JENIS CACING TANAH YANG BERPOTENSI SEBAGAI KANDIDAT BIOINDIKATOR LOGAM Pb DAN Cr BERDASARKAN KELIMPAHAN, STRUKTUR MORFOMETRI DAN KANDUNGAN SISTEIN

ADLN PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

LAPORAN DISERTASI

JENIS CACING TANAH YANG BERPOTENSI SEBAGAI KANDIDAT BIOINDIKATOR LOGAM Pb DAN Cr BERDASARKAN KELIMPAHAN, STRUKTUR MORFOMETRI DAN KANDUNGAN SISTEIN (SPECIES OF EARTHWORM WHICH HAS POTENCY AS LEAD AND CHROMIUM BIOINDICATOR CANDIDATE BASED ON ABUNDANCE, MORPHOMETRIC STRUCTURE, AND CYSTEINE CONTENT)

OLEH WIDOWATI BUDIJASTUTI NIM. 081217027304

PROGRAM STUDI S3 MIPA FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA 2016

DISERTASI

JENIS CACING TANAH...

WIDOWATI B.


LAPORAN DISERTASI

JENIS CACING TANAH YANG BERPOTENSI SEBAGAI KANDIDAT BIOINDIKATOR LOGAM Pb DAN Cr BERDASARKAN KELIMPAHAN, STRUKTUR MORFOMETRI DAN KANDUNGAN SISTEIN (SPECIES OF EARTHWORM WHICH HAS POTENCY AS LEAD AND CHROMIUM BIOINDICATOR CANDIDATE BASED ON ABUNDANCE, MORPHOMETRIC STRUCTURE, AND CYSTEINE CONTENT)

OLEH WIDOWATI BUDIJASTUTI NIM. 081217027304

PROGRAM STUDI S3 MIPA FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA 2016

DISERTASI


WIDOWATI B.


DISERTASI


WIDOWATI B.


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WIDOWATI B.


PRAKATA

Rasa syukur yang amat dalam atas rahmat “Allah SWT” maka laporan disertasi ini dengan judul ”Potensi Cacing Tanah Sebagai Bioindikator Logam Pb Dan Cr Berdasarkan Indeks Keanekaragaman, Kelimpahan, Struktur Morfometri Dan Kandungan Sistein”, dapat terselesaikan, Tujuan penulisan ini untuk memenuhi kewajiban saya sebagai mahasiswa S3 MIPA di FST Universitas Airlangga Surabaya dan kewajiban saya sebagai akademika untuk mengembangkan ilmu di bidang keahlian yaitu Struktur Perkembangan (khususnya Invertebrata). Ucapan terimakasih terutama saya tujukan kepada promotor dan kopromotor, Prof. Dr. Ir. Agoes Soegianto, DEA dan Dr.Sucipto Hariyanto,DEA, yang telah bekerja keras dalam membimbing dan memecahkan masalah atas seluruh disertasi ini. Dekan FMIPA Unesa Prof.Dr.Suyono,M.Pd beserta staf, Ketua Jurusan Biologi, Dr.Yuliani,M.Si beserta staf. Dekan FST Unair, Prof. Win Darmanto, M.Si. Ph.D beserta staf, Ketua Program Studi S3 MIPA, Dr. Alfinda Novi Kristanti, DEA beserta staf dan seluruh staf laboratorium Biologi, Kimia, dan IPA terpadu di Unesa. Tiada gading yang tak retak, laporan disertasi ini hanyalah hasil jerih payah mahasiswa yang masih membutuhkan ilmu, untuk itu saran dan kritik untuk peningkatan mutu sangat diharapkan dalam laporan ini. Semoga ilmu saya dapat digunakan kebermanfaatannya dengan sebaik-baiknya.

Surabaya, 30 Agustus 2016

Penulis

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Ucapan Terima Kasih Rasa syukur setinggi-tingginya saya panjatkan kepada “Allah SWT” yang telah memberikan ridho dan rahmatNya dalam menyelesaikan studi S3 ini. Melalui bapak/ibu/sdr saya mendapat bantuan bimbingan, motivasi, tenaga, pikiran, kritik dan saran ataupun material, hanya ucapan terimakasih yang sangat dalam saya sampaikan kepada yang terhormat : 1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Agoes Soegianto, DEA dan Dr.Sucipto Hariyanto,DEA sebagai promotor dan kopromotor, yang selalu dengan terbuka menerima, dan melayani bimbingan dengan sabar dan ikhlas. 2. Prof.Dr.Bambang Irawan, M.Sc, Prof. Win Darmanto, M.Si. Ph.D, dan Dr Fida Rachmadiarti M.Kes, sebagai penguji saya mulai dari proposal hingga ujian tertutup ini,juga kepada Prof Ir Joni Hermana,M Sc.Es.Ph.D dan Dr Bagyo Yanuwiadi selaku penguji pada sidang tertutup, dengan profesional tinggi dan komunikatif juga memberikan sumbangsih pemikiran yang berharga atas penelitian disertasi ini. 3. Dr. Alfiah Hayati.,M.Kes selaku dosen pembimbing akademik sampai mengantarkan saya pada ujian kualifikasi mahasiswa S3 MIPA di FST Universitas Airlangga, dan seluruh staf pengajar S3 MIPA FST Universitas Airlangga yang telah memberikan ilmunya. 4. Prof. Win Darmanto, M.Si. Ph.D, beserta staf selaku Dekan FST Universitas Airlangga. Prof.Dr.Bambang Irawan, M.Sc, selaku Ketua Program Studi S3 MIPA periode 2011-2015 dan dan Dr. Alfinda Novi Kristanti,DEA, selaku Ketua Program Studi S3 MIPA beserta staf 2015-sekarang, yang telah membantu atas kelancaran studi S3 ini. 5. Prof. Dr. Suyono M.Pd, selaku Dekan FMIPA Unesa, Dr. Yuni Sri Rahayu, M.Sc, dan Dr Wasis Akbar, M.Si selaku wakil Dekan yang telah mengijinkan dan membantu saya dalam penggunaan alat di Laboratorium IPA terpadu FMIPA Unesa. 6. Dr. Raharjo M.Si, selaku Ketua Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Unesa periode 20122016 dan Dr. Yuliani M.Si, selaku Ketua Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Unesa periode 2016-sekarang yang telah banyak membantu dalam memberikan ijin dan memudahkan masalah dalam studi dan pekerjaan saya. 7. Dr. Isnawati M.Si, Dr. Mahanani M.Si, Dr. Nunik M.Si, Trisiswati,S.Si,M.Si, Drs Edi Praktino, Dra. Faizah (Alm), Verra, S.Si, Nurul.,S.Si, dan Mahrus Ismail,M.Si yang telah membantu penelitian ini di laboratorium Biologi Unesa, Laboratorium Kualitas Air Teknik Lingkungan ITS, Laboratorium Kimia Unesa, Laboratorium IPA terpadu Unesa, dan Laboratorium Molekuler Biologi UIN Malang. 8. Suami tercinta Drs. Eko Wijaya, dan ananda Ewing Mahendra Putra, selain ucapan terimakasih atas motivasi dan keikhlasannya dalam mengijinkan studi,

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saya meminta maaf atas kekhilafan dan terganggunya tugas dan kewajiban saya sebagai istri dan ibu bagi ananda. 9. Teriring doa untuk kedua orang tua saya alm ibu Nani Mulyani dan alm Bapak Bisono Wirjohoetomo,BcKn, Alm bapak mertua Nur Cholis, yang semasa hidupnya telah tulus ikhlas membimbing dan mendoakan saya. Ibu mertua saya Sujati, kakak dan adik saya, Ir. Pudji Nastiti, M.M, Ir. Murman Budiyanto,M.Si,M.Sc, Dr. Ir. Rahmat Budisantoso, M.Si dan Ir. Luhur Budiyarso, Adik-adik ipar saya, Heri Pujiyuniarto S.E, Windi Setyawati dan Enny Retnawati A.Md, yang senantiasa memberikan doa dan motivasinya. 10. Para senior dan dosen saya tercinta yang masih aktif di jurusan Biologi Unesa, yaitu Prof. Dr.dr Tjandrakirana,M.S, Sp.And., Prof. Dr. Muslimin Ibrahim, M.Pd, Prof. Dr. Endang Susantini M.Pd, Dr. Tjipto Haryanto,M.Si, Dr.Ir.Dyah Hariani,M.Si, Dr.Fida Rachmadiarti,M.Kes, Dra Wisanti M.S, Dra. Winarsih M.Kes. Saudara-saudara saya civitas akademika di jurusan Biologi Unesa, terutama di rumpun Struktur Perkembangan, Biologi Umum, Ekologi, Fisiologi dan Taksonomi, yang setiap saat selalu memberikan motivasi dan kemudahan pekerjaan dan studi saya. 11. Ucapan terimakasih juga saya tujukan kepada seluruh alumni mahasiswa saya yang telah membantu saya khususnya Iva, Shafira, Nisa dan Bayu. Teman seperjuangan di S3 MIPA Unair, sahabat-sahabat sekolah dan para tetangga yang tidak dapat saya sebut satu persatu yang telah memberikan motivasi.

Akhir kata, saya hanya dapat berdoa semoga Allah membalas kebaikan bapak, ibu dan saudara sekalian sebagai ilmu dan amalan yang tiada terputus. Amin.

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Jenis Cacing Tanah kandidat yang berpotensi sebagai Bioindikator Logam Pb Dan Cr Berdasarkan Kelimpahan, Struktur Morfometri Dan Kandungan Sistein Abstrak Penelitian eksplorasi ini bertujuan mengevaluasi cacing tanah sebagai potensi bioindikator logam berat Pb dan Cr berdasarkan indeks keanekaragaman, kelimpahan, struktur morfometri dan kandungan sistein pada cacing tanah yang berada di habitat pohon pisang di Gresik dan Bangkalan, menganalisis data distribusi jenis dan kelimpahan cacing lokal dengan menghubungkan pengaruhnya terhadap logam berat, faktor kimia non logam berat dan fisika tanah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metoda eksplorasi dengan sa\\\mpling terpilih, dengan menggunakan transek berukuran 25cmX25 cm, kedalaman 20 cm. Data diambil pada bulan Januari-Mei 2014 dan Februari-April 2015. Identifikasi cacing tanah dilakukan dengan menggunakan kunci Blackmore,2010. Morfometri cacing tanah yang diukur adalah berat,panjang,diameter tubuh, ukuran lubang kelamin jantan dan betina, jumlah segmen dan jumlah seta cacing. Analisis logam berat menggunakan Atomic Absorptions Spectrofotometer (AAS), analisis kandungan sistein dengan Kromatograf gas (GC), analisis fisika (suhu, kelembapan,jenis,porositas,berat isi tanah, berat jenis tanah) dan analisis kimia tanah (pH,bahan organik, C,N,P,K) menggunakan metode standart. Sedangkan data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan PCA untuk mengevaluasi hubungan distribusi kelimpahan dengan parameter dan menggunakan GSCA untuk menguji hipotesis antara parameter. Hasil penelitian menemukan 5 jenis cacing tanah dari famili Megascolexcidae pada habitat pohon pisang di Gresik dan Bangkalan adalah Amynthas. robbustus, Metaphire javanica. M. californica, M. posthuma, dan Pheretima recemosa. Ada pengaruh signifikan potensi bioindikator ditinjau dari morfometri (kecuali diameter vesikula), indeks keanekaragaman, keseragaman, dan dominansi. Ada pengaruh signifikan kelimpahan cacing tanah dengan faktor fisika tanah dan logam berat. Ada pengaruh tidak langsung antara kelimpahan cacing dengan faktor kimia tanah. Jenis spesies dominan adalah A. robbustus. Ada pengaruh signifikan antara kelimpahan cacing dominan ini dengan logam berat dan fisika tanah. Faktor kimia tanah walaupun tidak pengaruh secara langsung, namun hasil analisis pengaruh total menunjukkan faktor yang paling dominan mempengaruhi kelimpahan A. robbustus. Simpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan ada potensi bioindikator dari jenis cacing tanah terhadap logam berat Pb dan Cr berdasarkan kelimpahan, struktur morfometri dan kandungan sistein pada cacing tanah yang berada di habitat pohon pisang di Gresik dan Bangkalan, penyebaran jenis dan kelimpahan cacing yang ditemukan dipengaruhi oleh logam berat, faktor kimia non logam berat dan fisika tanah. Jenis cacing A. robbustus berpotensi sebagai bioindikator logam berat Pb dan Cr. Kata kunci : potensi bioindikator, morfometri,indeks keanekaragaman, keseragaman dan dominansi

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Species of Earthworm which Has Potency as Lead and Chromium Bioindicator Candidate Based on Abundance, Morphometric Structure, and Cysteine Content Abstract This exploration study aims to 1) evaluate the potency of lead and chromium bioindicator based on index of diversity, abundance, morphometric structure, and cysteine content in the earthworms around banana trees at Gresik and Bangkalan, 2) analyse the data of species distribution and the abundance by connecting its effect toward heavy metals, non-heavy metal chemical factor, and physical factor of soil. This research used exploration method with chosen samples, using transect in 25x25 cm of size and 20 cm of depth. Findings were taken on January until May 2014 and on February until April 2015. Earthworms were identified using Blackmore key, 2010. The morphometric structure of earthworms were evaluated from the mass, length of body, diameter of body, size of male and female organ reproduction, segment number and setae number. Heavy metal concentration was analysed using AAS method, cysteine content was analysed using Gas Chromatografi method, meanwhile physical factors (temperature, humidity, variety, porosity, mass of soil, density of soil) and chemical factors (pH, organic materials such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) were analysed using standard method. Data was analysed using PCA method to evaluate the relation of abundance distribution with the parameters then GSCA method was used to test the hypotheses between each parameter. Findings indicated that there were five species of earthworms around banana trees in Gresik and Bangkalan belonging in Megascolexcidaes which are Amynthas robbustus, Metaphire javanica, M. californica, M. posthuma, and Pheretima recemosa. Furthermore, there was significant effect of bioindicator potency according to the morphometric structure (except vesicula diameter), index of diversity, uniformity, and dominance. There was also significant effect of earthworms abundance toward the soil physical factor and heavy metal concentration. Then there was indirect effect between earthworm abundance and soil chemical factor. A. robbustus is the most dominant species showing the significant effect between its abundance with the soil physical and chemical factors. Although the soil chemical factors did not show indirect effect but the total effect analysis result indicated that the most dominant factor influenced the abundance of A. robbustus. It can be concluded that there is a bioindicator potency of certain earthworms toward lead and chromium based on the abundance, morphometric structure, and cysteine content in the earthworms around banana trees at Gresik and Bangkalan. Furthermore, the species distribution and abundance were influenced by heavy metals, non-heavy metal chemical factor, and physical factor of soil. A. robbustus has abilities as lead and chromium bioindicator. Keywords: bioindicator potency; morphometric structure; index of diversity, uniformity, and dominance

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DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ...................................................................................... i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ........................................................................ ii HALAMAN DAFTAR ISI............................................................................. iv DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... ix DAFTAR TABEL .......................................................................................... xiii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................. xv HALAMAN PRAKATA ................................................................................ xvi HALAMAN UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ................................................... xvii HALAMAN ABSTRACT .............................................................................. xix BAB I. PENGANTAR 1.1. LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH................................................... 1 1.2. RUMUSAN MASALAH .................................................................. 5 1.3. TUJUAN PENELITIAN ................................................................... 7 1.4. MANFAAT PENELITIAN ............................................................... 8 1.5. BATASAN PENELITIAN ............................................................... 8 1.6. KEBAHARUAN PENELITIAN ...................................................... 9 BAB II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1.BIOEKOLOGI CACING TANAH..................................................... 10 2.1.1. Biologi Cacing Tanah ............................................................. 10 2.1.2. Sistemika Cacing Tanah .......................................................... 15 2.1.3. Ekologi Cacing Tanah ............................................................. 17 2.1.4. Distribusi Cacing Tanah Di Indonesia dan Negara Lain ......... 21 2.2.CACING TANAH DAN PENCEMARAN TANAH ......................... 22 2.2.1. Hubungan Cacing Tanah Dengan Pencemaran Logam Berat.. 22 2.2.2. Bioindikator dan Biomonitoring Cacing Tanah ....................... 24 2.3.PROFIL ASAM AMINO CACING TANAH .................................... 27 2.3.1. Asam Amino Pada Tubuh Cacing Tanah................................. 27 2.3.2. Hubungan Jenis Asam Amino Spesifik dan binding logam (Metallothionein) di Cacing Tanah .......................................... 30

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2.4 ANALISA MULTIVARATE DAN PRINCIPAL KOMPONEN ANALISIS (PCA) .............................................................................. 32 2.4.1. Analisis Cluster dan Multivariate ............................................ 32 2.4.2. Principal Komponen Analisis (PCA) ....................................... 33 2.4.3. General Structure Komponen Analisis (GSCA)……………….33 BAB III. HIPOTESIS DAN KONSEP ILMIAH 3.1.HIPOTESIS......................................................................................... 35 3.2.KERANGKA BERPIKIR ................................................................... 35 BAB IV. METODE PENELITIAN 4.1. JENIS PENELITIAN ......................................................................... 39 4.2. TEMPAT PENELITIAN ................................................................... 39 4.3. SASARAN PENELITIAN ................................................................ 40 4.4. PARAMETER PENELITIAN ........................................................... 40 4.5. DESKRIPSI AREA STUDI ............................................................... 41 4.6. ALAT DAN BAHAN ........................................................................ 43 4.6.1. Alat .......................................................................................... 43 4.6.2. Bahan ...................................................................................... 44 4.7. METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................. 44 4.8. PROSEDUR PELAKSANAAN PENELITIAN ................................ 44 4.8.1. Prosedur Pengambilan Sampel Cacing Tanah ........................ 45 4.8.2. Prosedur Pengukuran Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Tanah ................ 46 4.8.3. Mengukur Kadar Logam Berat dalam Tanah Menggunakan AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrofotometer) ........................... 50 4.8.4. Identifikas Spesies Cacing Tanah ............................................ 50 4.8.5. Kadar Kandungan Sistein ........................................................ 52 4.9. ANALISIS DATA ............................................................................. 54 BAB V. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 5.1. HASIL PENELITIAN ....................................................................... 55 5.1.1.

Kandungan logam, faktor fisika dan kimia tanah non 55 logam berat di habitat pohon pisang pada dua lingkungan berbeda Gresik dan Bangkalan ……………......................

5.1.2.

Jenis cacing tanah yang ditemukan di Gresik dan 57

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Bangkalan……………………………………………....... 5.1.3.

Indeks Keanekaragaman, Dominansi dan Keseragaman 61 di Gresik dan Bangkalan………………………………....

5.1.4.

Hasil hubungan penyebaran dan kelimpahan cacing tanah 63 dengan logam berat tanah, sifat kimia dan fisika tanah……………………………....................................... Hubungan logam berat dengan

penyebaran dan 63

kelimpahan cacing tanah di Gresik………………............ Hubungan logam berat dengan

penyebaran dan 65

kelimpahan cacing tanah di Bangkalan…………………. .

Hubungan faktor kimia non logam berat non logam berat

67

non logam berat non logam berat non logam berat non logam berat tanah dengan penyebaran dan kelimpahan cacing tanah di Gresik…………………………………… Hubungan faktor kimia non logam berat tanah dengan 71 penyebaran dan kelimpahan cacing tanah di Bangkalan... Hubungan Faktor Fisika tanah dengan penyebaran dan 74 kelimpahan cacing tanah di Gresik……………………… Hubungan

Fisika

tanah

dengan

penyebaran

dan 77

kelimpahan cacing tanah di Bangkalan………………….. 5.1.5.

Morfometri jenis cacing tanah pada habitat pohon pisang 80 di lingkungan yang berbeda Gresik dan Bangkalan…….. Hasil Hubungan morfometri dengan penyebaran jenis 80 dan kelimpahan di Gresik………………………………... Hasil Hubungan morfometri dengan penyebaran jenis 83 dan kelimpahan di Bangkalan……………………………

5.1.6.

Potensi

bioindikator

cacing

tanah

ditinjau

dari 86

morfometri, indeks keanekaragaman, indeks dominansi dan indeks keseragaman kelimpahan dan jenis cacing tanah di Gresik dan Bangkalan…………………………... 5.1.7.

Pengaruh potensi biondikator dengan kelimpahan cacing

87

tanah dan hubungan kelimpahan terhadap faktor logam

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berat tanah, sifat fisika…………………………………... 5.1.8.

Jenis cacing tanah kandidat

yang adaptif terhadap 96

lingkungan tercemar di Gresik dan Bangkalan dan perbandingan deposit logam beratnya…………………… 5.1.9.

Hubungan kelimpahan cacing kandidat yang ditemukan 97 dengan kandungan logam berat dan faktor kimia non logam berat tanah di Gresik dan Bangkalan pada waktu yang berbeda……………………………………………..

5.1.10. Kandungan deposit logam dan

sistein cacing tanah 105

A.robbustus………………………………………………. 5.1.11. Hubungan kelimpahan cacing kandidat terhadap logam 106 berat Pb dan Cr tanah, sifat fisika tanah, sifat kimia non logam berat tanah, deposit logam berat dan kandungan sistein pada tubuh cacing………………………………… 5.2. PEMBAHASAN ................................................................................ 116 5.2.1.

Keberadaan logam berat, faktor fisika dan kimia non 116 logam berat tanah di habitat pohon pisang pada dua lingkungan berbeda Gresik dan Bangkalan ……………...

5.2.2.

Keanekaragaman, Dominansi dan Keseragaman cacing 118 tanah pada habitat pohon pisang di lingkungan yang berbeda Gresik dan Bangkalan…………………………...

5.2.3.

Morfometri jenis cacing tanah pada habitat pohon pisang 121 di lingkungan yang berbeda Gresik dan Bangkalan……..

5.2.4.

Penentuan potensi cacing tanah sebagai bioindikator……

124

5.2.5.

Penentuan kandidat jenis cacing tanah yang berpotensi 128 untuk menjadi bioindikator………………………………

5.2.6.

Monitoring dan evaluasi jenis cacing tanah kandidat 129 sebagai bioindikator……………………………………...

5.2.7

Pembahasan Terintegrasi………………………………… 137

BAB VI. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 6.1 Kesimpulan …………………………………………………………... 142

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6.2 Saran ………………………………………………………………… 143 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... 145 LAMPIRAN

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DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar

Halaman

2.1

Tipe dan bentuk Seta……………………………………………….

10

2.2

Tipe prostomium cacing tanah……………………………………..

11

2.3

Tipe seca cacing tanah……………………………………………... 11

2.4

Topografi organ dalam cacing tanah……………………………….

2.5

Tipe-tipe spermateka/bentuk spermateka………………………….. 14

2.6

Bentuk-bentuk kelenjar prostat…………………………………….

4.1

Lokasi penelitian (Digitasi Peta Bumi Indonesia, 2016)…………... 41

4.2

Habitat pohon pisang………………………………………………. 45

4.3 a

Plot sampling, b. pengukuran pH,suhu, dan kelembapan………….

4.4

Diameter prostat cacing……………………………………………. 52

5.1

Perbandingan kandungan logam berat Pb, Cr,Fe dan Zn (mg/kg) 55

12

14

46

Gresik dan Bangkalan……………………………………………... 5.2

Perbandingan hasil nilai analisis kimia non logam berat tanah di 56 Gresik dan Bangkalan……………………………………………...

5.3

Perbandingan hasil kandungan sifat fisika tanah di Gresik dan 57 Bangkalan………………………………………………………......

5.4

Perbandingan nilai indeks keanekaragaman, keseragaman, dan 62 dominansi di Gresik dan Bangkalan………………………………..

5.5

Grafik PCA persebaran kelimpahan cacing tanah di Gresik 64 berdasarkan sifat logam berat a) Penyebaran sifat logam berat pada komponen utama, b) Proyeksi titik lokasi pengamatan pada komponent utama..............................................................................

5.6

Penyebaran cacing tanah di daerah Gresik berdasarkan sifat logam

65

berat……………………………………………………………....... 5.7

Grafik PCA Penyebaran cacing tanah di Bangkalan berdasarkan 66 sifat logam berat a). Penyebaran sifat logam berat pada komponen utama, b). Proyeksi titik lokasi pengamatan pada komponen utama……………………………………………………………….

5.8

Penyebaran cacing tanah di Bangkalan berdasarkan sifat logam 67

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berat………………………………………………………………... 5.9

Grafik PCA Penyebaran dan kelimpahan Cacing tanah di Gresik 69 Berdasarkan sifat kimia non logam berat tanah a). Penyebaran sifat kimia non logam berat tanah pada komponen utama, b). Proyeksi

titik

lokasi

pengamatan

pada

komponen

utama………………………………………………………………. 5.10

Penyebaran Cacing tanah di Gresik berdasarkan sifat kimia 70 tanah………………………………………………………………..

5.11

Grafik PCA Penyebaran Cacing tanah di Bangkalan berdasarkan 73 sifat kimia non logam berat tanah a). Penyebaran sifat kimia non logam berat tanah pada komponen utama, b). Proyeksi titik lokasi pengamatan pada komponen utama………………………………..

5.12

Penyebaran Cacing tanah di Bangkalan berdasarkan sifat kimia 74 non logam berat tanah……………………………………………...

5.13

Grafik PCA Persebaran Cacing tanah di Gresik berdasarkan sifat 76 fisika tanaha). Penyebaran sifat fisika tanah pada komponen utama, b). proyeksi titik lokasi pengamatan pada komponen utama……………………………………………………………….

5.14

Penyebaran Cacing tanah di daerah Gresik berdasarkan sifat fisika 77 tanah……………………………………………………………….

5.15

Grafik PCA Persebaran Cacing tanah di Bangkalan berdasarkan 79 sifat fisika tanah, a). Penyebaran sifat fisika tanah pada komponen utama, b). proyeksi titik lokasi pengamatan pada komponen utama……………………………………………………………….

5.16

Penyebaran cacing tanah di daerah Bangkalan berdasarkan sifat 80 fisika tanah…………………………………………………………

5.17

Grafik PCA persebaran cacing tanah di Gresik berdasarkan 82 morfometri a). Penyebaran morfometri pada komponen utama, b). proyeksi

titik

lokasi

pengamatan

pada

komponen

utama………………………………………………………………. 5.18

Penyebaran

Cacing

tanah

di

daerah

Gresik

berdasarkan 83

morfometri………………………………………………………….

x DISERTASI


WIDOWATI B.


5.19

Grafik PCA Persebaran Cacing tanah di Bangkalan berdasarkan 85 morfometri a). Penyebaran

morfometri cacing tanah pada

komponent utama, b). Proyeksi titik lokasi pengamatan pada komponen utama…………………………………………………... 5.20

Penyebaran

cacing

di

daerah

Bangkalan

berdasarkan 86

morfometri…………………………………………………………. 5.21

Hasil Model Hipotesis Penelitian………………………………….. 90

5.22

Penyebaran kelimpahan A.robbustus berdasarkan logam berat Pb 98 dan

Cr di Gresik dan b. Penyebaran kelimpahan A.robbustus

berdasarkan logam berat Pb dan Cr di Bangkalan………………… 5.23

Penyebaran dan kelimpahan A. robbustus berdasarkan sifat kimia 99 tanah dengan lokasi di Gresik pada pengambilan sampling ke 1…..

5.24

Penyebaran dan kelimpahan A. robbustus berdasarkan sifat kimia 99 tanah dengan lokasi di Bangkalan pada pengambilan sampling ke 1.........................................................................................................

5.25

Penyebaran dan kelimpahan cacing tanah A.robbustus berdasarkan 100 sifat logam berat tanah (Pb dan Cr) pada pengambilang sampling ke dua di Gresik………………………………………………….....

5.26

Penyebaran dan kelimpahan cacing tanah A.robbustus berdasarkan 100 sifat logam berat tanah (Pb dan Cr) pada sampling ke dua di Bangkalan…………………………………………………………..

5.27

Penyebaran

dan

kelimpahan

cacing

tanah

A.

robbustus 101

berdasarkan sifat kimia non logam berat tanah sampling ke dua di Gresik……………………………………………………………… 5.28

Penyebaran

dan

kelimpahan

cacing

tanah

A.

robbustus 102

berdasarkan sifat kimia non logam berat tanah sampling ke dua di Bangkalan………………………………………………………….. 5.29

Penyebaran

dan

kelimpahan

cacing

tanah

A.

robbustus 103

berdasarkan sifat logam berat tanah (Pb dan Cr) pada pengambilang sampling ke tiga di Gresik…………………………. 5.30

Penyebaran

dan

kelimpahan

cacing

tanah

A.

robbustus 103

berdasarkan sifat logam berat tanah (Pb dan Cr) pada

xi DISERTASI


WIDOWATI B.


pengambilang sampling ke tiga di Bangkalan…………………....... 5.31

Penyebaran

dan

kelimpahan

cacing

tanah

A.

robbustus 104

berdasarkan sifat sifat kimia non logam berat tanah pada pengambilang sampling ke tiga di Gresik…………………………. 5.32

Penyebaran

dan

kelimpahan

cacing

tanah

A.

robbustus 105

berdasarkan sifat sifat kimia non logam berat tanah pada pengambilang sampling ke tiga di Bangkalan……………………... 5.33

Histogram semi-log data logam tanah, deposit, dan kadar sistein. 106 (skala log)…………………………………………………………..

5.34

Hasil Model Hipotesis Penelitian………………………………….. 109

xii DISERTASI


WIDOWATI B.


DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 2.1

Halaman

Konsentrasi asam amino (protein kasar g/100g) pada cacing tanah 28 (penelitian Dedeke et al., 2010) dibandingkan dengan cacing tanah dari penelitian lainnya……………………………………………………….

2.2

Perbedaan hubungan jenis spesies dengan hasil analisis profil asam 29 amino…………………………………………………………………….

2.3

Komposisi Jenis asam amino dari sejumlah besar Cd binding Protein

31

yang terisolasi dengan ion Q-Sepharose……………………………… 4.1

Rata-rata kadar Cd dan Pb tanah di beberapa lokasi…………………..

39

4.2

Posisi lokasi pada peta……………………………………………............

43

5.1

Jenis dan jumlah cacing tanah di lahan pisang Gresik ……………….

57

5.2

Jenis dan jumlah cacing tanah pada masing-masing lokasi di 58 Gresik……………………………………………………………………

5.3

Jenis

dan

jumlah

cacing

tanah

tercemar

di

lahan

pisang 58

Bangkalan………………………………………………………………… 5.4

Jenis dan jumlah cacing tanah pada masing-masing lokasi di 59 Bangkalan…………………………………………………………………

5.5

Deskripsi ciri-ciri lima jenis cacing tanah yang ditemukan di Gresik dan 60 Bangkalan……………………………………………................................

5.6

Indeks keanekaragaman, indeks keberagaman dan indeks dominasi 61 cacing tanah di Gresik…………………………………………….............

5.7

Indeks keanekaragaman, indeks keberagaman dan indeks dominasi 61 cacing tanah di Bangkalan………………………………………………..

5.8

Measurement model variabel potensi bioindikator……………….............

5.9

Measurement

model

variabel

faktor

kimia

tanah

Gresik

87

dan 88

Bangkalan………………………………………………………………… 5.10

Measurement

model

variabel

logam

berat

tanah

Gresik

dan 88

Bangkalan………………………………………………………………… 5.11

Measurement model variabel faktor fisika Gresik dan Bangkalan.............

89

5.12

Model struktural hasil GSCA: pengaruh langsung……………….............

90

5.13

Model struktural hasil GSCA pengaruh tidak langsung………………….

92

5.14

Model struktural hasil GSCA pengaruh total……………………………..

94

xiii DISERTASI


WIDOWATI B.


5.15

Korelasi antar parameter model…………………………………………..

95

5.16

Deposit logam berat empat jenis cacing tanah di Gresik dan 97 Bangkalan…………………………………………………………………

5.17

Hasil rerata kandungan sistein (%)……………………………………….

105

5.18

Measurement Model Variabel Faktor Kimia Tanah……………………...

107

5.19

Measurement model variabel logam berat………………………………..

107

5.20

Measurement Model Variabel Faktor Fisika……………………………..

108

5.21

Measurement model variabel deposit logam berat………………………..

108

5.22

Model Struktural Hasil GSCA Pengaruh Langsung……………………..

109

5.23

Model Struktural Hasil GSCA Pengaruh Tidak Langsung……….............

111

5.24

Model Struktural Hasil GSCA Pengaruh Total…………………………

113

5.25

Korelasi Antar Parameter Model…………………………………...........

115

xiv DISERTASI


WIDOWATI B.


DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Lampiran

Halaman

I

Digitasi peta

I

II

Foto lokasi, diskripsi lokasi dan prosedur

IV

penelitian III

Ciri umum dan peta distribusi jenis-jenis cacing

XI

tanah di Gresik dan Bangkalan IV

Data uji pendahuluan

XXV

V

Data indeks keanekaragaman

XXVII

VI

Peta dominasi A. robbustus

XXX

VII

Data rata-rata hasil logam berat, faktor fisika dan

XXXII

kimia tanah (tahap I) VIII Data pendukung Hasil PCA Dan GSCA

XLII

IX

Data hasil pengamatan tahap II (2015)

LXXXVI

X

Rata-rata kelimpahan, deposit cacing tahap II

XCIII

dan kandungan sistein tahap III XI

Biodata Mahasiswa

XCV

xv DISERTASI


WIDOWATI B.


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JENIS CACING TANAH YANG BERPOTENSI SEBAGAI KANDIDAT BIOINDIKATOR LOGAM Pb DAN Cr BERDASARKAN KELIMPAHAN, STRUKTUR MORFOMETRI DAN KANDUNGAN SISTEIN

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