ABSTRAK
PENGARUH JUS BUAH SEMANGKA (Citrulli Fructus) TERHADAP DIURESIS PADA PRIA DEWASA NORMAL Okky Sugiarto, 2006. Pembimbing I : Sugiarto Puradisastra, dr., M.Kes Pembimbing II : July Ivone, dr., MS. Edema merupakan masalah kesehatan yang sering timbul pada penyakit gagal jantung kongestif, sindrom nefrotik dan edema premenstruasi. Obat yang digunakan untuk mengatasi edema adalah obat golongan diuretik. Obat golongan ini tentu saja memiliki efek samping yang tidak sedikit bagi penggunanya. Buah semangka (Citrullus vulgaris L.) diduga memiliki efek diuretik. Dengan demikian semangka dapat dijadikan obat alternatif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek diuretika jus buah semangka pada pria dewasa normal. Penelitian ini bersifat prospektif eksperimental sungguhan, menggunakan rancangan pola silang (cross over design). Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 12 orang pria dewasa berumur 20-25 tahun yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Masing-masing subjek penelitian akan menerima tiga perlakuan dengan selang waktu satu minggu, yaitu dengan meminum air suling, furosemid, dan jus buah semangka. Hasil penelitian diuji dengan ANOVA Repeated Measurement dan uji beda ratarata Tukey HSD (α = 0,05). Hasil penelitian diperoleh rata-rata volume urin pada kelompok perlakuan yang diberi jus buah semangka menunjukkan perbedaan yang sangat bermakna dengan kelompok yang diberi air suling dan furosemid (p<0,01). Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa jus buah semangka memiliki efek diuretik. Kata kunci : Jus buah semangka, diuresis
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ABSTRACT
WATERMELON JUICE (Citrulli Fructus) TOWARDS DIURESIS TO HEALTHY ADULT MALE Okky Sugiarto, 2006. Tutor I : Sugiarto Puradisastra, dr., M.Kes. Tutor II : July Ivone, dr., MS. Edema is a health problem which occurs to congestive hearth failure, nefrotic syndrome, and premenstrual edema. Edema can be treated with diuretic agent. This kind of medicine has many side effects to its users. Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris L.) predicted has diuretic effect. So we can consider watermelon as an alternative drugs. The objection of this research is to find out the diuretic effect of watermelon towards healthy adult male. The characteristic of this research is real prospective experimental, using cross over design. Subject of the trial were 12 adult males whose age between 2025 years old. Each research subject will get 3 kinds of treatment, which were drinking aquadest, furosemid, and watermelon juice in one week washingout period between the treatment. The result will be tested with ANOVA Repeated Measurement and Tukey’s HSD mean different test (α = 0,05). The research that average urine volume of watermelon juice aquadest treatment group shows significant differences to aquades treatment group and furosemid treatment group (p<0,01). The conclusion of research : watermelon juice has diuretic effect. Keyword : Watermelon juice, diuresis
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DAFTAR ISI
Halaman LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ................................................................................... ii SURAT PERNYATAAN ...................................................................................... iii ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT............................................................................................................ v PRAKATA............................................................................................................. vi DAFTAR ISI........................................................................................................ viii DAFTAR TABEL................................................................................................. xii DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xiii DAFTAR GRAFIK.............................................................................................. xiv DAFTAR LAMPIRAN......................................................................................... xv
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang ............................................................................... 1 1.2. Identifikasi Masalah....................................................................... 2 1.3. Maksud dan Tujuan........................................................................ 2 1.4. Kegunaan Penelitian ...................................................................... 2 1.4.1. Kegunaan Akademis ............................................................ 2 1.4.2. Kegunaan Praktis ................................................................. 2 1.5. Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis Penelitian............................... 2 1.5.1. Kerangka Pemikiran............................................................. 2 1.5.2. Hipotesis Penelitian ............................................................. 3 1.6. Metodologi Penelitian .................................................................... 3 1.7. Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ......................................................... 3
BAB II
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1. Ginjal.............................................................................................. 4 2.1.1. Anatomi Ginjal..................................................................... 4 2.1.1.1. Struktur dan Letak Ginjal....................................... 4
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2.1.1.2. Nefron sebagai Unit Fungsional Ginjal ................. 5 2.1.1.3. Suplai Darah Ginjal................................................ 6 2.1.2. Fisiologis Ginjal................................................................... 7 2.1.3. Sistem Renin-Angiotensin ................................................... 8 2.1.4. Pembentukan Urin dalam Ginjal.......................................... 9 2.1.4.1. Filtrasi Glomerulus ................................................ 9 2.1.4.2. Reabsropsi Zat dari Tubulus Renal ke Darah ........ 9 2.1.4.3. Sekresi Zat dari Darah ke Tubulus Renal ............ 10 2.2. Diuretik ........................................................................................ 11 2.2.1. Definisi Diuretik ................................................................ 11 2.2.2. Penggolongan Obat-obat Diuretik ..................................... 11 2.2.2.1. Diuretik Osmotik ................................................. 11 2.2.2.2. Penghambat Karbonik Anhidrase ........................ 12 2.2.2.3. Benzotiazid .......................................................... 12 2.2.2.4. Diuretik Hemat Kalium........................................ 13 2.2.2.5. Diuretik Kuat ....................................................... 14 2.2.3. Penggunaan Diuretik.......................................................... 14 2.2.3.1. Edema .................................................................. 14 2.2.3.2. Hipertensi ............................................................. 15 2.2.3.3. Nefrolitiasis.......................................................... 15 2.2.3.4. Diabetes Insipidus ................................................ 15 2.2.4. Efek Samping Diuretik ...................................................... 16 2.2.4.1. Hipokalemia ......................................................... 16 2.2.4.2. Hiperurisemia....................................................... 16 2.2.4.3. Gangguan Toleransi Glukosa dan Diabetes ......... 16 2.2.4.4. Hiperkalsemia ...................................................... 16 2.2.4.5. Hiperkalemia........................................................ 17 2.2.4.6. Deplesi volume .................................................... 17 2.2.4.7. Hiponatremia........................................................ 17 2.3. Semangka (Citrulli Fructus) ........................................................ 17 2.3.1. Penyebaran ......................................................................... 17
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2.3.2. Taksonomi dan Morfologi ................................................. 18 2.3.3. Kandungan Zat dalam Semangka ...................................... 20 2.3.4. Manfaat Semangka............................................................. 20 2.3.5. Mekanisme Kerja ............................................................... 20 2.3.5.1. Arginin dan Sitrulin ............................................. 21 2.3.5.2. Kalium.................................................................. 21
BAB III
BAHAN DAN METODE 3.1. Subjek Penelitian ......................................................................... 21 3.2. Alat dan Bahan yang Digunakan ................................................. 21 3.3. Metode Penelitian ........................................................................ 22 3.3.1. Desain Penelitian ............................................................... 22 3.3.2. Variabel Perlakuan dan Variabel Respon .......................... 22 3.3.3. Prosedur Penelitian ............................................................ 23 3.3.3.1. Pembuatan jus buah semangka ............................ 23 3.3.3.2. Persiapan Sebelum Tes ........................................ 23 3.3.3.3. Prosedur Penelitian Diuresis ................................ 23 3.3.4. Metode Analisis ................................................................. 24
BAB IV
HASIL, PEMBAHASAN, DAN PENGUJIAN HIPOTESIS 4.1. Hasil Penelitian dan Pembahasan ................................................ 25 4.2. Uji Hipotesis ................................................................................ 27 4.2.1. Hipotesis Penelitian ........................................................... 27 4.2.2. Hal yang Mendukung......................................................... 28 4.2.3. Hal yang Tidak Mendukung .............................................. 28 4.2.4. Kesimpulan ........................................................................ 28
BAB V
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1. Kesimpulan .................................................................................. 29 5.2. Saran ............................................................................................ 29
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 30 LAMPIRAN.......................................................................................................... 32 RIWAYAT HIDUP .............................................................................................. 36
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DAFTAR TABEL
TABEL 4.1. Volume Urin Rata-rata, Standar Deviasi, Nilai Minimum, dan Nilai Maksimum (Nilai dikonversi dengan Ln) ....................................... 25 TABEL 4.2. Perbandingan Volume Rata-rata Urin dari Ketiga Kelompok Perlakuan Berdasarkan Uji ANOVA................................................. 26 TABEL 4.3. Uji Beda Rata-rata Tukey HSD ........................................................ 26
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
GAMBAR 2.1. Anatomi Ginjal Manusia ............................................................. 4 GAMBAR 2.2. Nefron........................................................................................... 6 GAMBAR 2.3. Renin-Angiotensin........................................................................ 8 GAMBAR 2.4. Buah Semangka (Citrulli Fructus) ..............................................18
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DAFTAR GRAFIK
GRAFIK 4.1. Perbandingan Volume Urin Rata-rata Tiap Jam Pada Ketiga Kelompok perlakuan ..................................................................... 27
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
LAMPIRAN 1 ...................................................................................................... 32 LAMPIRAN 2 ...................................................................................................... 33 LAMPIRAN 3 ...................................................................................................... 34
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