DAFTAR ISI
Halaman KATA PENGANTAR ..................................................................................... i UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ........................................................................... ii DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... iv DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................... vii DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... viii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................... ix I. PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang ...................................................................................... 1.2 Perumusan Masalah .............................................................................. 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................. 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................................ 1.5 Ruang Lingkup .....................................................................................
1 7 10 11 11
II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA DAN KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN 2.1 ...................................................................................................... Kera ngka Teoritis .......................................................................................... 13 2.1.1 Klaster Bisnis .............................................................................. 13 2.1.2 Rantai Nilai Global ..................................................................... 16 2.1.3 Daya Saing .................................................................................. 22 2.1.4 Value Chain Upgrading .............................................................. 30 2.1.5 Agribisnis Ayam Ras Pedaging .................................................. 32 2.2. Kajian Penelitian Terdahulu ................................................................. 37 2.3. Kerangka Pemikiran Konseptual ......................................................... 41 III. METODE PENELITIAN 3.1. Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ............................................................... 3.2. Pendekatan Penelitian .......................................................................... 3.3. Jenis dan Sumber Data ......................................................................... 3.4. Metode Pengumpulan Data .................................................................. 3.5. Teknik Pengambilan Contoh ................................................................ 3.6. Analisis Data......................................................................................... 3.6.1 Analisis Rantai Nilai Global ....................................................... 3.6.2 Analisis Keunggulan Kompetitif ................................................ 3.6.3 Analisi Strategi Upgrading .........................................................
43 43 43 45 45 46 46 47 51
IV. GAMBARAN UMUM KABUPATEN BOGOR 4.1 Letak Geografis Kabupaten Bogor ....................................................... 4.2 Sumberdaya Manusia dan Ketenagakerjaan ......................................... 4.3 Sarana dan Prasarana ............................................................................ 4.4 Pertumbuhan Ekonomi ......................................................................... 4.5 Profil Dinas Peternakan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Bogor ................... 4.5.1 Visi dan Misi Dinas Peternakan dan Perikanan ..........................
53 54 55 56 57 57
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4.5.2 Tujuan dan Sasaran Dinas Peternakan dan Perikanan ................ 58 4.5.3 Kebijakan Dinas Peternakan dan Perikana ................................. 58 4.5.4 Organisasi Dinas Peternakan dan Perikanan .............................. 59 V. RANTAI NILAI AYAM RAS PEDAGING DI KABUPATEN BOGOR 5.1 Keragaan Ayam Ras Pedaging di Kabupaten Bogor ............................ 5.1.1 Populasi Ayam Ras Pedaging ..................................................... 5.1.2 Konsumsi Daging Ayam Ras Pedaging ...................................... 5.1.3 Harga Daging Ayam Ras Pedaging ............................................. 5.1.4 Kelembagaan Agribisnis Ayam Ras Pedaging ........................... 5.2 Rantai Nilai Ayam Ras Pedaging di Kabupaten Bogor ........................ 5.3 Aktor-aktor dalam Rantai Nilai Ayam Ras Pedaging di Kabupaten Bogor ................................................................................................... 5.3.1 Pemasok Sarana Produksi Ayam Ras Pedaging ......................... 5.3.2 Peternak Ayam Ras Pedaging ..................................................... 5.3.3 Pengepul ..................................................................................... 5.3.4 RPA ............................................................................................. 5.3.5 Prosesor ....................................................................................... 5.4 Analisis Margin Rantai Nilai Ayam Ras Pedaging di Kabupaten Bogor .................................................................................................... 5.5 Analisis Biaya Produksi Usaha Ternak Ayam Ras Pedaging di Kabupaten Bogor ................................................................................. VI. KEUNGGULAN KOMPETITIF AGRIBISNIS AYAM RAS PEDAGING DI KABUPATEN BOGOR 6.1 Faktor (Input) Kondisi ........................................................................ 6.1.1 Sumberdaya Alam (Sumberdaya Peternakan) ............................ 6.1.2 Sumberdaya Manusia .................................................................. 6.1.3 Sumberdaya Modal ..................................................................... 6.1.4 Infrastruktur Fisik ....................................................................... 6.1.5 Infrastruktur Administratif .......................................................... 6.1.6 Infrastruktur Informasi ................................................................ 6.1.7 Infrastruktur IPTEK .................................................................... 6.1.8 Kualitas Input Sumberdaya ......................................................... 6.1.9 Spesialisasi Sumberdaya ............................................................. 6.2 Faktor Penunjang dan Terkait ............................................................. 6.2.1 Industri Penunjang ...................................................................... 6.2.2 Industri Terkait ........................................................................... 6.3 Faktor Kondisi Permintaan ................................................................. 6.3.1 Ragam dan Pola Pertumbuhan Permintaan Domestik ................ 6.3.2 Segmen Tertentu yang Dapat Diambil Secara Global ................ 6.3.3 Langkah Antisipatif .................................................................... 6.4 Faktor Strategi Perusahaan dan Persaingan ........................................ 6.4.1 Tingkat Persaingan dalam Industri Perunggasan Domestik ....... 6.4.2 Investasi dan Upgrading yang Berkelanjutan ............................. 6.5 Peran Pemerintah ................................................................................ 6.6 Peran Kesempatan .............................................................................. 6.6.1 Penemuan Baru di Bidang Produksi Ayam Ras Pedaging .........
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60 60 62 63 64 65 67 67 68 72 73 75 76 80
86 87 91 96 98 99 99 100 110 111 116 117 119 124 124 126 126 126 127 128 128 131 132
6.6.2 Jiwa Kewirausahaan Pelaku Bisnis Ayam Ras Pedaging ........... 133 VII. STRATEGI PENINGKATAN (UPGRADING) KEUNGGULAN KOMPETITIF AGRIBISNIS AYAM RAS PEDAGING DI KABUPATEN BOGOR 7.1 Perumusan Strategi Peningkatan (Upgrading)Keunggulan Kompetitif 134 7.2 Implikasi Kebijakan .............................................................................. 136 VIII. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 6.1. Kesimpulan ........................................................................................... 142 6.2. Saran ..................................................................................................... 144 DAFTAR PUSTAKA....................................................................................... 145 LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................................... 148
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DAFTAR TABEL Nomor Halaman 1. ................................................................................................................ P DB Sektor Pertanian Atas Dasar Harga Berlaku (Milyar Rupiah)................ 2 2. ................................................................................................................ Po pulasi Ternak Unggas di Indonesia Tahun 1997-2007.................................. 3 3. ................................................................................................................ Pr oduksi Daging Ayam Ras Pedaging Tahun 2005-2009 Per Provinsi (Ton) .............................................................................................................. 8 4. ................................................................................................................ Po pulasi Ayam Ras Pedaging di Jawa Barat (Ekor).......................................... 9 5. ................................................................................................................ De terminan Pokok dalam Global Value Chains Governance............................ 22 6. ................................................................................................................ Je nis dan Sumber Data...................................................................................... 44 7. ................................................................................................................ Te knik Delphi ................................................................................................... 50 8. ................................................................................................................ Pe nentuan Nilai ................................................................................................ 51 9. ................................................................................................................ Pe nduduk Berumur 15 Tahun ke Atasdi Kabupaten Bogor dan Jenis Kegiatan Utama Seminggu yang Lalu Tahun 2008 ...................................... 54 10. .............................................................................................................. Da ta Populasi Ternak Unggas Indonesia Tahun 2004-2008 ............................. 60 11. .............................................................................................................. Po pulasi Ternak Ayam Ras di Kabupaten Bogor Tahun 2009 (ekor) .............. 61 12. .............................................................................................................. U kuran Ayam Ras pedaging yang Diinginkan oleh Konsumen ...................... 63 13. .............................................................................................................. Ra ta-rata Harga Jual Daging Ayam Ras Tingkat Produsen di Indonesia ......... 64 14. .............................................................................................................. Ha rga Rata-rata Daging Ayam Ras Pedaging di Kabupaten Bogor ................. 64 15. .............................................................................................................. Da ftar RPA di Kabupaten Bogor ...................................................................... 73 16. .............................................................................................................. Da ftar TPA di Kabupaten Bogor Tahun 2009 ............................................................. 76
17. .............................................................................................................. A nalisis Margin Rantai Nilai Saluran 1 Ayam Ras Pedaging di Kabupaten Bogor........................................................................................... 78 18. .............................................................................................................. A nalisis Margin Rantai Nilai Saluran 2 Ayam Ras Pedaging di Kabupaten Bogor........................................................................................... 78 19. .............................................................................................................. A nalisis Margin Rantai Nilai Saluran 3 Ayam Ras Pedaging di Kabupaten Bogor........................................................................................... 79 20. .............................................................................................................. Ka rakteristik Usaha Ayam Ras Pedaging Responden Mitra dari
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Company Farm I ........................................................................................... 81 21. .............................................................................................................. Ka rakteristik Usaha Ayam Ras Pedaging Responden Mitra dari Company Farm II ......................................................................................... 82 22. .............................................................................................................. Ka rakteristik Usaha Ayam Ras Pedaging Responden Mitra Poultry Shop ....... 84 23. .............................................................................................................. Ka rakteristik Usaha Ayam Ras Pedaging Responden dari Mitra Independent Farm ........................................................................................ 85 24. .............................................................................................................. Ha sil Penilaian Faktor (Input) Kondisi ............................................................. 87 25. .............................................................................................................. La ju Average Daily Gain (ADG) dan Feed Convertion Ratio (FCR) .............. 105 26. .............................................................................................................. Da ta Perkembangan Impor DOC GPS dan DOC PSTahun 2005-2007 ............ 111 27. .............................................................................................................. Ke butuhan Bahan Baku Pakan Unggas Indonesia Tahun 2000-2005 .............. 114 28. .............................................................................................................. Ha sil Penilaian Faktor Penunjang dan Terkait .................................................. 116 29. .............................................................................................................. Ha sil Penilaian Faktor Kondisi Permintaan ...................................................... 124 30. .............................................................................................................. Ha sil Penilaian Faktor Strategi Perusahaan dan Persaingan ............................. 127 31. .............................................................................................................. Ha sil Penilaian Peran Pemerintah ..................................................................... 129 32. .............................................................................................................. Ha sil Penilaian Peran Kesempatan .................................................................... 132 33. .............................................................................................................. Pe rumusan Strategi Upgrading ........................................................................ 134
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Nomor Halaman 1. ............................................................................................................ T ipe dari Value Chains Governance ........................................................... 17 2. ............................................................................................................ S istem Keunggulan Kompetitif Negara ...................................................... 23 3. ............................................................................................................ K erangka Pemikiran Konseptual Penelitian ................................................ 42 4. ............................................................................................................ M odel Porter`s Diamond (Sumber Keunggulan Kompetitif Lokasi) ...................................................................................................... 48 5. ............................................................................................................ R antai Nilai Ayam Ras Pedaging di Kabupaten Bogor .............................. 66 6. ............................................................................................................ A lur Tataniaga Perdagangan Komoditas Daging Ayam Ras di Indonesia .................................................................................................. 94
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Nomor Halaman 1. ................................................................................................................ K uesioner Keunggulan Kompetitif ................................................................. 148 2. Kuesioner Rantai Nilai ............................................................................. 152 3. Struktur Organisasi Dinas Peternakan dan Perikanan Kab. Bogor .......... 157 4. Daftar Nama Produk yang dihasilkan oleh PT. Sierad Produce Tbk ...... 158 5. Analisis Usaha Pemeliharaan Ayam Ras Pedaging dengan Pola Mandiri, Inti-Plasma, dan Poultry Shop ...................................................................... 159 6. Alur Impor Bibit Ayam ........................................................................... 162 7. Harga Komoditas Peternakan di Kabupaten Bogor Tahun 2009 ............. 163 8. Perkembangan Produksi Ternak dan Kontribusi Terhadap Daging, Telur, Susu di Kabupaten Bogor Tahun 2008-2009 ..................................... 164 9. Hasil Perhitungan Penilaian Responden terhadap Faktor-faktor Penentu Keunggulan Kompetitif .................................................................. 165
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