptualized, and integrated to form theory. The table of the coding table can be seen in Table 3.1, which presents two objectives that became the main focus of the study, the types and of swearing and the motives for swearing. The format of the coding table shows how the researcher answered the first and the second research problems of the study. E. Data Analysis In order to analyze the data, the researcher followed several steps. Firstly, read all the content of the Antologi Rasa novel, and then, underlined the swear words which were used in the novel. The next step was to transcribe all the swear words that had been got from the novel. Then, the researcher classified the utterances which were used by the main character in the conversation with her friends or with herself (monologue). In order to answer the two research questions, the researcher found some theories which were related to the topics discussed and then matched each classification of the utterances of swear words to those theories. After that, the


35 researcher analyzed the data and made a conclusion to answer the research questions. F. Research Procedure To answer the research questions, the writer had to undergone the systemic research procedure. This section described the several steps of finalizing this research. The first step of accomplishing this research was choosing the novels that contain many swear word phenomena written in English. The novel chosen was Antologi Rasa. Next, the researcher needed to determine the objectives of this research, define some terms which were used in the research, specify the unit of analysis, locate relevant data such as synchronize the data and the theories used in this research, develop rationale, develop a sampling plan, formulate coding categories, check the reliability and validity by consulting to the thesis advisor, and the last one was to analyze the data that had been got from the novel to be matched with some theories in order to answer the two research questions. After that, the researcher reported the result of the analysis and made conclusion from the data that had been analyzed.


CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part, the researcher answers the first research question about the types of swear words used in the Antologi Rasa novel. The second part, the researcher answers the second research question about the reasons for swearing in the Antologi Rasa novel. The data to answer those two research questions was obtained from the Antologi Rasa novel itself. A. Findings 1.

Types of Swear Words in the Antologi Rasa Novel This part aims at finding the answer to the first research question which

was formulated in Chapter I. The first research question is related to the classification of swear words based on their types, which were used by the author in her novel, Antologi Rasa. In analyzing the classification of swear words used in the novel, the researcher used Anderson and Trudgill‟s theory that categorizes swear words into four types. Those types are expletive swearing, abusive swearing, humorous swearing, and auxiliary swearing. The result of the data analysis revealed that there are 46 swearing expressions uttered by the main character of the Antologi Rasa novel in the certain pages. The table of types of swearing and the quantity of its occurrence is presented as follows.

36


37 Table 4.1. The Data Findings of the Types of Swearing Types of Swearing Auxiliary Swearing (AUS) Expletives Swearing (ES) Abusive Swearing (AS) Humorous Swearing (HS) Total

Quantity 26 12 4 4 46

Percentage (%) 56.5 % 26.1 % 8.7 % 8.7 % 100 %

From the table above, it can be seen that the Auxiliary Swearing (AUS) type is the most frequently appeared type among the other types, and it is followed by the Expletives Swearing (ES) type which is often used in the novel. Besides, the Abusive Swearing (ABS) type and Humorous Swearing (HS) type have the same quantity and percentage. Those are the classification of swear words based on the types which are used by the main character, Keara, in the novel. Based on the findings related to the types of swearing above, the auxiliary swearing takes the first position because the main character employed the auxiliary swearing in order to intensify the things she intended. 2. Motives for Swearing The motives for swearing used by the main character of Antologi Rasa novel in the certain pages can be categorized into three motives. They are psychological motives, social motives, and linguistic motives. From Table 4.2, it can be seen that psychological motive has the biggest frequency of occurrence. It is followed by the linguistics motive and then social motive. The further explanation will be showed in the discussion.


38 Table 4.2 The Data Findings of the Motives of Swearing Motives for Swearing Psychological Motive (PM) Linguistic Motive (LM) Social Motive (SM) Total

Quantity

Percentage (%)

23 19 4

50.00 % 41.40 % 8.70 %

46

100.0 %

Based on the table related to the motives for swearing above, it can be seen that the psychological motives take place at the first position because the main character mostly employed the swear words which were influenced by emotion. Besides, those psychological motives actually appeared in the monologue. Therefore, it can be seen that while the main character talked to herself (monologue), it has a tendency that she was influenced by the certain feelings such as anger, frustration, joy, regret, sadness, and surprise. However, in the novel the main character was mostly influenced by surprising things while she employed swearing words. B. Discussion The main character of the Antologi Rasa novel seems to have been accustomed to employing some swearing expressions in her daily communication. It can be seen from the frequency of occurrences of swearing expressions uttered by the main character of the novel in the data sheet. The researcher of the study may not say that the use of swearing expressions in this novel is limited by social status since almost all the characters are from the same social status and they swear to each other in order to show that they have closed relation. This kind of situation can be found easily in the novel. However, as what has been stated


39 before, the researcher only focused on the main character. Furthermore, swearing expressions can be uttered by and directed to people from both the same and different social status. In the Antologi Rasa novel, most of the characters only swear to those who are from the same social status. One of the evidences of this act in the novel is that Keara as the main character swears to her best friend, Dinda, even though they come from the upper social status. The researcher might say that they are from the upper social because it is described in the novel that Keara and Dinda are working as bankers, but in the different offices. Besides, swearing expressions can also be uttered among the people from different social statuses in their communication. For instance, people from upper social status can also swear to people from lower social status. However, this phenomenon cannot be found in the novel because there are only four characters in the novel and they come from the same social status. Thus, in answering the formulation of problems in Chapter I, discussions on the objectives of the study are explained below. 1.

Types of Swear Words The findings present that there are 46 swearing expressions which are

uttered by the main character of the Antologi Rasa novel in some pages. They are classified into four types of swearing, covering expletive swearing (ES), abusive swearing (ABS), humorous swearing (HS), and auxiliary swearing (AUS). However, the categorization of the types of swearing is very contextual, depending on how and in what situation each swearing expression is expressed in the novel. In this section, the auxiliary type is the most frequently appeared type


40 that is used by Keara as the main character. Anderson and Trudgill stated that auxiliary swearing is utilized as a way of speaking or is known as „lazy speaking‟. It is expressed in often or always non-emphatic tone (as cited in Lindahl, 2008, p. 4). Besides, it is complementary, not addressed towards others. Based on this theory, Keara often uses auxiliary swearing because she uses those words in order to intensify something she is telling about. The words she uttered which are included in auxiliary swearing are not addressed to other characters in the novel. In addition, each type of swearing will be discussed below. a.

Expletives Swearing The first swear word type that can be found in the novel is that expletive

swearing. As stated in Chapter II, Anderson and Trudgill describe expletive swearing is not directed to other people. It is employed to express personal emotion and feeling such as anger, surprise, shock, and also joy (as cited in Lindahl, 2008, p. 4). The following dialogue is an example of this type of swearing. Tapi harus kuakui, Haris hari ini….. ya bolehlah. Tubuhnya yang tinggi tegap dibungkus T-shirt putih bergaris blue cross seperti bendera Finlandia dan tulisan Raikkonen, celana pendek khaki selutut, dan brown leather. Puma sneakers tanpa kaus kaki. Pandangan matanya yang tajam ditutupi sunglasses Tag Heuer, produk yang di-endorsed oleh Kimi juga, pembalap favoritnya. Ganteng-ganteng atletis. Craaaaap, I started to sound like one of his fans. Males banget. (Monologue) Page 36

In the example of the monologue above, Keara is describing how Haris looks like. It can be seen at the end of the way she describes Haris gantengganteng atletis which means that Haris is like an athletic handsome guy.


41 However, she describes it in her mind. After that, she realizes what she has done, If she is doing so, she is like one of Haris‟s fans. It is showed at the sentence „Craaaaap, I started to sound like one of his fans‟. In this monologue, the word „Crap‟ is uttered, although it is only in her mind. In English, the word „crap‟ has the same meaning with „shit‟. This word does not have any correlation with the following sentence. Therefore, the word „crap‟ in this sentence does not have any specific meaning. It is not even directed to Haris or other characters in the novel. It is just employed to express shocked emotion while realizing that she is just like one of Haris‟s fans. Another example of Expletives Swearing (ES) is in a dialogue. It is one of the short conversation containing swear words utterances while Keara and Haris are having a short vacation in Singapore. Keara: “Oh, shiiit, Cosmopolitan-nya nendang gila.” Haris : “Slow down, Key.” (Dialogue) Page 78 In the dialogue above, Keara and Haris had arrived in Singapore. Haris is also one of Keara‟s best friends and at that time they were having vacation in Singapore. After arrived in there, Keara was amazed by the condition of the certain city in Singapore. It seems so different from the situation in Indonesia. Here, the term „shit‟ was uttered by Keara, as the main character of the novel, which was not directed to Haris or other characters in the novel. The word „shit‟ was uttered by her in order to show that she feels amazed and shocked. In other words, the joy and happiness are the strong feeling that she wanted to express. She likes having vacation as well in this cosmopolitan country, Singapore.


42

b.

Abusive Swearing The second swear word type found in the Antologi Rasa novel was abusive

swearing. As what Anderson and Trudgill stated in Chapter II, abusive swearing is usually directed to others, derogatory or insulting, and causing offense. This type of swearing includes name-calling and other cursing expressions (as cited in Lindahl, 2008, p. 4). The following dialogue/monologue illustrate the employment of this type of swearing in the novel. “I‟ve always been wanted by dozens and dozens of men, you didn‟t want me, you son of a bitch.” (Monologue) Page 82 In the monologue above, the type of abusive swearing is applied. Even though this is a monologue, the used of swear words, especially the type of abusive swearing is still possible. The phrase „son of a bitch‟ is uttered by Keara as the main character in order to curse the man, Ruly, who she loves. In the novel, Keara falls in love with Ruly, however, unfortunately Ruly does not give any special reaction which shows that he loves Keara. Therefore, with having full of frustrated feeling, she applied swear words in order to curse Ruly instead. However, she did not want to directly say so in front of Ruly. That is why she just tries to release her feeling by talking to herself. Here, the swear words „son of a bitch‟ belong to abusive type, but it did not cause any insult. “This, I could get used to. Menikmati rayuan dan perhatian Panji tiga atau empat kali seminggu sebagai dosis yang tepat untuk meyakinkan diriku sendiri bahwa aku a great catch dan hanya si Ruly saja laki-laki buta di dunia ini yang tidak bisa melihat ini. I am such as an angry yet pathetic little bitch, aren‟t I? (Monologue) Page 260


43

In the monologue above, she described that she could make men fall in love with her easily. It was showed how easy it was to get Panji‟s attraction. She even explained that she meets up three up to four times in a week with Panji. At the same time, she also complained that it is only Ruly, the man who cannot fall in love with her. In this case, it can be seen that Keara meets up with Panji in order to forget about Ruly for a while. However, while meeting up with Panji, they did not just go to somewhere such as watching movie and having dinner. They behave like they are in relationship. They are kissing one another, flirting, and doing activities which refers to sexual activity. Therefore, she realized that she is just like a pathetic bitch. She calls herself as a bitch. The word „bitch‟ is said by herself and directed to herself. Here, the swear word which was used by Keara is a bit different with the previous example. Even though it is a monologue, but it caused insult which means that the insulted expression will effect herself. c.

Humorous Swearing The third swear word type found in the Antologi Rasa novel is humorous

swearing. As what has been stated by Anderson and Trudgill, humorous swearing occurs when swearing expression is uttered in a playful and humorous way (as cited in Lindahl, 2008, p. 4). It does not cause offense although it can be directed to others. The use of humorous swearing can be illustrated in the following examples. You see, sejak masih sekolah dulu, aku memang lebih suka berteman dengan sahabat laki-laki. Perempuan itu ribet. Menusuk dari belakang, sibuk ber-clique dan saling gencet, menyebar gossip ke mana-mana. Too much politics for me. Ya kecuali dengan Dinda yang


44 sama nggak mau repotnya. Just two cool bitches strutting their stuff hahaha. (Monologue) Page 66 In the monologue above, Keara says that she likes going somewhere and doing anything with boys while she was studying in the formal education. She thinks that having close relation with girls is complicated, sometimes girls talks behind someone‟s back and gossiping. However, she has one mate which happens to be a girl who has the same thought with her, Dinda. She often calls Dinda as a bitch, but in this sentence she calls Dinda and herself as two bitches. Keara and Dinda do not take it as serious problem in calling one another as a bitch because they have very close relation. The word „bitch‟ does not refer to the word „whore‟. But it is uttered and expressed in a playful and humorous situation. Aku ingat Dinda pernah bilang bahwa mungkin aku jatuh cinta kepada Ruly karena dia itu sosoknya seperti seorang ayah yang selalu melindungi, yang ngemong, yang dewasa. “Don‟t „freud‟ me, bitch,” kataku tertawa waktu Dinda menganalisis begitu. (Dialogue) Page 186

In the dialogue above, Dinda is trying to find the main reason why Keara falls in love with Ruly. After knowing Dinda‟s opinion, Keara gives very short comment “Don‟t „freud‟ me, bitch”. Here, the swearing term “bitch” is uttered by Keara. In general, the word “bitch” is not acceptable in daily conversation in western culture. Somehow, it can be accepted if it is uttered towards friends in certain community. The Keara‟s reaction here does not offense Dinda at all and she does not regard Dinda as the real bitch, which means „whore‟. Besides, she is laughing while giving that reaction. She does not give anger feeling while saying


45 so. In this context, it seems that this is a very natural utterance between Keara and Dinda. It can be used to show the close relation and solidarity between Keara and Dinda. Therefore, after knowing Keara‟s reaction, Dinda is not angry to her. d.

Auxiliary Swearing Swearing can also be employed as auxiliary and it can be found in the

Antologi Rasa novel. Anderson and Trudgill stated in Chapter II that auxiliary swearing is utilized as a way of speaking or is known as „lazy speaking‟. It is expressed in often or always non-emphatic tone (as cited in Lindahl, 2008, p. 4). The following examples are the illustration of the employment of auxiliary swearing uttered by the main character of the Antologi Rasa novel in the certain pages. Keara: “Karena gue nggak tahu kenapa, Din, tapi gue lagi males aja mikirin si Ruly. I‟ve got too much shit going on in my life since the whole Singapore thing. …..” Dinda: “Keara Tedjasukmana, mau minum ya minum aja, kali! Quit this „holier than thou‟ act!” (Dialogue) Page 100 This dialogue occurs between Keara and Dinda. It happens at Dinda‟s house. At that moment, Dinda asked Keara about Ruly. She wandered why Keara does not tell anything about Ruly as usual. While Keara herself does not want to tell anything about Ruly because she has so much problem in her mind, especially one of unpleasant moment when she had a short trip to Singapore with Haris. It can be seen at the following sentence “I‟ve got to much shit going on in my mind…”. The swearing word „shit‟ is uttered by Keara. This word does not use to curse Dinda or someone else. It is just used to substitute the case or problem she


46 had faced during vacation in Singapore. It is expressed in non-emphatic tone. Antoher example of Auxiliary Swearing can be seen as follows: “But isn‟t it funny how the universe is playing with us? Karena di saat kamu perlahan mulai mengaburkan bayangan Ruly dari kepala ini, dalam dua atau tiga menit terakhir, tanganku yang bertumpu di meja pantry ini tidak sengaja menyenggol remote TV, menyalakan TV di ruang tamu yang berjarak hanya tiga meter dari sini. And it‟s fucking ESPN with a fucking soccer match on.” (Monologue) Page 203

In the monologue above, Keara and Panji were having intimate conversation one another in Keara‟s apartment. In this situation, Keara was able to forget her thought about Ruly, the man that she loves, for a while. Suddenly, her hand nudged the TV‟s remote on the table and the TV was on. Then, the soccer match appeared on the TV‟s screen. It reminded Keara‟s mind about Ruly. So that, she called the soccer match as „fucking soccer match‟. The swear word uttered by her in this situation did not direct to another character, but it was expressed in non-emphatic tone. Finally, it can be concluded that the auxiliary type is commonly used by Keara as the main character because she uses those words in order to give emphasis to something she is telling about and not to be addressed to another character. 2.

Motives of The Use of Swear Words The second objective in this research is dealing with the reasons for the

main character in the Antologi Rasa novel to swear. In this research, the reasons for swearing are classified into three categorizations of motives that underlie the


47 occurrence of the swearing expressions. They are Psychological Motives (PM), Social Motives (SM), and Linguistic Motives (LM). Basically, the interpretation of the categorization of the swearing expressions based on their reasons or motives to swear is very contextual. In addition, all swearing expressions tend to be emotive. Therefore, the classification of these reasons for swearing in this research gives priority to the most prominent motive that appears in each swearing expression. For instance, the swearing expressions, which can be considered to occur because of the psychological motives are the swearing expressions, which are uttered purely or very strongly because of psychological impulsion. It covers the urge of emotive feelings such as anger, shock, surprise, frustration, happiness, and joy without any disturbance of other motives like social and linguistic motives. Meanwhile, swearing expressions which occur because of social motives in this research are the swearing expressions which are influenced by social impulsions in the way they are being uttered. This social impulsions deal with someone‟s relationship with other people, covering the urge to show intimacy in friendship, to strengthen in-group identity, and even to show social distance or hatred towards others. Then, the occurrence of linguistic motives in this research covers swearing expressions which occur with the influence of linguistic motivations. Linguistic motivations include employing swearing expressions as certain way of speaking or only to emphasize something which is being talked about. Therefore, context has significant role in interpreting which motive the certain swearing expression belongs to.


48 In this novel, the psychological reason is the most frequently appeared type which are used by the main character because while she is swearing, it is always influenced by her feelings such anger, frustration, and happiness. Anderson (in Karjalainen, 2002, p. 26)

stated that psychological motives of

swearing emphasize that swearing is used to release stress and express someone‟s feeling or emotion. In this case, the feelings such anger, frustration, and shock are included. In addition, each point of the three motives will be explained and discussed as follows. a.

Psychological Motives The first motive that can be found in the Antologi Rasa novel is

psychological motives. As stated by Andersson in Chapter II, psychological motives of swearing emphasize that swearing is used to release stress and express someone‟s feeling or emotion. It includes the feeling of joy, sorrow, surprise, shock, frustrated, and anger (as cited in Karjalainen, 2002, p. 26). Some examples of the occurrence of this motive are explained below. Keara: “Oh, shiiit, Cosmopolitan-nya nendang gila.” Haris : “Slow down, Key.” (Dialogue) Page 78 In the dialogue between Keara and Haris, the word „shit‟ is uttered by Keara in order to show that she feels amazed and shocked. In other words, the joy and happiness are the strong feeling that she wants to express. She likes having vacation as well in this cosmopolitan country, Singapore. The following monologue is another example of Psychological Motives (PM): “But I can‟t help wondering, Rul, what is your weakness? Dengan aku dan bikiniku subuh-subuh begini sendirian di private beach ini, ini


49 bukan termasuk kelemahan kamu ya? Every man wants this. This being me. Bahkan terakhir kali aku di Bali dengan si Haris, dia saja ….. crap, kenapa aku harus menyebut-nyebut nama si keparat itu lagi?” (Monologue) Page 160 The swearing word „crap‟ is uttered in this monologue by Keara. This monologue can be seen that Keara has not understood yet about Ruly‟s weaknesses. The setting of the monologue about is in a beach. Keara and Ruly were hanging out together in the morning in a beach. At that time, they wanted to enjoy the morning by having relaxation in a beach. Keara wore bikini and she wondered that Ruly was not tempted at all by what Keara wore. It is different from the other men who will be tempted by girls who wear bikini in general, Haris, for instance. However, while she was remembering about Haris, she directly realized that she did not want to mention Haris‟s name anymore. Thus, while she is shocked, the swearing word „crap‟ was uttered in her mind. It belongs to Psychological Motives (PM) because it has strong relation with Keara‟s feeling. She cannot forgive Haris yet because he has raped Keara when Keara was drunk in a short trip to Singapore. She regrets to what Haris has already done to her. b.

Social Motives As the relationship between language and society and also how language

functions in society are studied under the scope of sociolinguistics, it is very closely related to the social motives of swearing. From the point of language, swearing can be regarded as a way of speaking when it is employed to communicate with other people. Thus, as the way common language has functions in society, swearing, as a part of language, also has function in different social


50 contexts to reach the goal of communication. Anderson (in Karjalainen, 2002, p. 26) describes that in relation to social life, swearing expressions may be used to show social intimacy, friendliness, or in-group identity. On the other hand, swearing can also be used to show social distance and hatred towards other people or situations when it causes insult. In this research, the data that shows the swearing expressions caused by social motives, occupies the third rank. Although they are also emotive, they are strongly influenced by the occurrence of social motives that underlie the swearing expressions. Some examples of this category are explained below. Dinda: “Panji is not the asshole that we know then?” Keara : “Oh, he IS the asshole that we know.” Dinda: “So he did try stuff with you?” Keara: “Ya iyalah. I‟m just „assholing‟ him back.” Dinda: “Heh? Maksudnya?” Keara: “Udahlah, nggak penting dibahas. Gue sama dia cuma mainmain aja.” (Dialogue) Page 116 In the dialogue above, the swearing word „asshole‟ is uttered by both Keara and Dinda. Asshole is the synonym of anus which means the opening where the gastrointestinal tract ends and exits the body (WebMD, 2014). In this dialogue, Keara and Dinda are mentioning Panji‟s name as an „asshole‟. They call him „asshole‟ behind Panji‟s back. Remembering that Keara and Dinda have a very closed relation one another, they call someone else as they want. It is only a matter of social interaction between those two characters. In fact, in the novel Panji is not described as a real asshole. Furthermore, Keara and Dinda have never called Panji asshole when they meet.


51 The following monologue is another example of the use of swear word which is influenced by social motive (SM): Aku ingat Dinda pernah bilang bahwa mungkin aku jatuh cinta kepada Ruly karena dia itu sosoknya seperti seorang ayah yang selalu melindungi, yang ngemong, yang dewasa. “Don‟t freud me, bitch,” kataku tertawa waktu Dinda menganalisis begitu. (Monologue) Page 186 In this monologue, Keara remembered that one time Dinda was trying to find out the reason why Keara felt in love with Ruly. Dinda said that Keare loves Ruly just because of Ruly‟s personal character who is really mature. Besides, she regards that Ruly will always protect Keara as a father who always protects her daughters and sons. At that time, in her monologue, Keara says about her reaction while hearing Dinda‟s argument. It is not clear whether or not Keara agrees. However, based on the words she has uttered, the word „bitch‟ appeared. Keara asked Dinda not to say so as if she knows everything about Keara. So that, she calls Dinda‟s name using the word „bitch‟ with no offense. The word “bitch” in this sentence is employed in order to show their close relation with no anger expression or feeling. c.

Linguistic Motives The third motive found in the Antologi Rasa novel is linguistic motives.

Anderson stated that linguistic motives of swearing appear when swearing expressions are uttered to give emphasis on what people try to communicate and something being discussed (as cited in Karjalainen, 2002, p. 26). In this research, these motives also become the reasons for the main character to swear because it


52 is only used to emphasize something that she wants to tell about. The implementation of this motive in swearing expressions can be seen in the following examples. “Aku menahan diri untuk tidak muntah lagi sampai dia menghilang di balik pintu menuju dek. Fucking second jackpot. Bubar jalan beneran Operation Conquer Ruly in kalau begini caranya.” (Monologue) Page 196 The monologue above occurs when Keara and Ruly are in the Port of Tanjung Benoa, together with the team of BorderBank and Wyman Parrish, in order to have a dinner on Bounty Cruise. The dinner itself is arranged by regional office Border of Denpasar as the last dinner in Bali before they go back to Jakarta. However, Keara gets seasick along the trip to the Port of Tanjung Benoa so that she decided to take a bottle of wine. After drinking some glasses of wine, she gets her first jackpot. In this context, jackpot means a situation in which someone vomits after drinking alcohol as what Keara did. Ruly knows what has happened to Keara and he tries to help her. He takes some painkillers for Keara. While Ruly is taking the painkillers for Keara, Keara talks to herself not to have her second jackpot in front of Ruly. Therefore, Keara employs swearing expression fucking second jackpot to herself in order to give emphasis on what she is talking about and something which she does not want it to happen in front of Ruly. Ruly

: “Mendingan kan, ya, biasanya kalau udah minum obat begini?” Keara : “Normally, iya. Tapi gila ya, musik kampung di dalam itu masih kedengaran aja dari sini. Makin pusing gue, Rul. I feel like I‟m inside a crappy episode of The Love Boat.” (Dialogue) Page 197


53 In this dialogue, Ruly had already taken a medicine for Keara. Ruly asks Keara whether she feels better or not. Then Keara answered that usually it will be better soon. However, while Keara rests on Ruly‟s shoulder, she hears a tune of music which she does not like at all. Then she talks to Ruly about it and calls this kind of situation like a very unpleasant episode of The Love Boat movie. However, she does not just mention it as an unpleasant episode, but a crappy episode. Here, the swearing word „crap‟ is uttered to emphasize what she is talking about. From the discussion of this chapter, it can be concluded that the auxiliary type is the most common type that appears in the Antologi Rasa novel. It shows that the main character often uses swear words when she wants to emphasize something that she is talking about. While the most common motives used by the main character in the novel is psychological motives because while she is swearing, it is always influenced by her feelings such anger, frustration, shock, and surprise.


CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter contains two parts. The first part is conclusions and the second part is recommendation. In conclusions part, the summary of the research findings are presented as representative as possible. The recommendation part suggests the further action which can be taken considering the finding of the research. A. Conclusions Related to the research question that have been formulated in Chapter I, the findings and discussions in Chapter IV, and the sociolinguistic approach employed in this study, some conclusions can be drawn as follows: 1.

Types of Swearing There are some different types of swearing which are employed in the way

the main character swears in the Antologi Rasa novel. The types of swearing which are found in the novel can be classified into four. They are Expletive Swearing (ES), Abusive Swearing (ABS), Humorous Swearing (HS), and Auxiliary Swearing (AUS). From the findings of the types of swearing, it can be revealed that auxiliary swearing is the preferred type of swearing employed by Keara as the main character of the novel Antologi Rasa novel because the swearing expressions she utters are usually complementary and are used to intensify the things she intended. Besides, those swearing expressions are in the

54

PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 55 form of her way of speaking, although the functions of those swearing expressions may vary. 2.

Motives for Swearing Based on the findings given in Chapter IV, the reasons for swearing which

are uttered by the main character of the Antologi Rasa novel in certain part to swear exist as the parameter to analyze and measure the motives behind the swearing expressions. Those motives are classified into three groups. The first one is Psychological Motive (PM), the second one is Social Motive (SM), and the last one is Linguistic Motive (LM). From the findings given in Chapter IV, it can be seen that the psychological motive (PM) is the most influential motives for the main character to swear. It means that all the swearing words which are uttered by Keara as the main character of the Antologi Rasa novel are mostly influenced by her feeling and something to express her emotion such as joy, sorrow, shocked and other feelings related to psychological aspect. Moreover, swearing expressions have become a daily conversation which are used by Keara in the novel. It becomes her way of speaking whether when she has a conversation with her friends (other characters in the novel) or even when the swearing words are not directed to others. However, she does not swear all the time in, though. The motives of the way she is swearing cannot be separated from the social context. Surely, she does not use any swearing words to anybody. She is still using a good language while she is with her mother and her boss, for instance. She uses swearing words only to whom she has close relation such as Dinda and Haris. She does not use any swearing words in front of Panji and Ruly, even

PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 56 though those two men still swear. One of the important things in swearing is that the swearing expression can be employed either constructive or destructive. On the one hand, almost all the swearing words which are directed to other characters in the Antologi Rasa novel are used to show intimacy and solidarity, and to amuse others. These can be regarded as constructive. On the other hand, the swearing expression which are destructive cannot be found in the novel. B. Recommendations The researcher of this study acknowledges that this thesis is still incomplete. Therefore, there are some recommendations proposed by the write. First, this research aims to initiate a discussion about swear words among the scholars. Therefore, it is expected that the discussion about swear words does not only stop at judging them as something which should be avoided. The scholars are expected to be more critical to the occurrence of swear words in various circumstances and learn them in different perspectives. Second, students who learn linguistics are expected to understand that the analysis on linguistics does not only analyze about linguistics features, but also about linguistics aspects deeper. Therefore, this study can be one of the references while linguistics students want to investigate deeper on linguistics, especially some references about swearing words. Third, for the other researchers, this research only focuses on analyzing the use of swear words which are used by the main character of the Antologi Rasa novel. There are actually some characters in the novel, but the researcher of this study regarded that it is not necessary to investigate the use of swear words which

PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 57 are used in the novel considering there are no significance differences of the use swear words among the characters. Therefore, it is really suggested that the further researchers conduct the same research in other literary works or movies, but not only which is used by the main character.


REFERENCES

Ary, D., Jacob, L.C., & Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to research in education (6th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. Akmajian, A., R. Demers, Farner, A., & Harnish R. (2004). Linguistics: An introduction to language and communication. London: MIT Press. Allan, K., & Burridge, K. (2006). Forbidden words: Taboo and the censoring of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Battistella, E.L. (2005). Bad language: Are some words better than others?. New York: Oxford University Press. Chaika, E. (1982). Language: The social mirror. Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers. Doyle, T.M (Ed.). (2006). Teaching “Bad Language” in a serious and systematic manner. Proceedings of the CATESOL State conference. Retrieved March 24, 2015, from http://www.catesol.org/06Doyle.pdf Fairman, C.M. (2009). Fuck: Word taboo and protecting our first amandment liberties. Illinois: Sphinx Publishing. Fakuade, G., Kemdirim, N., Nnaji, I., & Nwosu, F. 2013. Linguistic taboos in the Igbo society: A sociolinguistic investigation. Journal of Language, Discourse & Society, 2(2),117-132. Fraenkel, J.R., & Wallen, N.E. (2008). How to design and evaluate research in education (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Freitas, E.S.L. (2008). Taboo in advertising. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Freud, S. (1983). Totem and taboo. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Harran, T.J. (2010). The role of swearing in language. Department of Architecture and Mechatronics, Faculty of Engineering. Oita University. Retrieved March 24, 2015,from http://ir.lib.oitau.ac.jp/jspui/bitstream/ Holmes, J. (2013). An introduction to sociolinguistics (4th ed.). New York: Routledge Jay, T. (1992). Cursing in America. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Jay, T., & Kristin J. (2008). The pragmatics of swearing. Journal of Politeness , 4, 267-288.

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59 Karjalainen, M. (2002). Where have all the swearwords gone? An analysis of the loss of swearwords in two Swedish translations of J. D. Salinger‟s „Catcher in the Rye‟. (Unpublished pro graduate thesis). University of Helsinki: Helsinki. Lindahl, K. (2008). The x-word and its usage: Taboo words and swearwords in general, and x-words in newspapers. Retrieved December 25, 2015, from http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf? Ljung, M. (2011). Swearing: A cross-cultural linguistic study. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Littlejohn, S.W., & Foss, K.A. (2011). Theories of human communication (10th ed.). Long Grove, USA: Waveland Press. Mbaya, N. (2002). Linguistic taboo in African marriage context: A study of Oromo Laguu. Nordic Journal of African Studies. 11, 224-235. Mercury, R.E. (1995). Swearing: A bad part of language; A good part of language learning. TESL Canada Journal, 13(1), 28-36. Retrieved January 12, 2015. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ518119.pdf Mikoluk, K. (2013, July 15). Types of communication: Verbal, non-verbal and written. Retrieved June 26, 2015, from https://blog.udemy.com/typesof-communication/ Moleong, L. J. (2001). Metode penelitian kualitatif. Bandung: PT Penerbit Remaja Rosdakarya. Pinker, S. (2007). The seven words you can‟t say on television. London: Penguin Books. Poggenpoel, M. & Myburgh, C. (2003). The researcher as research instrument in educational research: A possible threat to trustworthiness?. Education Journal, 124. Gill, Richard. (1997). Mastering English literature (4th ed.). London: PrenticeHall. Trudgill, P. (2000). Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society (4th ed.). London: Penguin Group. Wardhaugh, R. (2006). An introduction to sociolinguistics (5th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Yule, G. (2010). The study of language (4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


APPENDIX Types and Motives of Swearing in the Antologi Rasa Novel

60


Data No

Page

Dialogue

SW

E S

Types A H A B S U S S

Motives P S L M M M

(Monologue) 1.

16

Seperti berada dalam bubble dengan menggema yang berulang-ulang

What the hell

√

√

fucked up

√

√

Shitty

√

√

berteriak ke dalam telingaku: “What the hell were you thinking?!” (Monologue) Oh, no one. Just another best friend who doesn‟t know that I love him. 2.

18

Laki-laki yang berhasil mengajakku ikut perjalanan sinting ini. Sampai dia membatalkannya di detik-detik terakhir karena Denise, sahabatku yang lain, yang mungkin dia cintai. “Welcome to my fucked up life, darling.” (Monologue) ….., termasuk kadang-kadang harus ke mesin ATM di ujung kota

3.

19

karena sudah kosong, mendengarkan repetan nasabah, lembur sampai jam dua pagi membuatkan presentasi untuk regional manager, menahan kedongkolan luar biasa saat si anak buah melakukan kesalahan tolol tapi nggak mungkin dimarahi karena usianya sudah

61


Data No

Page

Dialogue

SW

E S


Motives P S L M M M

√

√

pantas jadi orang tua sendiri, sampai menahan keinginan luar biasa untuk tidak menjedutkan kepala berkali-kali ke dinding sambil teriak: “What did I do wrong to be stuck in this shitty place?!” 25 4.

(Monologue) The bitch from university who somehow managed to marry a nice guy,

-

dan sejak tujuh tahun yang lalu menjadi ibu seorang anak laki-laki

26

.Kalau kata Haris, Dinda itu tipikal MILF banget. Yes I have to

Bitch

endure this kind of sexiest comments from him everyday. (Dialogue) 5.

30

Dinda : “God, darl, if I were you, I would have been fucked him

√

Fucking

√

already.” Keara : “I‟m done fucking men, darl. I want to marry this one.” (Monologue) 6.

36

Tapi harus kuakui, Haris hari ini….. ya bolehlah. Tubuhnya yang

Craaaaap

√

√

tinggi tegap dibungkus T-shirt putih bergaris blue cross seperti 62


Data No

Page

Dialogue

SW

E S


Motives P S L M M M

√

√

bendera Finlandia dan tulisan Raikkonen, celana pendek khaki selutut, dan brown leather. Puma sneakers tanpa kaus kaki. Pandangan matanya yang tajam ditutupi sunglasses Tag Heuer, produk yang diendorsed oleh Kimi juga, pembalap favoritnya. Ganteng-ganteng atletis. Craaaaap, I started to sound like one of his fans. Males banget. (Dialogue) Keara: “Buat gue, foto ini magis, Rul. Dia nggak perlu bicara, nggak perlu bermusik, nggak perlu bergerak, bahkan nggak perlu berwarna, just a piece of silent photograph, but it speaks to me. Kayak elo tiba7.

46

tiba ditarik sama lubang hitam, masuk ke peristiwa itu, berada pada

fuck

tengah-tengah mereka, dan ikut merasakan ketakutan mereka. I just love how a simple picture could tell a long, complicated story. Waktu itu gue langsung mikir: fuck new shoes, I‟m getting a camera instead.” Ruly : “Nice words, Key,” sambil tertawa. 63


Data No

Page

Dialogue

SW

E S


Motives P S L M M M

√

√

(Monologue) You know, the kind of eraser that doesn‟t even leave the tiniest trace. 8.

61

What do you call that, disinfectant? Fumigant? Decontaminant? Jenis

fucking

pembersih yang digunakan CSI people (atau the cleaner? Terserahlah) untuk membersihkan crime scene. My head is fucking crime scene right now. (Monologue) You see, sejak masih sekolah dulu, aku memang lebih suka berteman dengan sahabat laki-laki. Perempuan itu ribet. Menusuk dari 9.

66

belakang, sibuk ber-clique dan saling gencet, menyebar gossip ke

bitches

√

√

mana-mana. Too much politics for me. Ya kecuali dengan Dinda yang sama nggak mau repotnya. Just two cool bitches strutting their stuff hahaha. 10.

70

(Monologue)

Fucking

√

√

Cerita satu malam dua tahun sepuluh bulan yang lalu. Terkadang aku 64


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√

√

merasa memang benar-benar dianugerahi photographic memory karena bisa mengingat detik demi detik kejadian subuh itu sampai sekarang. Anugerah yang seharusnya bisa kupakai untuk melalui sekolah kedokteran segampang membalikkan telapak tangan, pardon my arrogance. But what does the gift give me instead, Rul? Fucking misery. (Monologue) 11.

73

My photographic memory is scaring the hell out of me.

hell

Bahwa aku bisa mengingat aku dan dia mengobrol tentang apa pun kecuali penyebabku mabuk semabuk-mabuknya malam itu. (Dialogue) 12.

78

Keara: “Oh, shiiit, Cosmopolitan-nya nendang gila.”

shit

√

√

Haris : “Slow down, Key.” 13.

82

(Monologue) “I‟ve always been wanted by dozens and dozens of men you didn‟t

son of a bitch

√

√

65


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fucking

√

√

fucking

√

SW

E S

want me, you son of a bitch.” (Monologue) 14.

85

“The whole three fucking days in Singapore that have ruined my very emotional and physical existence.” (Monologue) Tapi aku juga tidak suka meninggalkan kantor begitu jam 3-in-1 lewat,

√

duduk di mobil di parkiran sendirian dan jariku otomatis ingin mendial 15.

99

nomor Haris seperti biasanya dulu selalu kulakukan setiap

malam, saying something like, “Risjad, lo nggak lagi sama anggota

√

√ fucking

harem lo, kan? Temenin gue makan yuk, gue udah ngacir dari kantor nih. Cepetan, ya.” But, I can‟t fucking do that. Risjad, since you fucking ruined our friendship. Or should I just start calling you

asshole

√

√

asshole from now on? 16.

100

(Dialogue)

66


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Keara: “Karena gue nggak tahu kenapa, Din, tapi gue lagi males aja

shit

E S

Types A H A B S U S S √

Motives P S L M M M

√

mikirin si Ruly. I‟ve got too much shit going on in my life since the whole Singapore thing. …..” Dinda: “Keara Tedjasukmana, mau minum ya minum aja, kali! Quit this „holier than thou‟ act!” (Dialogue) Dinda: “Panji is not the asshole that we know then?” Keara : “Oh, he IS the asshole that we know.” 17.

112

Dinda: “So he did try stuff with you?”

√

asshole

√

Keara: “Ya iyalah. I‟m just „assholing‟ him back.” Dinda: “Heh? Maksudnya?” Keara: “Udahlah, nggak penting dibahas. Gue sama dia cuma mainmain aja.” 18.

118

(Monologue)

God

√

√

“But no, God, You have to mess up with my life, don‟t you? Harus ya 67


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tadi pagi itu aku dipanggil ke rapat redaksi, dan di ruangan itu─selain direksi tentunya─sudah ada delapan orang lain yang mukanya tidak pernah kulihat, kecuali sesosok laki-laki di sudut meja yang tersenyum ke arahku. Senyuman teduh yang dulu membuatku jatuh cinta. What the hell is Ruly doing there, God?‟

What the hell…

√

√

(Monologue) “I miss laughing with you, Rul.” 19.

121

“Craaaap, cukup! Aku perlu dimain-mainin sama Panji dulu kalau

Crap

√

√

begini.” “Namun, saat ini Ruly tersenyum ke arahku di depan kasir. …….” (Monologue) 20.

134

“Lebih penting perempuan ini buat laki gue daripada gue? Coba lo

fucking

√

√

piker, wajar nggak kayak gitu? Wajar nggak?” Aku kembali menguap. Gila, nggak aku banget sebenarnya sudah

68


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terbangun jam delapan pagi on a fucking Saturday morning garagra dihujani telepon si monyet satu ini. Menyeret diri ke kamar mandi, setengah sadar saat memakai baju, dan akhirnya memutuskan untuk mencuri-curi tidur lagi di taksi saja daripada nyetir sendiri. (Monologue) “But I can‟t help wondering, Rul, what is your weakness? Dengan aku dan bikiniku subuh-subuh begini sendirian di private beach ini, ini 21.

160

bukan termasuk kelemahan kamu ya? Every man wants this. This

crap

√

√

being me. Bahkan terakhir kali aku di Bali dengan si Haris, dia saja ….. crap, kenapa aku harus menyebut-nyebut nama si keparat itu lagi?” (Monologue) 22.

181

“Setan-setan ini bego juga ya, ngapain juga masih nanya-nanya masih ingat apa enggak. I have a fucking photographic memory, for God‟s sake. Of course, I remember every little detail. Tapi aku terlalu cinta

fucking

√

√

69


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nasi Wardani dan terlalu cinta Ayana untuk membiarkan dua tempat ini diasosiasikan dengan laki-laki bangsat yang paling aku benci sedunia sampai kapan pun itu.” (Monologue) 23.

184

“Damn, setengah mati rasanya menahan air mata kalau cerita tentang

Damn

√

√

crap

√

√

hal ini. Aku menelan seteguk wine, dan Ruly masih menatapku.” (Monologue) 24.

185

“Oh crap, and here comes the tears. Cengeng banget gue memang sebenarnya, Rul.” (Monologue) Aku ingat Dinda pernah bilang bahwa mungkin aku jatuh cinta kepada

25.

186

Rulu karena dia itu sosoknya seperti seorang ayah yang selalu

bitch

√

√

melindungi, yang ngemong, yang dewasa. “Don‟t freud me, bitch,” kataku tertawa waktu DInda menganalisis begitu. 70


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√

√

(Monologue) “Semuaya tidak ada apa-apanya dibandingkan bulan September tahun 26.

188

lalu. The fucking F1 Singapore 2009, literally. Kebodohan terseret-

fucking

seret perasaan terhadap Ruly yang diakhiri dengan kesalahan terbesar dalam hidupku. ... ” (Monologue) 27.

194

“Oh fuck, sepertinya aku baru saja merasakan bebek bengil yang

fucks

√

√

kumakan tadi siang mulai naik ke pangkal tenggorokan.” (Monologue) 28.

196

“Aku menahan diri untuk tidak mundah lagi sampai dia menghilang di

fucking

√

√

crappy

√

√

balik pintu menuju dek. Fucking second jackpot. Bubar jalan beneran Operation Conquer Ruly in kalau begini caranya.” (Dialogue) 29.

197

Ruly

: “Mendingan kan, ya, biasanya kalau udah minum obat

begini?” 71


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Motives P S L M M M

fucking

√

√

fucking

√

√

fucked

√

√

SW

E S

Keara: “Normally, iya. Tapi gila ya, musik kampung di dalam itu masih kedengaran aja dari sini. Makin pusing gue, Rul. I feel like I‟m inside a crappy episode of The Love Boat.” (Monologue) “But isn‟t it funny how the universe is playing with us? Karena di saat kamu perlahan mulai mengaburkan bayangan Ruly dari kepala ini, 30.

203

dalam dua atau tiga menit terakhir, tanganku yang bertumpu di meja pantry ini tidak sengaja menyenggol remote TV, menyalakan TV di ruang tamu yang berjarak hanya tiga meter dari sini. And it’s fucking ESPN with a fucking soccer match on.”

31.

206

(Monologue) “I’m fucking pathetic, aren‟t I?” (Monologue)

32.

210

“But we‟ve got ourselves a little situation here. Dan ini sinting. Sinting sesinting-sintingnya. Nggak ada yang waras, kan dari kenyataan

72


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bahwa ada suara setan yang bergema berulang-ulang dalam kepalaku bahwa aku tidak bisa mencintai Panji, atau siapa pun, sampai aku benar-benar yakin aku tidak bisa mencintai Ruly lagi. Sampai aku yakin Ruly tidak mungkin jadi milikku. Oh yeah, I‟m all fucked up here.” (Dialogue) “Lo masih ada kopi kan, Din? Gila ngantuknya banget nih.” “Ada, kita ke dapur aja yuk. Tidur jam berapa lo tadi malam? 33.

211

“Lupa. Satu atau dua kali, ya?” aku mengikuti langkahnya.

Damn

√

√

Crap

√

√

“Panji?” tanyanya dengan nada „did Panji do this to you?‟ “Nggak ngapa-ngapain. Kami cuma nonton The A-Team di Blitz, terus langsung pulang. Damn, that Bradley Cooper guy is hot,” aku menuangkan secangkir kopi lagi dari coffee maker. 34.

217

(Dialogue) “Nggak pantes tapi nanti pas John Mayer nyanyi yang dibayang-

73


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Motives P S L M M M

bayangkan di lirik lagunya itu si dua orang lo bilang nggak pantes itu,” goda Dinda lagi. “Crap, this is gonna be a long flight ya dengan lo nggak berhenti mengolok-olok gue begini.” Dinda tertawa, mengambil majalah „KrisWorld‟ dari kantong kursi di depannya. (Dialogue) “What the hell do you think you were doing?” sungutku sambil 35.

232

memasang safety belt. “Maksudnya?” Dinda menoleh bingung.

√

What the hell

√

“Buat apa tadi lo harus pakai ngobrol-ngobrol beramah-tamah dengan si Haris segala?” (Monologue) 36.

243

“Panji has been my go-t-guy for almost anything. Tapi come on, dari

Crap

√

√

mana dia dapat pengesahan bahwa dia mulai boleh „titip jagain‟ ke 74


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Motives P S L M M M

siapa-siapa? Crap, I can‟t get over how much this bugs the shit out of me.” (Monologue) “Ini agak-agak kejam sebenarnya. Pengusiran halus terhadap Panji setelah sebelumnya di bandara aku membiarkan dia meluk-meluk dan 37.

244

memegang tanganku di depan Haris hanya untuk… untuk apa ya

√

fuck

√

sebenarnya? Untuk menunjukkan ke Haris bahwa aku bahagia „thankyouverymuch‟ walaupun aku tidak memiliki dia lagi sebagai sahabatku? Yeah, why did I do that? What the fuck was going on with my mind?” (Monologue) “This, I could get used to. Menikmati rayuan dan perhatian Panji tiga 38.

260

atau empat kali seminggu sebagai dosis yang tepat untuk meyakinkan

bitch

√

√

diriku sendiri bahwa aku a great catch dan hanya si Ruly saja laki-laki buta di dunia ini yang tidak bisa melihat ini. I am such as an angry yet 75


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pathetic little bitch, aren‟t I? (Monologue) Dia tergelak. “Sini deh aku temenin mandi biar nggak marah-marah gitu.” Aku tertawa. “Maunya kamu, ya. Kamu udah nyampe Pakubuwono juga? Nggak nabarak orang kan tadi?” “Too drunk to remember, tapi yang penting aku udah di tempat tidur 39.

260

aja,” candanya.

crap

√

√

“Ya udah, tidur sana gih, masih agak –agak jetlag juga pasti, kan kamunya? Nanti kecapekan malah sakit, lagi.” “Iya, sebentar lagi,” jawabnya. “Um, Key…” “Ya?” “I think I love you.” Oh, crap.

76


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√

√

(Monologue) “Life is hell and I‟m trying to create my own heaven. 40.

279

Ada

rasa

yang

sedikit

heart-warming

waktu

aku

akhirnya

membenamkan tubuhku di bathtub, memejamkan mata menikmati bath

hell

salt yang mulai melumer dan mengisi pori-pori. Sudah cukup yang menangis hari ini hanya bumi dan awan saja.” (Monologue) 41.

279

“And the whole „you deserve better, Keara‟, menurut lo gue nggak

fucked

√

√

fucked

√

√

tahu itu? I know I deserve better. But my fucked up heart and mind keep telling me that I don‟t want better, I want Ruly.” (Monologue) 42.

284

“So here‟s the fucked up universe that I‟m living in. Denise sedang terbaring tak berdaya di rumah sakit dan aku masih merasa dia lebih beruntung daripadaku.”

77


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(Monologue) “Kamu tahu apa yang sekarang tiba-tiba muncul di pikiranku, Rul? I‟ve always been wanted by dozens and dozens of men and you never 43.

307

want me. Kalau Raul atau Enzo atau Panji, aku tidak perlu menceritakan mereka ngapain, tapi yang jelas tidak akan hanya duduk

fucked

√

√

26 23 4

19

diam layaknya stupa seperti kamu sekarang. Tapi tahu apa keunggulan kamu dibanding mereka? “Nobody ever fucked my head as much as you do.” Total

46 words

12 4

4

78


Abbreviation: SW

: Swear Word

AUS

: Auxiliary Swearing

ES

: Expletives Swearing

PM

: Psychological Motive

ABS

: Abusive Swearing

SM

: Social Motive

HS

: Humorous Swearing

LM

: Linguistic Motive

79


80

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