FOD VOLKSGEZONDHEID, VEILIGHEID VAN DE VOEDSELKETEN EN LEEFMILIEU
Equity A key to unlock ambition?
Geert Fremout – Sarah Kuen CG BKE – GC ES Stakeholder meeting 19 November 2012 •1
FOD VOLKSGEZONDHEID, VEILIGHEID VAN DE VOEDSELKETEN EN LEEFMILIEU
Equity in UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol •
“Noting The Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Accordingly, the developed country Parties should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof.”
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Annexes : • Developed countries : Annex 1 (QELRO’s under Kyoto Protocol) • Developing countries : non-Annex 1
FOD VOLKSGEZONDHEID, VEILIGHEID VAN DE VOEDSELKETEN EN LEEFMILIEU
Bali Action Plan The post-2012 regime was supposed to be build upon: (i) Measurable, reportable and verifiable nationally appropriate mitigation commitments or actions, including quantified emission limitation and reduction objectives, by all developed country Parties, while ensuring the comparability of efforts among them, taking into account differences in their national circumstances; (ii) Nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing country Parties in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacitybuilding, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner;”
FOD VOLKSGEZONDHEID, VEILIGHEID VAN DE VOEDSELKETEN EN LEEFMILIEU
Cancun (2010) “Also agrees that Parties should cooperate in achieving the peaking of global and national greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that the time frame for peaking will be longer in developing countries, and bearing in mind that social and economic development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of developing countries and that a low-carbon development strategy is indispensable to sustainable development; in this context, further agrees to work towards identifying a time frame for global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions based on the best available scientific knowledge and equitable access to sustainable development, and to consider it at the seventeenth session of the Conference of the Parties;”
FOD VOLKSGEZONDHEID, VEILIGHEID VAN DE VOEDSELKETEN EN LEEFMILIEU
Durban (2011) •
“Further agrees that consideration of a global goal for substantially reducing global emissions by 2050 and the time frame for global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions cannot be undertaken in the abstract and will necessarily involve matters related to the context for such considerations (LCA- Shared Vision);”
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“Also decides to launch a process to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties, through a subsidiary body under the Convention hereby established and to be known as the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (Durban Platform);”
FOD VOLKSGEZONDHEID, VEILIGHEID VAN DE VOEDSELKETEN EN LEEFMILIEU
EU (Council conclusions October 2012) “RECALLS that the future legally-binding agreement will ensure the participation of all Parties under the Convention and will include commitments for all Parties; IS OF THE VIEW that this agreement should enable all Parties to contribute adequately to the collective effort needed to achieve the objective of keeping global temperature increase below 2°C while safeguarding and creating sustainable development opportunities for all Parties and enabling poverty eradication and climate-resilient growth; UNDERLINES that the principles of the Convention should be the foundation of an inclusive and equitable climate regime; STRESSES that responsibilities and capabilities are differentiated but evolve over time and that the agreement should reflect those evolving realities by including a spectrum of commitments in a dynamic way.”
FOD VOLKSGEZONDHEID, VEILIGHEID VAN DE VOEDSELKETEN EN LEEFMILIEU
België (Regeerakkoord 2011) •
Tevens zal de focus gelegd worden op de vrijheid van meningsuiting, gendergelijkheid, sociale en klimaatrechtvaardigheid en destrijd tegen de doodstraf (De aanwezigheid van België op het internationale toneel)
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Une attention toute particulière sera portée à la liberté d’expression, la question de genre, la justice sociale et climatique et la lutte contre la peine de mort. (Présence de la Belgique sur la scène internationale )
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Æ BE / SE equity workshop 6/7 November 2012
FOD VOLKSGEZONDHEID, VEILIGHEID VAN DE VOEDSELKETEN EN LEEFMILIEU
8
Diverging concerns and interests
Development (emerging economies)
Survival (vulnerable countries )
Competitiveness (developed countries )
FOD VOLKSGEZONDHEID, VEILIGHEID VAN DE VOEDSELKETEN EN LEEFMILIEU
9
Different perspectives / Starting points of fairness Contributions (Responsibilities)
Circumstances
Capabilities
FOD VOLKSGEZONDHEID, VEILIGHEID VAN DE VOEDSELKETEN EN LEEFMILIEU
10
Different approaches to fairness Corrective Justice
Distributive Justice
Backward looking (historical emissions)
Forward looking (future low emissions)
Science based LT goal and peaking
Clarity on burden sharing and MoI
Top – down (formula)
Bottom - up (pledges)
The world has changed $‐
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
Norway United States Canada Australia Japan EU27 Russia
China Iran South Africa Brazil Indonesia India LDCs
$40,000
2010
2015 ‐ 2025
Source : S. Kharta, based upon World Development Indicators Databank (World Bank, April 2012); Incomes in 2005 PPP US$
The world has changed, but not that much $‐
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
Norway United States Canada Australia Japan EU27 Russia
China Iran South Africa Brazil Indonesia India LDCs
$40,000
2010
2015 ‐ 2025
Source : S. Kharta, based upon World Development Indicators Databank (World Bank, April 2012); Incomes in 2005 PPP US$
FOD VOLKSGEZONDHEID, VEILIGHEID VAN DE VOEDSELKETEN EN LEEFMILIEU
Responsibility vs. Capability
Source : Mattoo and Subramanian, 2010
FOD VOLKSGEZONDHEID, VEILIGHEID VAN DE VOEDSELKETEN EN LEEFMILIEU
Indicators can matter for individual countries 16
0,8 GDP ('000 2005$ PPP)
0,75
12
CO2 (Tons)
0,7
GDP per cap (‘000) Tons per cap
14
0,65
8
0,6
6
0,55
4
0,5
2
0,45
0
0,4
Source : N. Rao, 2012, based upon World Development Indicators, 2009
(HDI)
10
FOD VOLKSGEZONDHEID, VEILIGHEID VAN DE VOEDSELKETEN EN LEEFMILIEU
Intra-national equity :development treshold
Source : Tom Athanasiou, Greenhouse Development Rights
FOD VOLKSGEZONDHEID, VEILIGHEID VAN DE VOEDSELKETEN EN LEEFMILIEU
Ladders to ambition? How to reconcile and/or complement different perspectives?
Source : Edward Cameron, World Resource Institute, 2012
FOD VOLKSGEZONDHEID, VEILIGHEID VAN DE VOEDSELKETEN EN LEEFMILIEU
Equity workshop organized by Belgium and Sweden Presentations and “Personal reflections of the moderator” Available at www.climatechange.be
Thank you!
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