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15. Gofir A. Manajemen stroke. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Cendekia Press; 2009. Definisi Stroke, Anatomi Vaskularisasi Otak dan Patofisiologi Stroke; hal. 19-43. 16. American Heart Association. Stroke and High Blood Pressure. 2014. [dikutip pada tanggal 20 Januari 2015]. Diakses dari: http://www.heart.org 17. Dewanto, G, Suwono, WJ, Riyanto, B, Turana, Y. Panduan Praktis Diagnosis dan Tatalaksana Penyakit Saraf. Jakarta: EGC. 2007. Stroke, Stroke Iskemik dan Stroke Hemoragik; hal. 24-31. 18. Batticaca, FB. Asuhan Keperawatan pada Klien dengan Gangguan Sistem Persarafan. Jakarta: Salemba Medika; 2008. BAB 4, Asuhan Keperawatan Klien dengan Stroke; hal. 58.
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19. Mardjono, M, Sidharta, P. Neurologi Klinis Dasar. Jakarta: Dian Rakyat; 2004. BAB 9, Mekanisme Gangguan Vaskular Susunan Saraf; hal. 291. 20. Qodriani, TK. Hubungan Antara Rasio Kadar LDL/HDL kolesterol dengan Kejadian Stroke Iskemik Ulang di RSUD dr. Moewardi Surakarta. Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret. 2010. 21. Bhalla A, Wang Y, Rudy A, Wolfe CD. Differences in Outcome and Predictors Between Ischemic and Intracerebral Hemorrhage. American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. AHA Journal Stroke. 2013; 44: 2174-2181. 22. Peter K. Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Canada: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 2010. Chapter 8, Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease; hal. 206-207. 23. Junaidi, I . Pencegahan dan Pengobatan Stroke. Jakarta: Buana Ilmu Populer. 2000. 24. Welin L, Svardsudd K, Wilhelmsen L, Larsson B, Tibblin G. Analysis of Risk Factors for Stroke in A Cohort Of Men Born In 1913. N Engl J Med. 1987; 317: 521-526. 25. Kiely DK, Wolf PA, Cupples LA, Beiser AS, Myers RH. Familial Aggregation of Stroke: The Framingham Study. Stroke. 1993; 24: 1366-1371. 26. Russel R. Atheroclerosis an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340(2): 115-126. 27. Adnan IQ. Acute Hypertensive Response in Patients With Stroke Pathophysiology and Management. American Heart Association. Circulation. 2008; 118: 176-187. 28. Broderick J, Sander C, Edward F, Daniel H, Carlos K, Derk K, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults. American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. AHA Journal Stroke. 2007; 38: 2001-2023.
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29. Leonardi JB, Phillips SJ, Bath PM, Sandercock PA. Blood Pressure and Clinical Outcomes in the International Stroke Trial. American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. AHA Journal Stroke. 2002; 33: 1315-1320. 30. Lukovits TG, Mazzone TM, Gorelick TM. Diabetes Mellitus and Cerebrovascular Disease. Pub Med. Neuroepidemiology. 1999; 18(1): 1-14. 31. Jieli C, Xu C, Alex Z, Yisheng C, Cynthia R, Michael C. White Matter Damage and the Effect of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Type 2 Diabetic Mice After Stroke. Pub Med. Stroke. 2011; 42(2): 445–452. 32. American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Atherosclerosis and Stroke. 2014. [dikutip pada tanggal 19 November 2014]. Diakses dari: http://www.strokeassociation.org 33. Brenner D, Labreuche J, Pico F, Scheltens P, Poirier, Cambien F, et al. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in cerebral small vessel disease. J Neurol. 2008; 255(7): 995-1000. 34. Newman, MF, Fleisher, LA, Fink, MP. Perioperative Medicine: Managing for Outcome. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. 2008. Chapter 8, Central nervous system risk assessment; hal. 72. 35. Aminoff, MJ. Neurology and General Medicine. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2008. Chapter 61, Stroke is a complication of general medical disorder; hal. 1172. 36. Misnadiarly. Rematik: Asam Urat - Hiperurisemia, Arthritis Gout. Jakarta: Pustaka Obor Populer. 2007. Asam Urat; hal. 10. 37. Kim SY, Guevara JP, Ki KM, Choi HK, Heitjan DF, Albert DA, et al. Hyperuricemia and risk of stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American College of Rheumatology. 2009; 61(7): 885–892.
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38. Danesh J, Lewington S, Thompson SG, Lowe GD, Collins R, Kostis JB, et al. Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major cardiovascular diseases and nonvascular mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. In JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 2005; 294(14): 1799-1809. 39. Maas MB, Safdieh JE. Ischemic Stroke: Pathophysiology and Principles of Localization. Neurology Board Review Manual. Neurology. 2009; 13(1): 216. 40. Pal, GK, Pravati, P. Practical Physiology Ed/2. Chennai: Orient Longman Private Limited. 2006. Cardiovascular system, measurement of blood pressure; hal. 193. 41. Ronny, S, Fatimah, S. Fisiologi Kardiovaskular. Jakarta: EGC. 2010. Definisi tekanan darah; hal. 26. 42. Ibnu, M. Dasar-Dasar Fisiologi Kardiovaskuler. Jakarta: EGC. 1996. 43. Cambridge Communication Limited. Anatomi dan Fisiologi Sistem Pernapasan dan Kardiovaskular. Jakarta: EGC. 2012. Jantung, Curah jantung; hal. 32. 44. Granstein, RD, Luger, TA. Neuroimmunology of the skin: Basic Science to Clinical Practice. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. 2009. Chapter 3, autonomic effects on the skin; hal. 24. 45. Direktorat Bina Upaya Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Pedoman Teknis Bangunan Rumah Sakit Ruang Perawatan Intensif. 2012. [dikutip pada tanggal 21 Januari 2015]. Diakses dari: http://aspak.buk.depkes.go.id 46. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No. 1778. Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Intensive Care Unit (ICU) di Rumah Sakit. 2010. [dikutip pada tanggal 21 Januari 2015]. Diakses dari: http://buk.depkes.go.id
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47. Peter A, Birgitta S, Andreas T. Sex Differences in Stroke Epidemiology. AHA Journal Stroke. 2009; 40: 1082-1090. 48. Ong TZ, Raymond AA. Risk factors for stroke and predictors of one-month mortality. Singapore Medical Journal. 2002; 43 (10): 517-521. 49. Jaana M, Leppala, Jarmo V, Rainer F, Demetrius A, Olli PH. Different Risk Factors for Different Stroke Subtypes Association of Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Antioxidants. AHA Journal Stroke. 1999; 30: 2535-2540. 50. Wallace JD, Levy LL. Blood Pressure After Stroke. JAMA. 1981; 246 (19): 2177-2180.
51
Lampiran 1. Ethical Clearance
52
Lampiran 2. Ijin penelitian dari instansi yang berwenang
53
Lampiran 3. Spreadsheet data DATA PASIEN STROKE DI RUANG RAWAT INTENSIF RSUP DR. KARIADI SEMARANG PERIODE 1 JANUARI-30 JUNI 2014 No
DRM
Nama
1
C467383
Tn. UT
Jenis Kelamin laki-laki
2
C483533
Tn. M
3
C465302
4 5
Usia 53
Jenis Stroke SH
Tek. Darah 146/97
Klasifikasi JNC VII hipertensi 2
laki-laki
66
SNH
160/99
hipertensi 2
Ny. S
perempuan
69
SH
101/70
normal
C462501
Tn. AB
laki-laki
61
SH
128/74
pre-hipertensi
C469780
Ny. EH
perempuan
46
SH
169/100
hipertensi 2
6
C312051
Ny. D
perempuan
76
SNH
103/50
normal
7
C247011
Tn. YU
laki-laki
54
SH
137/93
hipertensi 1
8
C464750
Tn. MS
laki-laki
63
SH
121/76
pre-hipertensi
9
C461530
Tn. D
laki-laki
63
SNH
202/105
hipertensi 2
10
C422063
Tn. HD
laki-laki
76
SNH
93/44
normal
11
C318067
Tn. H
laki-laki
51
SNH
102/61
normal
12
C466166
Tn. R
laki-laki
62
SH
169/97
hipertensi 2
13
C458437
Tn.MD
laki-laki
29
SH
103/77
normal
14
C469257
Tn. K
laki-laki
50
SH
147/106
hipertensi 2
15
C460955
Ny. SF
perempuan
50
SH
168/87
hipertensi 2
16
C467016
Tn. L
laki-laki
66
SH
195/97
hipertensi 2
17
C482674
Tn. AK
laki-laki
80
SNH
122/55
pre-hipertensi
18
C068864
Ny.YK
perempuan
76
SNH
152/82
hipertensi 1
19
B333224
Ny. SN
perempuan
70
SH
186/96
hipertensi 2
20
C460084
Tn. BH
laki-laki
36
SH
113/59
normal
21
C465984
Tn. SM
laki-laki
55
SH
207/98
hipertensi 2
22
C468664
Tn.MB
laki-laki
43
SH
133/70
pre-hipertensi
23
C332915
Ny. B
perempuan
60
SH
115/61
normal
24
C465443
Ny. SH
perempuan
67
SNH
144/67
hipertensi 1
25
C430002
Ny. SB
perempuan
43
SH
118/71
normal
26
C460373
Tn. FD
laki-laki
5
SH
146/110
hipertensi 2
27
C458463
Tn. TD
laki-laki
55
SH
128/86
pre-hipertensi
28
C464213
An. AI
laki-laki
10
SH
130/62
pre-hipertensi
29
C481410
An. AR
laki-laki
0
SH
104/53
normal
30
C461043
An. NF
perempuan
7
SH
136/110
hipertensi 2
31
C470832
Tn. SK
laki-laki
59
SH
106/58
normal
32
B316975
Ny.ME
perempuan
49
SH
194/88
hipertensi 2
33
C460749
An.AK
laki-laki
0
SH
74/43
normal
34
C456327
Tn. H
laki-laki
51
SH
180/92
hipertensi 2
54
Lampiran 4. Hasil analisis data dengan program SPSS
Frekuensi Pasien Stroke berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin Statistics jenis kelamin Valid
34
N Missing
0
jenis kelamin Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
laki-laki
23
67,6
67,6
67,6
perempuan
11
32,4
32,4
100,0
Total
34
100,0
100,0
Frekuensi Pasien Stroke berdasarkan Usia Statistics usia Valid
34
N Missing
0
usia Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
0-11 tahun
5
14,7
14,7
14,7
26-45 tahun
4
11,8
11,8
26,5
46-65 tahun
16
47,1
47,1
73,5
9
26,5
26,5
100,0
34
100,0
100,0
>65 tahun Total
55
Frekuensi Pasien Stroke berdasarkan Jenis Stroke Statistics jenis stroke Valid
34
N Missing
0
jenis stroke Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
stroke hemoragik Valid
stroke non hemoragik Total
26
76,5
76,5
76,5
8
23,5
23,5
100,0
34
100,0
100,0
Frekuensi Pasien Stroke berdasarkan Tekanan Darah Statistics tekanan darah Valid
34
N Missing
0
tekanan darah Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
normal
Valid
11
32,4
32,4
32,4
pre-hipertensi
6
17,6
17,6
50,0
hipertensi 1
3
8,8
8,8
58,8
hipertensi 2
14
41,2
41,2
100,0
Total
34
100,0
100,0
56
Analisis Hubungan Tekanan Darah dengan Jenis Stroke
Case Processing Summary Cases Valid N tekanan darah * jenis stroke
Missing Percent
34
100,0%
N
Total
Percent 0
N
0,0%
Percent 34
100,0%
tekanan darah * jenis stroke Crosstabulation jenis stroke stroke hemoragik
Total
stroke non hemoragik
8
3
11
8,4
2,6
11,0
% within jenis stroke
30,8%
37,5%
32,4%
% of Total
23,5%
8,8%
32,4%
5
1
6
4,6
1,4
6,0
% within jenis stroke
19,2%
12,5%
17,6%
% of Total
14,7%
2,9%
17,6%
1
2
3
2,3
,7
3,0
% within jenis stroke
3,8%
25,0%
8,8%
% of Total
2,9%
5,9%
8,8%
12
2
14
10,7
3,3
14,0
% within jenis stroke
46,2%
25,0%
41,2%
% of Total
35,3%
5,9%
41,2%
26
8
34
26,0
8,0
34,0
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
76,5%
23,5%
100,0%
Count Expected Count normal
Count Expected Count pre-hipertensi
tekanan darah Count Expected Count hipertensi 1
Count Expected Count hipertensi 2
Count Expected Count Total % within jenis stroke % of Total
57
Chi-Square Tests Value
df
Asymp. Sig.
Exact Sig. (2-
Exact Sig. (1-
Point
(2-sided)
sided)
sided)
Probability
a
3
,260
,285
Likelihood Ratio
3,500
3
,321
,458
Linear-by-Linear
b
1
,604
,655
Pearson Chi-Square
4,010
,270
Association N of Valid Cases
34
a. 6 cells (75,0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is ,71. b. The standardized statistic is -,519.
,357
,102
58
Lampiran 5. Dokumentasi penelitian
59
Lampiran 6. Biodata Mahasiswa Identitas Nama
: Rahma Trianisa
NIM
: 22010111120008
Tempat/tanggal lahir : Kotabumi, 08 Oktober 1993 Jenis kelamin
: Perempuan
Alamat
: Jl. Soekarno Hatta Gg. H. Achmad No. 19 Rajabasa, Bandar Lampung
Nomor HP
: 085769619177
e-mail
:
[email protected]
Riwayat Pendidikan Formal 1. SD
: SD Negeri 05 Kelapa Tujuh Kotabumi Lulus tahun : 2005
2. SMP
: SMP Negeri 7 Kotabumi
Lulus tahun : 2008
3. SMA
: SMA Negeri 2 Bandar Lampung
Lulus tahun : 2011
4. FK UNDIP
: Masuk tahun 2011
